جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مناطق روستایی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Exchange rate is a variable that can affect the performance of economy and economic variables. By any change in the exchange rate, food prices and consequently, food consumption is affected. The exchange rate is one of the most important factors affecting the food consumption due to its effects on the price of imported goods. Fluctuations in the exchange rates and consequently, food price fluctuations, by affecting the access dimension, make it impossible to realize food security. With this approach, in the present study, the effects of fluctuations in free market exchange rates on the food consumption in rural areas of Iran were examined. In addition, in order to examine the effectiveness of government policies to control currency fluctuations over recent years, the effect of preferential currency subsidy policy on consumption in the rural areas was analyzed. Achieving these goals provides the necessary knowledge to modify current policies or adopt new currency policies. Theoretical model of the research was first explained by applying theoretical foundations and various studies. Then, the information needed to conduct the study was collected during the period of 2005-2021. Next, the stationary of the model variables was examined through Levin, Lin and Chu (LLC) and Fisher-Dickey Fuller (Fisher-ADF) tests. Finally, the short and long term relationship between variables analyzed in the formwork of ARDL panel model.  The results showed that the increase in exchange rate fluctuations reduced household consumption in rural areas in the short and long terms; in addition, although the preferential currency subsidy policy had a positive and significant effect on the household consumption, this effect was not noticeable. On the other hand, based on the results, the price index of food groups had a negative effect on the food consumption in the rural areas of Iran in the short and long terms and by contrast, the increase in household income had a positive and significant effect on the food consumption in the rural areas in the short and long terms. Finally, the results of the Error Correction Model (ECM) showed that due to the low speed of adjustment, currency shocks had a long lasting effect (nearly two years) on food prices in Iran's economy. According to the study results, the preferential currency policy does not provide the possibility of achieving the goal of food consumption stability; therefore, it is necessary to remove it and use managed floating currency policies. With the removal of the mentioned policy in order to support the food security of the weak classes of the society in the short term, the distribution of food packages through trustee institutions including the relief foundation and the welfare organization can be considered. The cash-in-kind payment policy is also one of the policies that can provide more appropriate distribution of subsidies in the short term. However, in the long term, increasing or stabilizing the purchasing power of people, especially the low-income and weak classes, is only possible through employment creation policies as well as strengthening production and supply.

Considering the effect of income distribution on poverty and economic well-being of villagers, knowledge of the factors affecting how income is distributed in rural areas of the country will be necessary to formulate poverty alleviation policies. Economic growth is recognized as one of the factors influencing the income distribution pattern.
In this study, using composite data in the Kuznets hypothesis curve, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in rural areas of Iran has been investigated using the Spatial panel approach during the period 2011-2019.
The results of the study indicate the existence of spatial over, so that in this study the effect of spatial economic growth (GDP per capita) is a positive and significant relationship with the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. However, the effect of the Spatial over of the economic growth space of the agricultural sector (value added of the agricultural sector) has had a negative and significant effect on the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. The results also show that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between agricultural sector growth and income distribution. Therefore, Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in rural areas of Iran.
It is suggested that given that economic growth has not been justice-oriented and poor growth based on the distribution of incomes in rural areas of the provinces, in order to improve income distribution in rural areas of the country, economic policies should be in line with accelerating the growth of agriculture.

Poverty reduction is one of the important goals of development programs. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting rural poverty in provinces of Iran during the years 2011-2018. Poverty Gap Index has been calculated as dependent variable. The log- log regression model of influencing factors on poverty was estimated using the cross section weighted least squares method. Results showed that rural poverty has been an unbalanced long- run phenomenon that has grown over time and covered more people. The coefficients of estimated model showed that the share of province in GDP, areas under cultivation, number of rural comprehensive health service centers and dummy variable of less poor provinces have had significant negative effect on poverty. The value added of agriculture sector, rural consumer price index, family size, trend, first lag of dependent variable and dummy variable of poorer provinces have had significant positive effect on poverty gap index. The negative effect of the share of province in GDP and areas under cultivation on poverty confirmed the important role of production infrastructures and economic opportunities in poverty reduction. Significant positive effect of the value added of agriculture sector can be an evidence of small contribution of villagers in value added of this sector. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to avoid the concentration of investment, resources and production opportunities in richer provinces and to pay attention to balanced regional development to reduce poverty in poor provinces. Also anti-inflationary policies will reduce poverty in all regions. Since poverty has been a long-run and growing phenomenon in most regions, long- run planning in production and welfare infrastructures is needed to eradicate poverty.

Sustainable economic growth accompanies a reduction in poverty. One of the critical aspects of economic growth is the income distribution issue. The Gini coefficient is one of the indicators of the equal income distribution. The income distribution and economic growth are two critical indicators in the study of economic performance, so they are crucial for policymakers. Every country is trying to improve its welfare state by improving its production, distribution and specialization. The agricultural sector growth is essential to achieve economic development, and it can accelerate economic growth.Villages play an essential role in ensuring food security, whereas rural households earn the majority of their income through agricultural activities; so it is necessary to study the relationship between income distribution and the growth of the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between rural income distribution and economic growth of the agricultural sector.

According to the study purpose, We collected the data of "GDP per capita" and "per capita value added of the agricultural sector at constant prices" annually from 2001 to 2016 from "the Statistics Center of Iran". "The rural Gini coefficient", for the period 2001-2016, have also been collected from the Statistics Center of Iran. The inflation rate data for the period 1380-1395 is gathered from the Central Bank. Data on higher education and the number of agricultural students have been collected from the yearbook of the Statistics Center of Iran for the period 2001-2016. All data except the inflation rate are provincial form, and they are related to all 30 provinces of Iran. In order to estimate the models, the STATA 15.0 software package was used.  Since this research has two parts, the form of its experimental model will also include two experimental models. The first part is related to the whole economic sector, and the second part is related to the agricultural sector.

Firstly, the stationarity of the variables was investigated, and the results of the unit-root test shown that all variables are Stationary. As can be seen from the estimates obtained in the macroeconomic section of the panel approach, with increasing GDP per capita (economic growth), the Gini coefficient (income inequality distribution) also increases. There is also a significant relationship between the Gini coefficient and higher education, which suggests that the higher the education level, the greater the income share, that it leads to income inequality. This result is consistent with the theory and previous studies conducted. In the PVAR approach, there is a one-way causal relationship of per capita GDP to the Gini coefficient. In other words, a change in income inequality is the cause of changes in economic growth. In the agricultural sector, in the panel approach, there is a positive relationship between the Gini coefficient and the per capita value added of the agricultural sector.  As the per capita value added of the agricultural sector increases, so does the Gini coefficient.  There is a significant positive relationship between the Gini coefficient and the number of agricultural students, which shows that the higher the level of agricultural knowledge, the higher the income from agriculture; resulting in more significant economic growth and income distribution becomes unequal. The PVAR approach also establishes a one-way causal relationship between the per capita value added of the agricultural sector and the Gini coefficient.

Suggestion

Based on the results,  policymakers need to put appropriate policies on the agenda to reduce income inequality. In this regard, the best policy is to redistribute income. Wealth should be taken from wealthy people in the form of mechanisms such as tax collection and redistribution among the poor in the form of subsidies or the provision of public goods. Given the positive relationship between education and economic growth, it is suggested that the government invest in education and improve educational facilities. Therefore, allocating more money from the government in the field of education is one of the appropriate strategies to reduce income inequality. Inflation is one of the phenomena that can have positive and negative effects, and one of its most important effects is the change in income distribution so that it is in favour of high-income deciles and to the detriment of low-income groups and decimators. In other words, inflation hurts people with stable monetary incomes and reduces their purchasing power, and in contrast, it benefits most people who keep their wealth non-monetary. According to the results of this study, there is a negative relationship between inflation and economic growth, so it is necessary to adopt policies that reduce inflation in society.

Poverty is prevalent in majority of the world's nations. If a country is not on the path of eliminating or reducing poverty, it will not be on the path of growth and development. Undoubtedly, the first step in planning of anti-poverty and reducing inequality for development of society is a good recognizing of poor people and poverty situations. To do so, it is necessary to define and use poverty indicators for measuring poverty, which can reveal the different aspects of poverty. Indeed, more precisely identifying the number and grade of households below the poverty line in different locations can help policymakers toward better planning. According to the statistics provided by the Statistical Centre of Iran, in recent years, due to the low level of income of villagers, it has been emphasized more on poverty issue in the rural sector than the urban sector, and the size and severity of poverty in rural areas have been more tangible. Income inequalities (using the Gini coefficient) have always been higher in rural areas than in urban areas. So in this regard, the main purpose of this study is to "survey the rural poverty indices and its affecting factors in rural areas of Iran". One of the most important concerns of governments is awareness of poverty and inequality in society to take action to improve the status of poverty and distribution of income. In this regard, it is important to determine the poverty line and poverty measurement indicators. In this study, poverty indicators were categorized into two categories of "Classical indicators", including "Head Quant Ratio", "Poverty Gap index", "Income Gap Ratio", "Kakwani Index", "Kakwani - Sen index", "Sen Index" and "Modern indicators", including "Gini coefficient index", "Atkinson index", "Araar Index", "DER Index", "Foster - Wolfon index", and "Steban Grading Ray Index". It should be noted that the classification of indices is done to simplify the subject, although the basis of this classification is the observance of the two "monotonicity axiom" and "transfer axiom" by the indexes, that is, the use or absence of polarization in the distribution of income (and inequality). The polarization distribution of a variable is the degree of distribution be distributed around a polar group. Many papers and studies have examined the difference between indices of inequality and polarized indicators and concluded that, in general, phenomena such as "middle class disappeared" or "boundary grouping" cannot be estimated by indices of inequality such as "Gini coefficient index". These topics require more robust and complete indicators that can also analyze the polarity of the data. the aim of this research is examining the situation of poverty and distribution of income “inequality”. Indicators of poverty measurement include modern and classical indicators then  the impact of some macroeconomics variables on poverty  has been investigated using data of income plan for households in rural areas in years 1987-2016, with Stata software and DASP package calculating classical indicators which includes: "Head Quant Ratio", "Poverty Gap", "Income Gap Ratio", "Kakwan index", "Severity Poverty of Sen", "Sen Poverty index" and modern indicators which includes: "Gini index", "Atkinson index", "Arrar index", "DER index", "Foster - Wolfson index, "Steban Gradin Ray index. In order to investigate the factors affecting poverty, firstly, between two linear and logarithmic functional forms, logarithmic forms are used as the appropriate form for running regression. In addition, White's powerful variance has been used to solve the heterogeneity variance problem. The results of regression estimation for factors affecting poverty indicators show that economic growth, fertility rate, unemployment, household size, time trend, rural population, agricultural producer price index, net capital agriculture and agricultural value added affect all six modern indicators of poverty. The result of indicators using income plan data for households in rural areas  for years 1987-2016, with Stata 14.0 software  and DASP 3.0 package shows that poverty increased in years 1987-1992 and 2012-2016 but decreased in 1993 till 2011. Reducing unemployment, controlling inflation and controlling the growth rate of rural populations are important factors affecting poverty. Increasing agricultural producers' prices will improve rural incomes and improve poverty, as well as increase in agricultural investment and increase in agricultural value added, which can have a major impact on rural welfare and poverty. It is also recommended that supportive policies based on spatial and regional differences should be developed and applied based on the difference in income deciles.

Considering the importance of poverty reduction in sustainable development of a country and increase of social welfare level and on the other hand the importance of it to determine the eligible people for using of welfare services and programs, it is necessary to study in this field. The purpose of this paper is to estimate poverty line in rural areas of Iran from 1997 to 2013. For this purpose, by using costs and income household data from the Statistical Centre of Iran, at first calculation of food matrix, the amount of received energy in different deciles has been measured and then the absolute poverty line for rural areas based on 2300 calories has been estimated. The results revealed that during the 17 years, trend of absolute poverty line in rural areas of Iran has increased, so that, in rural area of Iran in the year 1997 Amount of poverty line was 71766 Rial and in 2013 was 2422220 which means the poverty line has become almost 33.7 times.

Entrepreneurship is known as one of the most significant alternatives to attain rural development. Regarding the great significance of agricultural sector and its dominance over most of other rural areas, the politicians and planners insist on entrepreneurship in agricultural sector in order to solve the problems of villages. Agricultural sector as one of the most important parts of the country's economy has a high potential to employ the largest number of the unemployed people. Unfortunately despite of the existence of the potentials, the rate of unemployment in agricultural sector has been raised due to the lack of adequate attention to it. We can perhaps say that an attention to agricultural sector can be an appropriate alternative to resolve this problem, but entrepreneurial activities face a lot of obstacles and problems. Accordingly the present paper, which is based on descriptive and library research, attempts to make an effective step forward in the survey of the barriers to entrepreneurship development in agricultural sector and its executive strategies. The studies showed that the barriers of entrepreneurship development in this sector are impediments of policy and planning, economy, culture, patronage, education and informing, and infrastructures. In this regard, two main strategies are suggested to reduce and eliminate these barriers. Also, for reducing or eliminating these obstacles, some solutions in infrastructural, educational, material and immaterial infrastructures have been suggested.

This paper aims to determine the relationship between macro-economic variables such as، inequality and economic growth on poverty for period of 2000-2010. Data were extracted from income-expenditure survey of rural families. The results of the study indicated that poverty and income inequality decreased slightly during the period under study. The results showed that due to increasing inequality and economic participation، the percentage of poor families has been increased، but increase in savings has caused absolute poverty to decline.

Today, there is no doubt that rural development as one of the top priorities ofdifferent countries, especially developing countries, requires to something beyond a simple strategy; Meanwhile, many researchers believe that the development of entrepreneurship in different context and forms in rural areas is one of the key components of rural development and even national development by job creation, increase capital, contributing to a more equitable distribution of income and poverty reduction. Among the various forms of entrepreneurship, development of small business especially home based business has been welcomed by experts of rural development due to the unique nature and benefits, so it is important that some experts consider it as the most important strategies for rural development in Third World countries. Considering the importance of this issue, the objective of this descriptive- analytical paper was to study of the entrepreneurial home-based businesses and their barriers and challenges in rural areas. The results indicated that development of entrepreneurial home-based businesses in rural areas are faced with numerous barriers and challenges which some of the most important of them were lack of proper business planning, lack of proficiency and experience in rural people, lack adequate access to markets, lack of access to information and information resources, lack of funding for home-based business capital and legal obstacles.

In this study, the situation of poverty and its effective factors were investigated in rural regions of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Province. The statistical population included rural region of province and 403 families of them have been selected using Patten sampling table and clustered multi-stag sampling technique. The results indicated that the monthly alimentary poverty line, non-alimentary poverty line and total poverty line are 337.2, 195.6 and 532.8 thousand Rails in the year of 2009 respectively. Also, head count, gap and the intensity of alimentary poverty are 31.3, 9.6 and 4 percent and proportion of capitation, gap and the severity of alimentary poverty are 32.3, 8.6 and 6.3 percent respectively. According to the results, It can be said that factors such as family dimension, proportion of persons who have income in the family, proportion of literate persons in the family, distance of the village from the center of township, use of the supporting assistances, banking facilities, ownership of land, having bath, number of rooms, ownership of tractor, social welfare and membership in cooperation were the most important factors affecting poverty in rural region of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Province.

Considering that a high percentage of the population in Iran are living in rural areas, study of problems facing rural communities including analysis of income distribution and its trend in preparing development plans is very necessary. This study aims to measure income inequality in rural areas in 1989-2009 periods by using Gini coefficient. For this purpose, data from household's expenditure survey were used. Results showed that during the period, income inequality in rural areas of the country was decreased slowly, but still there was considerable difference among provinces. On this basis, allocation of resources to those regions which suffered from unequal income distibutin was recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the poverty situation in rural areas of Kohgilouyeh va Boyerahmad Province. Research data was collected from the supposed rural areas. Food poverty line was calculated using food energy intake procedure. Non-food poverty line, total poverty line, capita poverty line, poverty divide and the severity of poverty was also calculated in the study area. Results indicated that approximately 32% of samples were below the poverty line. Also, the results showed that there is a statistically significant difference between poor and non-poor people in some subjects such as age, using health care facilities, owning tractor, house, tap water, natural piped gas, kitchen and bath room, educated peoples of the family, welfare and social capital. Based on these findings it is recommended that more employments opportunities be provided in the supposed rural areas to increase the household income.

This study aims at ranking rural regionsin Sistan and Baloochestan province based on development criteria using Maslow pyramid based and multidimensional indices approaches. The Maslow pyramid based indices include basic, safety, belonging and respect needs. The indices in multidimensional approach are demographic, sanitation, health, communication, education, recreational facilities, income, food and welfare. The dataset comes from province 1387 census. The findings showed that there was no considerable difference between ranks developed by two approaches. In general, based on the Maslow pyramid approach a monotonousness was found among the Sistan rural regions only in the case of basic needs while there was a big difference among them in higher level needs. Results of the multidimensional indices approach showed that there was a considerable difference among regions in communication, public and recreational facilities, economical, food and welfare indices. Based on both of the approaches, rural regions of Sarbaz and Kenarak were less developed while Zabol, Khash and Zahak were more developed regions