جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خراسان رضوی » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

The main purpose of this project was to measure the amount of saffron consumed water in farms managed by farmers in Razavi and South Khorasan provinces. 126 farms in two provinces were selected in two years (2017 & 2019). The amount of water consumed by saffron in the selected farms was measured by visiting the farms, completing the questionnaire, recording the irrigation program and measuring the water source discharge. Water requirement of saffron in different regions was calculated and compared with the amount of water consumed by farmers. Analysis of variance was used to investigate possible differences in yield, irrigation water and water productivity in saffron production. Analysis of the results showed that yield, volume of applied water and water productivity of saffron in two provinces was not significantly different. The average saffron yield, water productivity and water productivity plus effective rainfall were 8.3 kg/ha, 1.9 and 1.37 g/m3, respectively. The average irrigation water consumption was 4628 and 4594 m3/ha in the Razavi and South Khorasan provinces, respectively and the average of water consumed in two provinces was 4603 m3/ha. The range of water use changes in selected farms was high and between 1543 and 8914 m3/ha. In order to improve water productivity in saffron production in Iran, it is possible to increase yield per unit area or reduce water consumption per unit area with appropriate solutions. The average irrigation efficiency in the saffron farms of the two provinces was 55 percent.

Considering the importance of agriculture in the east of the country, including Razavi Khorasan province, treated urban wastewater is used to solve the water shortage and supply the water needed for agriculture. Climatic variables are temperature and precipitation. For this purpose, the daily data of input and output to the wastewater treatment plant system of Torbat Haidarieh city in the period of 1400 have been used based on the parameters of Q, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH which are the main and determining parameters in the reusability of treated wastewater. The findings of the research showed that the removal efficiency of BOD5, COD and TSS parameters in this treatment plant was 89.5, 87.2 and 89.0% respectively and the average concentration of the mentioned parameters in the effluent was 28.7, 56.0 and 29.7 mg/liter respectively. It should be noted that the average acidity or alkalinity of wastewater was 7.7 in the treatment plant. Also, the results showed that the changes in the amount of precipitation did not have a significant effect on the changes in the concentration of wastewater entering the treatment plant. On the other hand, the effect of temperature change on the concentration of pollutants is quite noticeable, so that in the cold months of the year, the temperature parameter has an effect on the aeration and the activity of bacteria, and it has caused a decrease in the quality of the treatment plant and an increase in the concentration of the parameters in the treated effluent. The evaluation of the concentration of the parameters in the effluent also showed that the method of wastewater treatment in this treatment plant is suitable based on Iran's environmental standards and is suitable for reuse in agriculture and irrigation, but it is unsuitable for discharge to surface water.

The erosion and transfer of sediment caused by it affects the quality of surface water, and the estimation of sediment and flow quality plays an important role in the management of Water Resources. In the present study, modeling of quality and load indicators of flow sedimentation and providing relationships to predict the amount of flow sedimentation of Khorasan Razavi rivers in 6 stations and statistical period 1986 to 2016 with non-parametric and nonlinear methods of the gated recursive unit Network (GRU) and random forest algorithm (RF) were carried out. By using the bagging method, modeling of flow, sedimentation and total anion and Cation flow in both networks was modeled. MAE, MAPE and RMSE statistical indicators were used to evaluate the performance of the model and the R2 coefficient were used to evaluate the accuracy of data segmentation. Results of the average value of MAE, MAPE and RMSE indicators the water quality data of the stations examined in the GRU network is equal to 286.16, 0.06 and 1685.34 respectively and in the RF network is equal to 317.4, 0.08 and 1954.11 respectively and the sediment load data in the GRU network is equal to 200.95, 0.55 and 1434.44 respectively and in the RF network respectively equal to 52921.84, 0.90 and 1544.29 showed the superiority of the GRU model over the RF model in the modeling of sediment and water quality indicators of the Khorasan Razavi rivers.

Water scarcity is a critical issue in many countries, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. Adopting different economic policies and reviewing and explaining policies based on them can play a key role in water consumption in different sectors in water scarcity management. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the water intake of different economic sectors of Khorasan Razavi province and the effect of changes in demand components on water consumption. In this study, we used the input-output table developed by the CHARM-RAS method, was used. The results show that a 10% increase in household expenditures of Khorasan Razavi, government expenditures and gross capital formation increased water consumption by 244.5 million cubic meters (4.39%), 10 million cubic meters (0.18%) and 15.6 million cubic meters (0.29%) respectively. In this regard, agriculture has a high position in water consumption and is the main consumer of water compared to other economic sectors. The increase in marginal demand by 10 billion Rials in all sectors of the economy will ultimately increase the water consumption by 1.094 million cubic meters of water, of which 652.78 thousand cubic meters (59.67%) of direct consumption and 441.23 10^3m^3 of indirect consumption

The physical water productivity is the ratio of crop yield to volume of water consumed. In this paper, the average yield of 2017 in all districts of Khorasan Razavi province was used to calculate yield per hectare of crops. For the water consumption of each crop per hectare, estimates were made by the experts of the Department of Plant Production of the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of the province and the available research achievements. The results showed that water productivity in the agronomy and horticulture crops in the state was 1.2 kg / m 3, which was carried out in a 5 and 10-year program for upgrading to 1.55 and 1.9 kg / m3. In order to achieve the objectives of the medium-term program for improving agricultural water productivity in Khorasan Razavi province, 6 large programs include: development of modern irrigation systems, modification and improvement of surface irrigation methods, modification of cropping pattern, greenhouse crop development, modification and improvement of mechanization and reduction of agricultural waste were considered. In the short term program for improving agricultural water productivity in Khorasan Razavi province, in addition to six major 10-year programs, includes six macro programs: nutrition and soil fertility, seed breeding, improving agronomy methods, education and extension, conservation agriculture development and improving the trade and the market for agricultural products.

Sustainable management of water resources to maintain environmental needs requires an economic approach to agriculture. Security and management of water in the agricultural sector is the most important strategy for sustainable development of the country. Considering the development process of the country and the transformation of the national economy, the agricultural sector has become the key to the security and economic life of the country. The growing demand of the population and the need to provide food and increase production make the agricultural sector one of the most important economic activities that plays a major role in managing this sector and providing the country's needs. Because of the high share of water use in the agricultural sector, the country faces a depression crisis. Because of the high share of water use in the agricultural sector, the country faces a depression crisis. At present, the country's water potential is not responsive to the growing demand for water in this sector, so resource management and water use optimization in the agricultural sector are the only countermeasures With a depression crisis. This research has been conducted to determine the production and demand function for sugar beet as one of the basic crops in Khorasan Razavi provinces (Quchan, Chenaran, and Neyshabur cities) in 2016-2017 year.

In the present study, the SURE method has been utilized to determine the water demand function. In this regard, the intrinsic and Alen -Uzawa Partial Elasticities of Substilution, intrinsic and Price Elasticity of Factor Demand parameters have been evaluated in the estimation of the production function and the cost of the transfer of water by the seemingly unrelated regression method. Also, the R2 and adjusted R2 indices have been analyzed for the evaluation of fitting of the model and the Statisticst for meaningful coefficients of the variables.

The results confirm the fitting of the used model for sugar beet production cost functions in the study area. The results of the coefficients in Quchan, Chenaran and Neyshabur County indicate that there is a positive relationship between water cost and labor costs, and a negative relation to the price of fertilizer, poison, seeds and production amount.

based on the results, water is a substitute for fertilizer and poison with partial elasticity greater than one and this point illustrates the impact of the consumption management and economic evaluation of water on improving the consumption of other fertilizer and poison inputs as well as the water in the production of sugar beet is in this area. Based on the results, it is suggested that policies such as optimal prices for inputs such as poison and fertilizer must be adopted to prevent environmental pollution.

Climatic changes have severe effects on water and soil sources in any given region. To study the resulting fluctuations of climatic factors in different regions for possible adaptation policies to new climate events is of great importance. A possible approach to study the damage on economic activities caused by climatic fluctuations is to calculate vulnerability index. To achieve this goal, Vulnerability Index (VI) in the period of 1994- 2014 has been calculated for 11 regions of Khorasan Razavi province. The components of climatic fluctuations vulnerability index included two types of shocks (permanent shocks and recurrent shocks). The shocks included temperature fluctuations, precipitation, floods and increasing aridity. The results of the index suggest that in Khorasan Razavi province in the period of study, Torbat heydarieh had the highest and Chenaran had the lowest economic damage from climate change. The average index of vulnerability to fluctuations in the climate Khorasan Razavi province is 47.04 (above- average vulnerability of the developing countries). It is suggested that different agencies for planning and allocating funds for negative impacts of changing climatic factors may find these indices results quite useful and beneficial for further studies.

For study of yield¡ water consumption and water productivity of direct seeded and transplanted corn (basin) in different irrigation regimes¡ an experiment was carried out during the 2014-2015 growing season in the Agricultural Research and Education Center of KhorasaneRazavi province using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement and four replications. This experiment was including of three irrigation levels treatments (75%¡ 100%¡ and 125% of water requirement) as the main plot and three method of planting treatments (transplanting 20-days¡ transplanting 30-days and direct seeded) as subplots. The results showed that in spring planting¡ the most water productivity of corn was achieved from the transplanting treatments with different significant at 1% level to direct seeding treatment. The yield of corn and grain in transplanting 20-days and transplanting 30-days were more than direct seeded (α=1%). The water used in the transplanting and direct seeding treatments have a significant difference. The transplanting method can be cause of water saving¡ but it is better to be done an economic analysis between direct and transplant seeding.

A critical groundwater (GW) shortage in the Mahvalat Plain (MP) is alarming. As GW is the sole source of freshwater in the area, the objectives of this study are to survey and asses its current status, and to set a strategy for balancing the recharge and withdrawals to achieve the sustainable management of the most precious resource. The mean annual withdrawal and recharge of 48 production wells and 3 strings of aqueducts (Qanats) during the 1665-2008 period were 254 million m3 (Mm3) and 157 Mm3, respectively. This 97 Mm3 annual deficit resulted in the mean annual decline of the water table by 1.35 m during the same period. Chemical analyses of water samples from 48 wells and 3 strings of aqueducts indicate that the electrical conductivity (EC) increased from 0.17 s/m to more than1.5 s/m form the northeastern part of the MP towards its margins. Moreover, salinity, SAR and Sodium percentage of most samples made them unsuitable for irrigation. To achieve a sustainable management of the most precious resource, i.e., water, the solutions include: Restriction of the pumping hours according to the directives of the local water authorities to decrease the mean annual of 121Mm3, Reduction of the irrigated fields by 2/3 of the current practice, Installation of sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, Practicing advanced surface irrigation methods, Amortization of the wells with an EC of more than 0.75s/m of their water by the Government and closing them completely, and installation of smart water meters on the remaining productions wells and their continuous monitoring.

The analysis of extreme events such as last frost dates are detrimental phenomena which influence in various branches of engineering, such as agriculture. The analysis and probability predicting of these events can be decrease damage of agriculture, horticulture and the others. Furthermore, this phenomenon can have a relation with other thermal indexes. The analyzing of last frost dates of all synoptic stations of Khorasan Razavi province is subject of this article. The frequency analysis applied to eight distributions. Then the relationship between last frost dates and termal index were studied. Best relation was between minimum temperature and return periods of last frost dates. The analyzing of last frost dates (origin is 23th september) of all synoptic stations of Khorasan Razavi province is subject of this article. First data of each station were screening. The basic properties such as homogeneity, randomness, stationary, independence and outliers must be test. The eight distribution distribution Normal, Gumbel type 1, Gamma 2-parameter, Log normal 2 or 3 parameters, Generalized Pareto, Generalized extreme values and Pearson Type 3 fitted to data and the parameters estimated with 7 methods by the name of the several types of Moments (5 methods), maximum likelihood and the maximum Entropy. The Kolmogorov – Smirnov goodness of fit test can compared the best distribution. The return periods of last frost dates are major application in frequency analysis. There is maybe a relationship between periods and termal index such as min., max. and mean temperature. This relationship can be adapted by regression methods. The statistical analysis for prediction probabilities and return periods of the last frost dates for all synoptic stations in Khorasan Razavi province and the relationship between annual temperature indicators and this phenomenon is the aim of this article. The origin dates of this phenomenon are 23th September. First, data were screened. Then basic hypothesis test were applied which including the Runtest (randomness), the Mann-Whitney test (homogeneity and jump), the Wald-Wolfowitz test (independence and stationary), the Grubbs and Beck test (detection Outliers) and the three sigma methods (Outlier). The results were: 1-The Golmakan, Kashmar and Torbatejam had lower Outliers that will not cause any problem in data analysis by their skewness. 2- The independence of all stations was accepted at the 10% level. 3-The Gonabad data was not homogeneous and removed. Eight probability distributions (Normal, Gumbel type 1, 2-parameter gamma, 2 and 3 parameters log-normal, the generalized Pareto, the generalized extreme values and the Pearson type 3) were applied. The skewness coefficients for all stations were more than 0.1 so Normal distribution was rejected. Also the7 methods of estimation (five different methods of moments, maximum likelihood and maximum entropy methods) were used. The ks fit test was applied. The ks for some stations were closed together at several estimations methods. The results are as follows: GPA (4 times), PT3 (4 times), LN2 (4 times), GA2 (3 times). The obtained results were: 1- The shortest duration of frost date was belonged to the Sarakhs station, but the longest return periods were not same. 3- The interior station ranges were 32 to 50 days for all return periods, with a mean of 41, standard deviation 9.3 and the coefficient of variation 5.9%, which represents the damping of the phenomenon within the station. 4-Pearson type 3, which has been recommended by some researchers, can not be generalized. 5- The major method of estimation was MOM (8 cases). The relationship between the last frost days and other meteorological factors such as, minimum, average and maximum temperature were investigated in this paper. The linear relationship between last frost days and the average annual minimum temperature were the best-fit. The last frost dates analyzing of all Khorasan Razavi province synoptic stations is subject of this article. The data screening and basic tests were applied and data accepted as random samples. The 8 distributions with 7 methods of estimation were fitted to data. The best fitted distribution at all stations mainly included GPA, PT3, LN2. The major estimation method was MOM. The relationship between last frost periods and minimum temperature was the best linear models. So, we can predict the return period from this temperature as well.

Much of the country is arid and semi-arid and Water is considered as a limiting factor of human activity in these areas. There are water spring and kariz which as resources that are surplus water in some seasons, may be used a source of groundwater recharge in such areas. Therefore, measures such as slope, discharge, distance to the aquifer, were examined Using analysis functions of GIS, zonning the entire area was determined for each of the criteria. A special feature of this study is to use a two-stage hierarchical approach is different scoring. In the first three months of the year based on production output was screened a number of sources, the initial weights based on the number of resources has dropped to 66 points. In the next step each of the above parameters for the remaining sources the matrix was analyzed and, based on expert opinion and field visit was scoring 26 points in the final point fell. Finally, the integration of acquired zoning maps based on the weight of AHP, the final map was classified into three classes. The results revealed that 0.36 percent from 0.01 percent aqueducts and fountains aquifers are vulnerable to potential supply.

Drought is a natural creeping event that starts due to lower moisture compared to normal condition. This phenomenon impacts all aspects of human activities. However there is neither any detailed definition nor a general and proper index for drought monitoring In the present study using the Drought indices SPI and RDI to monitor drought in 10 synoptic stations in the province were studied over a period of 24 years(1991-2010). After using panel data analysis of annual and seasonal drought tried to detecte effective the parameters above were measured using two indicators. Based on the results of monitoring Drought was found a severe drought that the 2008 in the province. Also, analyse of Panel data was show all six parameters mean of maximume tempretuer, mean of minimum tempreture, sun shine, precipitation, relative humidity and mean wind speed in 2 meters that to calculate the drought index RDI, not required to calculate Drought in time scale of annual and seasonal in 10 stations; due time scale, only of some these parameters are required. Based on SPI, precipitation is necessary for time scale annual and seasonal droghut.

Numerous soil erosion models are developed and are applied in soil erosion studies as an acceptable feature in order overcome problem of lack of the adequate data on soil erosion and sediment yield. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is one of the primitive empirical models in estimation of erosion that is used continuously. In this study, the accuracy of USLE model and some of its versions including MUSLE-E, MUSLE-S and AOF are evaluated in event-based in North Khorasan semi-arid regions. For this goal, the sediment due to 20 rainfall event is measured in experimental plots in Sanganeh soil conservation research Institute of Mashhad as a definitive of semi-arid rangelands of Khorasan. Then the erosion amount due to each rainfall event is estimated using selected various versions of USLE. Results obtained from application of each model compared with measured sediment values of selected plots and finally the accuracy and efficiency of mentioned models are evaluated. The obtained results of evaluation from 20 meters plots show a statistical relation and significant correlation between estimated amounts of MUSLE-E and MUSLE-S models and observed sediment. According to non-significant difference between models results and observation amounts of sediment (tMUSLE-E=1.53 and tMUSLE-S=1.63) and also lower statistics of RRMSE, efficiency of these two models in estimating erosion amount is also greater than the others. The USLE and AOF models cannot appropriately estimate observed sediment because they are not in good agreement.

Consistent decreasing and increasing of temperature in the short-term period that is called freezing and thaw cycles is one of the important factors of damage to crop productions. In this research as to determine freezing and thaw cycles in the Khorasan Razavi province, the data of daily minimum and maximum temperatures of 9 synoptic stations was used over 20 statistic years (1989-2008). Also 6 distinct range of temperatures including: the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -2 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 2 (A), the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -3 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 3 (B), the minimum temperatures lesser and equal whit -5 and the maximum temperatures greater and equal whit 5 (C), the minimum temperatures equal whit -2 and the maximum temperatures greater than 2 (D), the minimum temperatures equal whit -3 and the maximum temperatures greater than 3 (E) and the minimum temperatures equal whit -5 and the maximum temperatures greater than 5 were presented. After data processing by a computer program into the FORTRAN space, the number of days with this phenomenon for each station was determinated as monthly, seasonal and annual and then the mapping plans of susceptible areas were prepared. The results show that winter has a higher rate of this phenomenon and autumn and spring are next respectively. Also the investigation of mapping plans indicated that in most temperature ranges, the Torbat heydariye, Nishaboor and Ghuchan stations had maximum number of freezing and thaw cycles in Khorasan Razavi province. The minimum rate of this phenomenon was in the Sarakhs, Kashmar and Sabzevar Stations as well.

Erosion plots are basically used for studying erosion processes and many related problems. However, the possibility to extend the results of experimental plots to surrounding watersheds is rarely taken into account. In the present study, an attempt was made to study on the accuracy of soil erosion plots in estimation of runoff and sediment yield from small watersheds. Towards this attempt, 12 experimental plots with length of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 meter were installed on two north and south facing slopes in Sanganeh watershed, northeastern Razavi Khorasan Province with an area of ca. 1 ha. The performance of the plots in estimation of runoff and sediment was controlled by data collected at the main outlet associated with 12 storm events occurred during November 2006 to June 2007. The results showed that the accuracy of plot estimates on sediment and runoff improved while the plot length increased. The optimal length for estimation of sediment and runoff parameters was found to be equal to average slope length and more than 20m.

Weather and climate are the most important parameters which affect on growth and development of plants and are the non-control and effective factors in agriculture. Threshold tolerance of plants is limited to these climatic parameters and fluctuation of these parameters has significant effect on agricultural products directly and indirectly. During the year, different climatic hazards damaged Khorasan Razavi province especially on agriculture field. Heat stress is one of the hazards that effects on plants. In this paper, heat stress is studied and mapped in Khorasan Razavi province. For this reason and according to plant thermal requirements, 30, 35 and 40 ºC thresholds determined for maximum and 20 ºC for minimum temperatures. Then by using meteorological data in a 13 years period, number of days with temperature more than these thresholds determined. After statistical test in Jmp software for determining sample size of data, suitable equations extracted for mapping by using Digital Elevation Model. Results show that heat stress appears more in south and west of Khorasan Razavi province and in this region Sabzevar and Sarakhs are damaged more than other places.

In this study the role of hillside direction and plot length of experimental plots on the accuracy of soil erosion estimation was studied. For this purpose 12 experimental plots with length of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 meters were established on the north and south facing hillside of Sanganeh watershed having sandy loam soil texture and mean slope of 30%, located in the northeastern part of Khorasan Razavi province. The sediment of Sanganeh watershed having an area of about 1 ha was collected in concrete ponds and was used for comparison with the test plots. During the research period (November 2006 to June 2007), 12 storms causing runoff occurred and the sediments were collected in metal containers and were analyzed later. The results revealed that the amount of sediment per unit area collected from the south hillside plots was nonlinearly and adversely dependent on the plot length. However, the variation among sediment collected from the north hillside plots was not significant due to difference in crop cover and soil type. In addition, the variation in soil loss was reduced as the plot length increased. According to statistical analyses, the 20 meter plot length was found as the optimal plot length for estimation of soil erosion in the studied watershed.