جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « canola » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Water, food, and energy are three essential sources for maintaining life and fostering socio-economic development, and they are inseparably interconnected. The aim of the present study was to examine the indicators of water and energy efficiency of major agricultural products, namely, wheat and rapeseed, in two different climates in Sari (temperate and humid) and Sharifabad (hot and semi-arid) plains in Iran. To investigate these indicators in wheat and rapeseed crops, data from the agricultural year 2021-22 were utilized. Initially, the number of samples was determined based on the Cochran formula. Then, sampling was done using a questionnaire designed by the authors. The questionnaires numbered 300, and the collected information included inputs and production quantities. The results showed that the average water physical efficiencies in Sari Plain for wheat and rapeseed crops were 1.13 and 0.67 kg/m3, while in Sharifabad Plain, it was 0.83 and 0.35 kg/m3, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the highest level of input energy in Sari and Sharifabad plains for wheat was 80618 and 71072 MJ/ha, respectively. The results also showed that greenhouse gas emissions were higher in Sari than in Sharifabad, probably because of excessive use of fertilizer and pesticide in Sari. The highest greenhouse gas emissions in Sari for wheat were 2495 kg CO2/ha, and in Sharifabad, it was 2299 kg CO2/ha. Overall, the results indicated that crop performance in humid regions was higher than in dry and semi-dry regions, and this indicator depends on various parameters, including water consumption and agronomic management.

The implementation of the Khuzestan Land reclamation Plan, has been provided a suitable platform to promoting research findings on the proper use of soil and water resources, agricultural inputs and increasing crop production. Therefore, this study was carried out in the agricultural year 2017-2018 with the aim of evaluating the water productivity resulting from improved management of canola production inputs and comparing it with conventional management in the northern lands of Khuzestan province. For this purpose, 11 farms (advanced management treatment) were selected to apply technical packages including irrigation scheduling, using the minimum tillage, applying balanced plant nutrition, raised bed planting, proper seed rate, according to farm conditions and farmer facilities. In each of these farms, the amount of applied water during the growing season, grain yield and water productivity were determined and compared with the surrounding farms data with traditional management (control treatment). The results showed that the average canola grain yield and water productivity increased from 2413 kg ha-1 and 0.51 kg m-3 in the control treatment to 2994 kg ha-1 and 0.69 kg m-3 in the superior treatment, respectively. This increase was statistically significant at the level of 1%.

A large part of Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climates. Despite the existing shortcomings, Iranian agriculture is highly dependent on irrigation water. As water is considered as the most important and limiting input of agricultural production in Iran (Zibaie, 2007). Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the third annual oil crop in the world after palm oil and soybeans, which is cultivated for its edible oil and is easily replaced by cereals (FAO, 2013). The main goal in improving agricultural water productivity in the world is to increase agricultural products with less water consumption, thus reducing the share of water in the agricultural sector and allocating more water to other uses and, most importantly, the water needs of the environment (Heydari, 2014). So far, no report has been presented on the evaluation of different irrigation systems in rapeseed cultivation in East Khuzestan. The main purpose of this article was to measure the irrigation water of rapeseed fields in Behbahan city and compare their physical and economic water productivity. In this way, the physical and economic productivity of water under different agricultural management and in irrigation systems can be compared and evaluated.

This project was implemented in the field to determine canola irrigation water under the management of farmers in Behbahan city. In 26 farms, the volume of canola irrigation water (without interfering with their irrigation program) was measured. To determine the volume of irrigation water, first the amount of inflow from the selected water source was measured with a suitable device (WSC flume, meter or ultrasonic flow meter). Linear multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the above dependent parameters. Water requirement was calculated based on the FAO Penman-Monteith model using the daily statistics of Behbahan Synoptic Meteorological Station (minimum and maximum daily temperature, minimum and maximum daily humidity, wind speed and maximum sunny hours) and using ETCalculator software. One-way analysis of variance was used to show a statistically significant difference between the means of two or more independent groups. To compare physical and economic productivity indicators of irrigation water, there was a need to resolve the difference. Therefore, the standard Z-Score standardization method was used to resolve the scale difference. SPSS16 software was used for statistical analysis.

The average irrigation water productivity in 26 farms ranged from 0.351 to 1.545 kg per cubic meter and economic water productivity ranged from 6940 to 3719660 Rials per cubic meter. Irrigation water volume with t-statistic (-11.193) and equivalent beta coefficient (-0.056) had a significant negative effect at the level of 1% on the irrigation water productivity and a significant negative effect at level 5% had on the economic water productivity. The method of irrigation of selected farms (surface or sprinkler) had a significant effect at the level of 5% on the physical and economic irrigation water productivity. The calculated scores according to Z-Score showed that 31% of the farms that had sprinkler irrigation system were in good condition in terms of physical and economic productivity of irrigation water and none of the farms in the surface irrigation system were ranked well in terms of irrigation water productivity, but 8% of the irrigation farms had good economic productivity. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that rapeseed yield had a positive and significant correlation at the level of 1% and 0.608 with irrigation water productivity, while yield had no significant correlation with economic water productivity.

Comparison of the results of average traits showed that the implementation of sprinkler irrigation system in the studied farms has increased the physical and economic productivity of irrigation water. The high cost of implementing the irrigation system in agricultural lands has not caused these farms to have lower physical and economic productivity than surface irrigation farms, but instead the cost of implementing the irrigation system during ten years of using this system has led to better management use of irrigation water, increase the physical and economic productivity of irrigation water. This management is mainly implemented by irrigation and drainage companies by shortening the irrigation period and increasing irrigation times. Prevents grain filling and by adjusting the irrigation hour at each irrigation time by moving the sprinklers by irrigation workers, prevents water wastage and deep percolation of water from the root zone and compared to surface irrigation from water losses prevents the end of irrigation furrows. This management, along with reducing labor costs while keeping the canola crop, has reduced costs and increased the physical and economic productivity of irrigation water.

Solid carriers are materials that can protect population of microorganisms in the long time and they dont have toxic effect on bacteria. This experiment was performed to chek the effect of a few combination of solid inoculant of bacteria Enterobacter cloacae S16-3 on growth of rapeseeds (Brassica napus L.) cultivar hayola 308. Solid inoculants of this bacterium were prepared using different carriers including: bagasse, peat, hydrochar, biochar, sawdust, perlite and bagasse:perlit, hydrochar:perlit, biochar:perlit, sawdust:perlit (with ratio 1:1 w/w), then after six months, bacteria population was counted and finally the effect of biofertilizers inoculant was checked with rapeseed inoculation in a pot culture. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in greenhouse by considering 10 treatments of solid carriers, a negative control treatment, a positive control containing 100 and 70 percent of NPK. The results of this study showed that the NPK100 and NPK70 treatments increased the amount of N, P, Fe, Zn and Ca. The results of oil content and fatty acid analysis showed that in all treatments except for peat and biochar, oil content increased. GC results indicated that oil quality was affected by bacterial inoculation treatment and bagasse:perlite treatment increased the percentage of oleic acid. Finally, according to this study the hydrochar, biochar:perlite and bagasse:perlite carriers will be recommended.

Nitrogen and sulfur are the most effective nutrients in oil seed production, especially, canola. In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen and sulphur on seed yield, yield components, seed oil, and leaf and seed nutrients content of canola (Brassica napus L.) a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications for two years. The first factor consisted of two nitrogen levels (N1=180 and N2=240 kg. ha-1 net nitrogen) and second factor had four sulphur levels (S0=0, S1=200 kg ha-1 powder sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus inoculant, S2=100 kg ha-1 from ((NH3)2SO4 and S3=100 kg ha-1   from CaSO4). The results showed that effect of the nitrogen levels were significant on leaf nitrogen concentration, and seed nitrogen concentration and uptake at 0.01-probability level and seed sulphur at 0.05 probability level but was not significant on other measured attributes. Effect of the sulphur levels were significant on leaf sulphur concentration, seed and oil yield and seed sulphur concentration and uptake at 0.01 probability level and leaf nitrogen and seed oil concentration at 0.05 probability level. The maximum seed and oil yield, seed nitrogen and sulphur uptake, leaf sulphur and seed oil concentration were obtained from S1 level with 5069, 2135, 99.5 and 23.3 kg per ha and 0.95 and 42.1 percent, respectively. The two way interactions of nitrogen and sulphur were significant on leaf and seed nitrogen concentration. In general, the application of 180 kg nitrogen and 200 kg inoculated sulphur with two percent Thiobacillus inoculant would be recommended to achieve the optimum growth of canola in similar soils.

Humic acid has a pseudo hormonal activity that increases plant growth and nutrient uptake. In the present study, the effects of different levels of humic acid and phosphorus fertilizer on vegetative growth indices (Plant height, Fresh and dry weight of stem and leaf, number of flowers, number of leaves and branches) and phosphorus availability in canola (Brassica napus L.) cv. Hyola 50 were investigated. For this purpose, the pot experiment as factorial based on completely randomized design in three replications has been conducted. Treatments include phosphorous fertilizer as super phosphate in three levels 0, 50 and 100 mg/kg, humic acid in three levels 0, 0.5 and 1 g/kg and application methods of phosphorous and humic acid. Based on the results, the effect of different concentrations of phosphorus, humic acid and its method of application, and their interaction in all studied traits, except for the number of branches, were significant (p≤0.01). Results of the interaction effect of humic acid concentration and its application methods in the presence of phosphorous treatments showed that the highest amounts of fresh and dry weight of leaves and stem obtained in 100 mg/kg phosphorous and 1 g/kg humic acid applied with irrigation water. The highest phosphorous content in leaves and stem by 0.3 percent observed in 1 g/kg humic acid and 100 mg/kg phosphorous applied with irrigation water. Additionally, different concentrations of phosphorous and humic acid and their application methods and their interactions decreased canola flowering period from 144 days to 93 days. Combined application of 100 mg/kg phosphorous and 1 g/kg humic acid within irrigation water resulted in maximum increase in vegetative growth indices and phosphorous content in canola shoot.

Due to the compatibility of canola with different conditions, economic value, its price and importance of rotation with cereals, it has the highest level of cultivation area among the oilseed crops in Iran. Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a widespread macronutrient deficiency and is one of the major limiting constraints for canola production. Despite its importance, it limits crop yield on more than 40% of the world’s arable land and 70.2% in Iran. Moreover, global P reserves are being depleted at a higher rate and according to some estimates, there will be no economic P reserve by the year 2050. This is a potential threat to sustainable canola production. Most of the P applied in the form of fertilizers may be adsorbed by the soil, and would not be available for plants lacking specific adaptations. It is widely accepted that the most realistic solution to the problem of P deficiency is to develop new plant cultivars that adapt to P-deficient soils. Phosphorus efficiency is a term that generally describes the ability of crop species/genotypes to give higher yield under P-limiting condition. Plant species as well as genotypes within the same species may differ in P efficiency. This study was conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus fertilization on the grain yield and phosphorus efficiency indices in different canola cultivars.

The present study was carried out at the research farm of the Mahidasht Agricultural Research Station located 20 km away from Kermanshah (with elevation of 1265 m). This experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications with 2 factors including canola varieties and different amounts of phosphorus fertilizer. The first factor consisted of five triple superphosphate (TSP) levels (0, 16, 32, 49, and 61 kg per ha) and the second factor consisted of three cultivars (Okapi, Opera and Zarfam). This research was conducted on soil where the amount of available phosphorus was lower than the critical level required for canola (15 mg kg-1). Prior to sowing, all phosphorus treatments with 30 kg ha-1 of zinc sulfate fertilizer as well as one-third of nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg ha-1 urea) were applied during planting and mixed thoroughly with the soil. The remaining urea fertilizer was applied at two stages of stem growth (120 kg ha-1) and early flowering (100 kg ha-1). Each experimental plot had an area of 12 m2. Irrigation method was sprinkler. Grain and straw yield were determined after the harvest and seed samples (harvesting stage) were taken and rinsed with distilled water, oven dried at 70 °C, ground, digested and analyzed for determining the P concentration. Analysis of variance was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons performed by Duncan’s multiple range tests (P ≤ 0.05).

The results showed that the interaction effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and canola cultivars on leaf P concentration, grain and straw yield, grain P concentration and uptake, and P efficiency indices were significant. In average of the two-years, the highest grain and straw yields (3203 and 4613 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained from 300 kg ha-1 P fertilizer rate for Okapi cultivar. Under the P deficiency condition, no significant difference was observed between cultivars in terms of grain yield. Significant differences were observed among three cultivars in terms of P efficiency. Opera cultivar was efficient in absorption (0.84) and Zarfam cultivar was efficient in phosphorus utilization (152 kg grain / kg fertilizer), but Opera was phosphorus efficient. With application of phosphorus fertilizer, phosphorus use efficiency decreased and the highest amount was found for the control treatment which produced 169 kg seeds per kg of phosphorus. The lowest amount of this characteristic was obtained for 300 kg phosphorus fertilizer treatment. Considering the correlation between phosphorus stress factor and P uptake efficiency, it seems that P efficiency was dependent on P uptake (R2 = 0.477 **) rather than P utilization (R2 = 0.076 ns).

Phosphorus uptake efficiency can be used for selecting P efficient cultivars of canola under farm condition. Application of Opera and Okapi cultivars with 80 kg of fertilizer per ha in similar conditions of this experiment would be advisable and excess phosphorus fertilizer application would not significantly increase grain yield. Selecting suitable varieties could decrease application of chemical fertilizers in the soil.

Canola oil is one of the healthiest edible oil for human consumption and has gained public attention in providing edible oil in Iran. Therefore, growers are increasingly being interested in the cultivation of canola in various parts of Iran such as Haji Abad in Hormozgan province. However, there is no reliable data on water requirement of canola in this area. Therefore, a four-year experiment was conducted at Haji Abad research station for agriculture to determine crop water requirement of canola. In the first year of the experiment, a lysimeter was installed in the center of a 4-ha ground area. Then, in the next three years, canola (Hayula-401 var.) was cultivated in and around the lysimeter and its water requirement was measured weekly over the entire growing season. Results showed that under optimal growth conditions met in this research, canola needed 526.55 mm water to produce 2950 kg ha-1 grain which should be provided according to its daily water requirement over the growing season. Daily water requirement of canola varied from1.66 mm day-1 at rosette stage to nearly 6.5 mm day-1 during pod and seed development stages. Of the total canola water requirement, about 20 mm used for seed germination, 30 mm during rosette stage, 63 mm from early stem elongation to flower initiation, 110 mm during flowering, and 235 mm during pod formation and grain filling periods.

In order to investigate the effect of acid humic application method including soil application, spraying and fertigation on iron (Fe) supplying in rapeseed, an expriment was caried out consisting of 10 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments included humic acid soil application in three levels (1, 2 and 4 g kg-1 soil), spraying at three levels (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) and with fertigation at three levels (1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1) and control treatment (without humic acid). The results showed that the highest total iron and active iron concentration in stalk were 85 and 44.9 mg kg-1, respectively, in the treatment of 2000 mg L-1 of humic acid with fertigation, and the lowest value, respectively, with an average of 54.62 and 20.40 mg kg-1 for control treatment. Also, the order of significance for extractable- Fe from the pot soil by various extractants was as follows: rapid ammonium oxalate > hydroxylamine hydrochloride>AC-EDTA> DTPA> AB-DTPA >EDTA. The results obtained in the present study showed that extracted iron was significantly correlated with chlorophyll content by most of the extractants. Among extractants, only extracted Fe with DTPA correlated positively and significantly with total Fe (r=0.69*) and active Fe (r=0.79*) while, total iron of leaf had weak and non-signifcant correlation (r= 0.35) with DTPA. Based on the results of this study, active iron measurement can be a suitable method for predicting iron deficiency in canola plants.

Evaluation of soil moisture transfer between two subsurface drains and water drainage from the roots is very important. In this regard, application of conservation of mass equations by HYDRUS-2D software, in addition to reducing costs, could speed up access to the results. In this study, a subsurface drainage systems with drain depth of 0.9 m, drain spacing of 30 m, and groundwater depth of 50 cm was studied during one growing season of canola in paddy fields located in Sari region. Soil profile was considered from the surface to a depth of two meters and six layers of soil were defined. Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) for each of the 6 layers of the soil was calculated by Piezometric method and using Kirkham equation. The K values for the surface layer down to the layer at the depth of 2 m were, respectively, 0.8, 0.11, 0.29, 0.16, 0.38 and 0.083 m/day. Other input parameters of HYDRUS-2D model were measured every day including precipitation, water table depth, and soil moisture. Observed data and simulated water tables between the two drain pipes were compared and the model was calibrated in saturated period. The performance of the model was evaluated by statistical approaches considering root mean square error (RMSE), the coefficient of determination (R2), the average deviation (AD) percent error (PE) and the modeling efficiency (EF), which were 0.0214 cm3/cm3, 0.932, 0.0407 cm3/cm3, 0.079, and 0.525, respectively. The results showed that simulation was considerably satisfactory.

The AquaCrop model improves farm management practices, including plant density, planting time, and chemical fertilizers. It also simulates crop yield, soil water content, soil salinity, and water productivity. One of the applications of this model is the assessment of rainfed production during the long term, the effect of low fertilization, the productivity of real water on the farm, and the analysis of future climate scenarios. The disadvantages of this model include the lack of calibration of the amount and time of fertilization and the lack of consideration of plant diseases and weeds (Raes et al., 2009). The AquaCrop model is suitable for simulating different water and nitrogen managements on yield (Khoshravesh et al., 2012). Ebrahimi, Rezaverdinejad and Majnooni Heris (2015) evaluated the AquaCrop model under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer managements for estimating maize grain yield and biomass in Shiraz. This model predicted the grain yield of maize with high precision and biomass obtained in all treatments was more than the estimated values. Alishiri, Paknejad and Aghayari (2014) in simulating sugarbeet growth under different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer concluded that the highest error in performance simulation was in the treatment that had the highest fertilizer stress. The purpose of this study was to calibrate and validate the AquaCrop model for estimating the crop grain yield (GY) and biomass (B) of Canola under different irrigation regimes and pure nitrogen fertilizer levels in loamy soils in Gazvin, Iran, for two years.

Land Suitability is the degree of appropriateness of land for a certain use. Land suitability could be assessed for present condition or after improvement. In Gyan area, after sampling of 8 profiles, physical and chemical analyses were performed and the profiles were classified in Entisols and Inceptisols orders profiles based on Keys to Soil Taxonomy 2014. After the collecting climate, soils and land scape informations, land suitability evaluation for Canola and Sugarbeet products were carried out with quality land suitability methods in FAO system and with using Geographic Information System (GIS). The square root method results were more accurate and close to actual observantions. The achived climate for Sugarbeet was 96.5 and for Canola cultivation was 90.5. However, the climate classes don’t have limitation for considering products and the sub calss for both products was S1. On the simple limitation method, Canola and Sugar beet cultivations classified on S3 (with 53.9% of land area) and S2 (71% of land area) classes, respectively. Sub classes in limitation method regarding number and intensity were achived S3 for Canola and in some profile, S2 and for Sugare beet were determined S1 and S2 classes. Results in these methods were similar to simple limitation methods. Sub classes in parametric method (root square) were achived S3 for Canola (88% of the land area) equal to 1350 ha and S2 for Sugar beet cultivation (46.3% of land area) equal to 710 ha and also S3. The main limitating factors were water deficiency in the region, gravel and pH. The results showed that the study area is more suitable for Sugarbeet than Canola cultivation. The using of GIS software accelerated land suitability mapping.

One of the major problems in calcareous soils is low efficiency of phosphorous (P) fertilizers due to rapid precipitation. Lowering soil pH is mentioned as a solution for solubility of precipitated P. In order to investigate the effect of sulfur (S) and thiobacillus sp. bacteria and P fertilizer on canola (Brasica napus L. cv. Hayola-401) yield and nutrient concentrations in soil and plant, an experiment was carried out during cropping season 2012-13, in a calcareous soil which was generally poor in P content. The experimental factors were designed in a complete randomized blocks with factorial arrangement in three replicates. The first factor consisted of S, in 4 levels (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 kg.ha-1) as pastille form as elemental sulfur with sulfur oxidizing bacteria (in 2% rate of sulfur weight) and the second factor including 3 P levels (0, 72 and 110) kg.ha-1)as triple superphosphate. There was a positive and significant interaction between S and P levels on seed and aerial part yield and yield component (p

In current study, a conceptual mathematic model is developed to determine the relationship between plant response factor to water (ky) and soil critical moisture (c) that below c, plant is under stress. The evaluation of model performance was done using a set of experimental data from a green-house trial. The results showed that for a given Ky, relative plant yield (Yr) is linearly reduced by decreasing the differences soil moisture from c (c-). The greater sensitivity of plant type or growth stage to water deficit (higher Ky values) caused more slope of linear relationship between Yr and (c-). In the other words, it can be assigned more allowable depletion coefficient for the plants with low Ky values. Moreover, for a given Yr, plant sensitivity is exponentially increased by the reduction of soil moisture. In addition to confirm the model results, exprimental observations showed that the critical moisture of clay loam soil for both soil was 0.28 cm3 cm-3, while the c values of sandy loam soil for wheat and canola ware 0.21 and 0.195 cm3 cm-3, respectively. Soil allowable depletion coefficient for wheat in both soils was obtained about 0.35. Whereas, soil allowable depletion coefficient for canola in sandy loam soil (F=0.44) was more than clay loam soil (F=0.38).

Application of organic materials, such as humic acid, prevent from environmental pollutionand also increases sustainability by decline the harmful impacts of industrial fertilizers in agroecosystems. Humic acid has quasi-hormonal activity and not only increases plant growth and absorption of nutrients, but also improves plant resistance to stress.
In order to determine the effect of application method and different levels of humic acid on vegetative growth parameters and yield components of rapeseed (variety Hayola 308), a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments in 4 replications. Treatments included soil application of humic acid in 3 levels (1, 2 and 4 g/kg soil), spraying of humic acid in 3 levels (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) with irrigation water at 3 levels (1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/l) and control (acid humic-free). Soil application in the form of humic acid powder and in cropping time based on the soil weight of the pots and for spraying and consumption along with irrigation water, each of the spraying and together with irrigation water levels is divided into three equal parts and in three stages (establish of the plant, stem elongation and flowering) used. Spraying was performed at the end of the day and in order to make it more effective, several drops of moyan (foliar soap) were used to wet the leaves. The studied traits included leaf and stem fresh and dry weight, height bush, number of leaves and flowers, time to first flowering, silique length, seed per silique and silique per plant and 1000 grain weight, biological yield and harvest index.
The results of variance analysis of vegetative growth parameters, and yield components showed that all traits except leaf number per plant and leaf dry weight were significant at 1% level. The highest height, wet weight of leaf and stem and leaf and stem dry weight were related to treatment with 2000 mg/lit with irrigation water and the lowest was for control treatment. The highest number of flowers and amount of time to the first flowering was associated with 4000 mg/L treatment with irrigation water and control, whereas the lowest values for these traits respectively belonged to control and 4000 mg/L acid humic treatment with irrigation water. Also, the highest yield and yield components were related to treatment with 2000 mg/ L with irrigation water. The treatment of 2000 mg/L humic acid with irrigation water, due to the high dry weight of leaf and stem, seed per silique and silique per plant and 1000 grain weight, had the highest biological yield and harvest index, as well as the highest Biological yield and harvest index were 0.4% for spraying and 4 g/kg soil for soil application and its lowest for control treatment.
Application of humic acid can improve canola vegetative growth parameters and it could be used as a natural organic material to increase crop yield. The results showed that all three methods increased vegetative growth parameters, and yield components compared to control, but in general, 2000 mg/L acid humic with irrigation water was more effective than two methods of soil use and spray application.

Due to lack of accurately measured data on crop water consumption in Hormozgan province, the FAO- estimated crop water requirement data are used in most irrigation projects, without their prior assessment in terms of compliance and consistency with the region, which in turn, it may cause water loss or water stress to the plant. Thus, the present research was carried out to evaluate the FAO method precision in estimating canola water consumption in Hormozgan province. Accordingly, first, a lysimeter was installed in the center of a 4-ha ground area. Next, in and around the test site, the canola cultivar (Hyula-401) was cultivated and its water consumption was measured weekly by water balance equation. Climatic parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, sunshine, and rainfall were measured at the meteorological station located on the site and using them, reference crop evapotranspiration was calculated by FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Equation. Then, via multiplying it by the crop coefficient (Kc) identified according to the FAO guidelines, canola water consumption was calculated in weekly periods and compared with values obtained from lysimeter. Finally, the results showed that although the FAO method has a good accuracy in estimating the seasonal water use of the plant in the test area, if the purpose of the planning is irrigation at the farm level, this method could overestimate weekly water consumption from 0.06 to 1.5 mm day-1. Therefore, it is recommended to modify the estimated water consumption by the FAO method using the regression equation proposed in this research.

Potassium is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust that plays important roles in enzymes activity, protein synthesis and photosynthesis. Glauconite is a hydro- silicate of iron and potassium. Most of the fertilizers including potassium are imported in our country and finding demotic sources for potassium fertilizers is very important. Glauconite is a micaceous mineral containing K, Fe and Mg, as well as Al and Si. In classification of sedimentary stones, the glauconitic sandstone is classified in green sanstone. The aim of this study was evaluation of K release and the potential use of glauconitic sandstone powder as a potassium fertilizer for wheat and canola plants.
The glauconitic sandstone was collected from around Sozesh village in Maraveh, Golestan Province, Iran. The sandstones were finely ground and passed through a sieve of mesh number 20 and 120. The amount of potassium released from these powders (mesh 20 and 120) were accumlatively identified in distilled water, HCl and and H2SO4 during 6 days. In addition, in order to find the best method for maximum potassium release, different treatments including calcium carbonate – autoclave, furnace – NaOH- autoclave, NaCl- furnace – HCl, HCl- autoclave, H2SO4- autoclave and CaCl2- furnace were utilized. The potential use of this sandstone as a potassium fertilizer was assayed through cultivation of wheat and canola plants in soils treated with 75 and 150 g glauconitic sandstone powder per kg soil.
XRay fluorescence analysis indicated that the glauconitic sandstone consisted of 2.24% potassium oxide along with magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and other essential elements, releasing only 0.13 percent of its potassium during 6 days in water. Study of the potassium release using several treatments indicated that the NaCl -furnace - HCl and H2SO4 –autoclave treatments could release the highest amount of K from the stone that was about 7%. Soil application of glauconitic sandstone for wheat and canola indicated the highest fresh and dry weight of wheat were observed by application of 75 g glauconit per kg soil and use of higher amunts (150 g per kg soil) cuased frsh and dry weight to be reduced. Roots and shoots fresh and dry weight were higher in canola plants supplied with 150 g glauconitic sandstone per kg soil, compared to control.
The results indicated that glauconitic sand stone have the ability to release potassium and may compensate potassium deficiency in soils for wheat and canola. Further field experiments are necessary for the results to be confirmed and determination of glauconitic sandstone use-rates.

In recent years, in order to solve problems were presented the way tasks in the agricultural sector. Among these, growth simulation models have been provided for water management, which it possible to reduce the difficulties in agricultural water. The main advantage of these models is that, they can optimize irrigation schedule economically. SWAP model is of the most widely used models in the world which has shown good results for variety of crops. So that, in this practice the performance of this model for simulating the growth of Canola was evaluated according to the data relating to two cultivation periods in Badjgah. The studied parameters consist of soil water content, evapotranspiration, dry matter, and seed yield. The results indicated that, in the calibration and evaluation phases for seed yield respectively, mean normalized error was 8.0 and 14.2. What is more, mean normalized error for simulation of dry matter was 3.9 and 10.8 in calibration and evaluation periods, respectively.

To investigate the interaction effect of Cd and Zn on growth and chemical composition of canola, a factorial greenhouse experiment in a randomized complete block design with two factors including Cd at eight levels (0, 5.0, 5.2, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1 soil) and Zn at eight levels (0, 5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1 soil) with three replications was conducted in a loamy sand soil. After 60 days, the dry weights and concentrations of Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in shoots and roots were determined. At levels of 2.5 and 0.5 mg Cd per kg of soil, all levels of Zn increased shoot and root dry weights. At higher levels of Cd, applications of 5 and 25 mg Zn per kg of soil increased the shoot and root dry weights, but at higher levels of Zn, a decrease in these parts was observed. Moreover, at levels up to 5 mg Cd kg-1, application of Zn even at level of 25 mg Zn kg-1decreased Cd concentration in shoots in comparison with control. However, at higher levels of Cd, this decrease was achieved only at 5 mg Zn kg-1. Increasing the level of Cd at any level of Zn decreased the Zn concentration in shoots. Application of Zn at each level of Cd, first increased and then decreased the concentration of iron in shoots and roots. Zn supplementation at each level of Cd increased concentration of Mn in shoots and decreased its concentration in roots. In addition, Zn application at each level of Cd decreased the concentration of Cu in both shoots and roots.

Canola plant production is the source of 15 percent of the world total vegetable oil production which is the third largest seed oil production after soybean and oil palm. The objective of this research was to identify the suitable areas for planting Canola in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Hence information on climatic data from 67 weather stations were collected and analyzed. Climatic data such as temperature, precipitation, degree days, relative humidity, number of frost days, and sunshine hours were colleded from synopotic and climatological stations, and also gauge resource data such as topography, slope, slope direction, soil depth, and land use were prepared. Each of these data was studied regarding to favorable climatic and ecological needs of Canola. Information layers on each of them were made by data generalization to layers and processing them using GIS technology. In this research, multiple criteria decision method (MCDM) based on AHP method was used in order to prioritize, and assess the criteria and information layers regarding each other, and determine their weight. By weighting the provided layers based on intended criteria and model, layers were overlaid and special analysis was done in GIS system and the final map of assessment of land capacity was generated for Canola cultivation. According to the results, lands of the Province in terms of climatic and environmental potentials were categorized into four levels: very suitable 15.2 percent, suitable 52.1 percent, average 25.4 percent, and weak 7.3 percent.