جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کشاورزی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Agriculture is a risky activity and a wide range of risks affects the income of farmers. Among the many methods of risk management, agricultural insurance has a special place as a non-price support tool. The inability and unwillingness of the private sector to carry out insurance operations in agriculture has made the involvement of the government sector in the study, design and implementation of agricultural insurance programs inevitable. The current notice has been written with the aim of providing a clear picture of the government's support for agricultural insurance, calculating insurance indicators and defining the appropriate government support mechanism for agricultural insurance in Iran.

The study is analytical-descriptive and the collection of required statistics and information is based on documentary (library) sources. The global experience of government support for agricultural insurance has been analyzed mainly based on the studies of the World Bank in 2010 and the situation of Iran's agricultural insurance using internal information sources in the last decade.

The investigation of government support for agricultural insurance in selected countries showed that, first, proper implementation of agricultural insurance is not possible without government support. Secondly, the most common type of government support for agricultural insurance in the countries under review is the payment of insurance premium subsidies, and in India, Canada, the United States of America, and China, more than half of the insurance premiums have been paid by the government. Thirdly, the government directly provides additional support in the form of establishing an agricultural insurance law, payment of subsidies for farmers' training, payment of subsidies for product research and development, government reinsurance, payment of subsidies for administrative and operational costs of insurers, exemptions Tax on the sale of agricultural insurance premiums, setting fair and affordable rates for insurance products, paying additional subsidies to purchase group insurance policies, etc. In Iran, in the last decade (2012-2022), on average, 75% of insurance premiums have been paid by the government. The high share of executive costs in the insurance program is a confirmation of the costly management of the state agricultural insurance operations in the country. The loss ratio based on the total insurance premium (average 91 percent), farmer loss ratio (average 291 percent), executive expenses ratio (average 59) and Hazel ratio (average 350), all indicate the high dependence of Iran's agricultural insurance on the support It is government..

Payment of about 75% of insurance premium subsidy by the government, payment of high compensations due to the frequency and intensity of risks, lack of domestic reinsurance market and lack of utilization of the capacity of international reinsurance market are all reasons for the continuation of targeted support and Government efficiency of agricultural insurance has made it necessary in Iran as in other selected countries. In this regard, on creating changes in the organizational structure of the agricultural insurance fund with the participation of the private sector, reviewing the insurance plan, accurate pricing of the insurance product according to the risks, targeting the government subsidies for agricultural insurance, using the insurance capacity. Private and international reliance and reduction of executive and operational costs are emphasized.

The as one of the important sectors in the economy, the agricultural sector plays important roles such as providing food security and helping the market of production factors, and is considered one of the energy consumers. So that today, the production of the agricultural sector and the advancement of the technologies used in this sector have become so dependent on different types of energy that the energy consumption in this sector has an increasing trend in four decades. One of the factors affecting the consumption behavior of economic actors in the field of energy is its governance and efficiency, so that with the right policies and their strict implementation, it can affect the change or modification of energy consumption behavior. Therefore, in this study, the factors affecting the energy used (diesel oil) in the agricultural sector have been investigated, emphasizing the role of governance in 22 countries with lower middle income.

The Tobit panel model has been used to estimate the model. The information of this study was collected from the World Food website and the World Bank for the period from 1996 to 2018.

The results of Tobit's panel model estimation showed that except for the corruption control index, the remaining governance indicators (political stability, the right to comment and accountability, and the rule of law) have a negative effect on diesel consumption in the agricultural sector. by increasing the score of each of the indicators of the right to comment and answer, political stability, rule of law and control of corruption by one percent, the amount of energy consumed in the agricultural sector in the studied countries changes by -1/21, -0/06, -1/63 and 2.33 percent. In contrast to domestic investment variables, the share of the agricultural sector in the economy and the growth of the agricultural sector have a positive effect on the use of renewable energy.

According to the research findings the, suggestions such as improving the governance situation in the investigated countries, expanding the volume of trade and developing smart systems in order to increase the share of clean energy and reduce the share of diesel in the energy consumption portfolio are recommended. Also, the comparison of the final effect of governance indicators shows that corruption control has a greater effect than other governance indicators. So it is recommended to take effective measures to control corruption, especially environmental issues and the expansion of clean energy consumption.

There is no doubt that the Covid-19 pandemic has had numerous adverse impacts on every aspect of human existence. In times of crises like epidemics throughout history, ensuring a sufficient food supply has always been a crucial concern. Given that the agricultural sector plays a vital role in the food supply chain and maintaining sustainability in this sector is essential for food security, this study aims to identify and prioritize the factors that influence the sustainability of the agricultural supply chain, specifically focusing on the wheat crop, during and after the Corona era.

Based on the research background, the factors that impact the sustainability of the agricultural supply chain were determined. In the agricultural sector, like previous studies on supply chain sustainability, the study focused on the three dimensions of sustainability: economic, social, and environmental. However, experts suggest that the study is more centered on these three dimensions, which are particularly significant in the agricultural industry. By utilizing the Fuzzy Delphi method, 28 sub-criteria related to these hidden sustainability variables were identified. The Fuzzy DEMATEL method was then employed to examine cause-and-effect relationships and the interaction between criteria. Finally, the Fuzzy method was used to determine the degree of importance and weight of these criteria.

To achieve sustainable agriculture, research centers should prioritize the necessary research in this field, as highlighted by Sharghi et al. (2010). Farmers who possess more information about sustainability have been found to have more sustainable farms, confirming a direct correlation between these two factors (Afrous & Abdollahzadeh, 2011). The outcomes of the present study align with previous research, demonstrating that the level of attention given by research organizations to required research on sustainability is the most influential criterion within the causal group of sustainable procurement with a weight of 3.34, it holds the highest importance in the ranking according to the SWARA method. Updating and sharing information in DEMATEL's method has the fourth highest impact on other factors in the cause-and-effect group. However, in the SWARA's method was found to be the second most important factor, with a weight of 0.2403. Another study confirmed that the three main limitations of sustainable wheat production are the farmers' limited knowledge, lack of approved and resistant seeds, and inadequate management systems, especially for weeds. The use of local suppliers, specifically utilizing stored seeds from farmers, can lead to the spread of diseases and an increase in weed populations (Husenov et al., 2017). The proliferation of weeds leads to the squandering of production resources and a decrease in production levels. The most impactful factor for the sustainability of the wheat supply chain, as determined by the causal group, is the requirement of collaborating with an ISO-certified supplier. This criterion holds a significant weight of 0.4915 and is essential for achieving sustainable supply and design. Recognizing the significance of this criterion is crucial to enhance production and mitigate the risk of potential diseases. However, farmers, due to the expensive cost of modified seeds, resort to utilizing seeds from their previous crop. Based on the Fuzzy DEMATEL method, water consumption management ranked fifth among the criteria that influence other criteria. However, according to the Fuzzy SWARA method, it ranked second with a weight of 0.251. With water resources being scarce in the region, it is crucial to use water efficiently and prevent wastage, as this will positively impact productdid not support the significance of stopping gray marketing of products. According to experts, this study determined that the most effective criteria for the causal group in stabilizing the agricultural supply chain of wheat products during the Covid-19 era is to stop gray marketing. This criterion received the highest degree of importance, with a weight of 0.4469, in the dimension of sustainable distribution.Imports decreased because of the restrictions and quarantine measures, which led to a shortage of seeds for crops like wheat that relied on imports. Social distancing measures also caused a shortage of labor in agriculture, leading to a significant reduction in farming activities. By focusing on supply and sustainable design during epidemics and crises, there is an ability increased to manage the supply chain and positively impact other aspects of production sustainability.

Based on the results obtained, increasing farmers' awareness, and utilizing approved seeds can prevent resource wastage and enhance the stability of the supply chain. Additionally, reducing gray market activities can contribute to the supply chain's stability and ultimately enhance food security. Effective management of water consumption is also crucial for ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain, particularly due to the water scarcity crisis in the region. Enhancing the stability of the supply chain not only facilitates resilience during crises like Covid-19 but also promotes self-sufficiency in producing agricultural products essential for Iranian households, including wheat, which is a fundamental necessity.

Due to the negative effects of agricultural production activities on the environment, especially water and soil pollution, one of the most important decisions in the agricultural sector is the optimal allocation of resources. In this study, an attempt was made to propose an optimal cultivation pattern for crops in Shiraz County with a multi-objective approach based on the water-food and environment nexus. The goals of this research include maximizing economic benefit, minimizing water consumption, minimizing fertilizer and chemical pesticide consumption, and maximizing food security. To solve the multi-objective programming model, the weight Lp metric method was used. The information required in this study included information on the production pattern, consumption of inputs, price, and performance of significant crops in Shiraz city in the crop year of 2019-2020, which was collected through library documents and completed a questionnaire by random sampling method. The results of the study showed that the area under cultivation of most of the crops of this County is reduced in the optimal pattern with the combination of goals. Onion crop was not prioritized and the area under cultivation of cucumber, lentils, barley, and beans is increasing. In total, this model will be able to reduce water consumption in the agricultural sector by 10.75%. The 10.26 percent reduction in the cultivated area of Shiraz County is associated with a 10.60 percent reduction in chemical fertilizers and a 10.37 percent reduction in chemical toxins. However, the cost of managing the consumption of production resources in this model will be a 9.71% reduction in the profit of the farmers of this city. Therefore, if the policymaker tends to lean toward environmental goals, he should consider that the main incentive for farmers to produce is economic incentives for production. Therefore, policymakers should find suitable solutions to make the farmers follow the proposed model.

This research aims to investigate the underdeveloped areas in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province, employing the theoretical frameworks of economic-social underdevelopment, local development, and grounded theory. The primary objective is to propose solutions to activate key sectors of the province's development and overcome existing obstacles. The research methodology utilizes grounded theory, with data gathered through semi-structured interviews conducted with experts, elites, activists, and officials in the agricultural sector of Kurdistan province. Thematic analysis is employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that Kurdistan province is characterized by underdevelopment in the agricultural domain, and the main achievement of this research is the development of a paradigmatic model illustrating the underdevelopment of agriculture in the province. According to this model, the underdevelopment of agriculture in Kurdistan province can be attributed to the interplay between traditional livelihood activities and modern practices, as well as the neglect of agricultural capacities in the province and a lack of coordination among development organizations. Factors contributing to underdevelopment in the agricultural sector include inheritance laws, land fragmentation, and traditional agricultural systems. Additionally, inadequate continuous training, limited access to training and promotional workshops, insufficient financial capacity of the private and public sectors for investment in the agricultural domain, stringent loan conditions, and a lack of participation and investment culture in the industrial sector, particularly in agricultural and processing industries, act as significant intervening factors in the underdevelopment process. The consequences of this situation encompass the neglect of agricultural product processing and branding industries in the province, the absence of a driving force for the sector's development, and the marginalization of agricultural capacities in the province's overall development process. To address these issues, the study recommends the adoption of substantive development policies and programs, focusing on enhancing production efficiency and diversifying agricultural products and activities.

Agriculture plays a key role in meeting food security goals of the country. Thus, knowledge on the future trends of agricultural indicators seems to be of vital importance for policy-making. On the other hand, access to data in agriculture is limited, while most of the available data are in different frequencies. This study is an empirical application of mixed data regression models: which considers this issue.

In order to touch study objectives, the MIDAS model is specified and estimated using time series (combination of quarterly and monthly information) data for the period from 2013 to the end of 2018. The variables include agricultural exports, agricultural imports, inflation and exchange rate in monthly frequency, and agricultural value added, temperature and precipitation in quarterly frequency.

The results confirmed good prediction power of the model. It is concluded that the exchange rate and inflation have a significant impact on all equations, and the temperature has a significant effect on value added and exports. Moreover, precipitation did not show a significant effect.

This study showed the capability of MIDAS approach in modeling of variables with different frequencies.

This study aimed at investigating economic vulnerability due to climate change in the agricultural sector of south of Kerman province using Ricardian model and Panel data in 1991-2019 periods. The results showed that climatic variables have significant and non- linear effects on net income per hectare of wheat cultivation. Also, the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall in the next 100 years will cause a 41% decrease in the yield of wheat cultivation in the studied area, and the average annual income of each hectare of wheat cultivation will decrease by 64 million Rials. Considering that the area under wheat cultivation in the southern region of Kerman in the 2018 crop year is about 38,658 hectares, it can be concluded that if the Area under cultivation is constant, 2469 thousand billion riyals will be reduced from the rent of the mentioned lands. Therefore, there will be drastic changes in the production and cultivation pattern. The results of this study and related statistics show that severe economic vulnerability in this region will affect farmers and the economy of the region and even the country. Due to the inevitable and imminent warming of the earth, it is necessary measures should be taken in the direction of Further investigation of the issue, reduction of fossil fuel consumption, modifying the cultivation pattern and preventing damages caused by climate change for the farmers of south Kerman region.Keywords: Economic vulnerability, Climate change, South of Kerman province, Ricardian method, Agriculture.

Agriculture is recognized as the driving force of economic growth, especially in developing economies. Attention to agriculture is extremely important, especially during economic sanctions owing to its critical roles such as income for rural people, food security, job creation, and foreign exchange earnings. On the other hand, foreign trade is vital to technology transfer to the country. The present study investigates the linear (nonlinear) relationship between agricultural import shocks and agricultural growth in Iran using annual data for the period 1978-2020 by application of the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model (NARDL). The results confirmed asymmetry in the impact of imports on growth. In other words, the superiority of the nonlinear model was in explaining the relationships between variables. To be specific, a positive and negative shock to agricultural imports affected sector growth by 0.18 and -0.05 percent, respectively in the long run. However, the latter was found statistically insignificant. Moreover, we found evidence of the asymmetry in the effect of other variables (except labor) on growth.

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the effect of enterprise model components on the success of enterprises in the agricultural sector of Cherdavel Township in Ilam province. The methodology of this research is descriptive and among the descriptive methods, the correlation method has been used. The statistical population was 361 agricultural enterprisees managers, and the sample size was estimated to be 186 enterprisees using Cochran's formula, which were selected and studied using a simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was a structured researcher's questionnaire that was developed by examining the background of the research. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using the opinions of five university professors and five people involved in agricultural businesses, and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.83). The dependent variable of the research was business success and the independent variables were the components of the business model derived from the model of Strovaldera (2013). Multiple regression analysis showed that the three variables of income streams, deliverable values and target customers explained 51.2% of the changes in the dependent variable of enterprise success. It is suggested; In order to increase the success rate of their enterprises, managers should seek to find innovative values and new offers for their customers and try to make their enterprises values more distinct from other common values in the market that are offered to customers by other similar enterprises

Financial fragility causes financial crisis and subsequent decline in economic growth. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effects of instability in financial development policies and inflation uncertainty on the economic growth of agricultural businesses with emphasis on employment and entrepreneurship. Thus, it was an applied research in terms of its purpose and a descriptive study in terms of its nature. The research was done in the form of a library study using quarterly data from 2013 to 2019. Econometric methods including the Dickey-Fuller unit root test and the moving average method were used to estimate exchange rate fluctuations as well as the Johansson-Juselius method or the vector autoregression method with distributive intervals based on the stationary and unit root of the variables was used. The research findings indicated that in the short term, increasing inflation uncertainty reduced the economic growth of agricultural businesses by 6.19 percent. Therefore, it can be concluded that the instability of financial development policies and the uncertainty of inflation cause businesses to have difficulty in their decisions and fail to predict and plan their future activities as well as disrupt the production process of firms in the economy of the agricultural sector. According to the study results, the government should avoid financial liberalization before providing infrastructure, and increase agricultural exports and economic growth through trade liberalization.

The inefficiency of the agricultural products market in Iran has caused severe price fluctuations and dissatisfaction on both sides of the market, namely consumers and producers. This market is sometimes faced with oversupply or shortage of supply, and the role of brokers for speculation and hoarding is very colorful. In this study, while examining and identifying the active links related to the value chain, a strategic model for creating an agricultural value chain and its executive instructions were developed so that in this model the role of actors in the market and trade of products is specified.
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in the field of qualitative research and in terms of research method, it is a combination of two documentary and field methods. Documentary information and face-to-face observation of the activities of 35 economic activists in the agricultural sector of Fars province and 12 joint meetings with officials and managers of the Agricultural Jihad Organization with a brainstorming approach and based on a slight change in Porter value chain model, tried to provide an executive instruction for creating an agricultural value chain.
Lack of awareness of market factors about the value chain, the existence of economic issues and defective links that practically do not create value, has prevented the establishment of continuity in the supply chain and value links in the agricultural sector. The results of this study led to the development of a strategic model for creating an agricultural value chain and an executive instruction.
Familiarity of entrepreneurs and economic actors in the agricultural sector with the benefits of the value chain and the development of supportive laws can help in forming, developing and completing agricultural value chains.

Today, the development of the agricultural sector is not possible without relying on efficient information and the use of new technologies, and the use of information technology to develop and update information and tools related to entrepreneurial activities in this sector leads to job creation and value creation. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the components of entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector based on information technology. This study is of qualitative type (content analysis and Delphi). In order to prepare the data, first, by reviewing the theoretical foundations and previous studies through content analysis method, the components of entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector based on information technology were identified and through Delphi method, these components were approved and prioritized. In the content analysis method, subjective methods were used to analyze the data and in the Delphi method, descriptive statistics such as counting, percentages were used to analyze the data of questionnaires and interviews. In the content analysis method, 27 indicators were extracted as factors for entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector and reached the Delphi stage. In three rounds of Delphi, 13 indicators were added to the indicators and out of 40 indicators, only 8 indicators were not agreed upon by the experts. The results showed that the factors affecting the development of information and communication technology consist of 9 components (legal infrastructure, technical infrastructure, educational-extension infrastructure, managerial infrastructure, cultural infrastructure) and 32 indicators that play a fundamental role in business development.

The position of start-up businesses in the economy and their role in solving countries' problems is becoming more prominent day by day. Some countries, aware of the importance of this issue, have been able to create a suitable ecosystem for the development of this type of business. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the obstacles facing start-ups in the agricultural sector and to provide solutions for their development. In terms of approach, the current research is mixed and sequential-exploratory. The statistical population in the qualitative section included those owners of start-ups in the field of agriculture who had experience and education related to the subject. This research was done in three stages: 1) Analyzing the current business situation of agricultural startups in Iran, 2) Identifying and prioritizing obstacles and limitations of startups, 3) Identifying and prioritizing solutions for the growth of startups. I see. According to the results, the main source of income for startups was from the sale of products. The majority of startup owners stated that they started their business with personal capital and did not get help from government support. The most important obstacle was related to the ruling laws and regulations. The government nature of the domestic markets, the difficulty of accessing primary data from the market, and the lack of transparency of the capital market were among the obstacles that made the risk of entering such businesses difficult.

The use of multiple risk management tools at the same time is a common practice among the farming communities around the world. Therefore, this study is designed to investigate the Factor affecting of Simultaneous adoption of managing custom catastrophic risks tools such as diversification and precautionary savings in agriculture in Khorram Abad Area of Tonekabon. So bivariate probit model was used to cope the possible correlation between the risk management adoption decisions. The results highlighted that, age, education of the household head, family size, in farm income, land size and risk aversion coefficient has the significant effect on the decisions to adopt diversification and precautionary savings to manage farm risks. Risk aversion coefficient has the most effects on decisions to adopt managing catastrophic risks tools; Increasing in risk aversion coefficient, was increased the probability of simultaneously use of risks management tools by 0.22 percentage. Therefore, due to the positive impact of education and income on the use of risk management tools, increasing farmers 'awareness and increasing farmers' income through modifying their cropping pattern has been suggested.

Knowledge-based companies have been considered as the engine of economic development of developing countries. But these companies have not grown significantly in western Iran. The present quantitative research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of effective factors on the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies in western Iran in a descriptive-correlative manner. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts from 45 agricultural knowledge-based companies in the west of the country, numbering 276 people,. The value of the multiple determination coefficient for the main structural equation 0.79, which indicates that the independent external variables of the research, including educational-research, economic, political-legal, managerial, ideals and participatory factors, have been able to achieve about 0.79 of Predict changes in the development of agricultural knowledge-based companies. The political-legal factor had the first priority and the managerial, participatory, educational-research, economic and ideal factors had the second to sixth ranks, respectively. It is necessary for all organizations in charge of growth and development of agricultural knowledge-based companies to pay serious and fundamental attention to the identified indicators and components. Have agricultural knowledge-based companies in research for development and progress.

Due to the importance of the agricultural sector in the world's nutrition systems, and in order to continue productive activities, it is necessary to support farmers by using appropriate methods of risk management. One of the most common and efficient methods in risk management is the use of insurance coverage. Agricultural insurance can play an important role to improves famileis life quality. This study aims at prioritizing and ranking the factors that affecting farmers' satisfaction with agriculture insurance under fuzzy environment. 

AHP Fuzzy model of Hierarchy analyze is suggester.this descriplive research using specific method like observational method case study and survey method that indentify factors of golestan province farmers satistaction of agricultural insurance according to content of research.

The research shows that the factors of insurance fee, variables of Keshavarzi Bank and the quality of services received have the highest priority, while the factors of farmers' commitment to Keshavarzi Bank and the amount of compensation received have the lowest rank.

According to the results of this study, receiving insurance premiums from farmers in installments, timely payment of the true value of damages and improving the quality of insurance services by making reforms and diversification in order to satisfy farmers should be a priority. In addition, the participation of the insurer in the bank's programs and the consideration of new methods of accountability will play an important role in farmers' satisfaction with product insurance.

 In today's world, energy plays a prominent role in various economic and political fields. A role that has plagued many countries with a monopoly economy and its effects, and has left others with costly problems caused by rising energy prices, and in general, even international relations and disputes has made an impact. Accordingly, communities are looking for ways to reduce energy consumption without harming their economic growth. Due to the shortage energy resources and its role in economic growth, its optimal use is an important goal in the economic development of each country. Therefore, it is necessary to know the factors affecting changes in energy consumption, which requires the decomposing of energy consumption into different factors affecting changes in energy consumption. In the present study, the factors affecting energy consumption are analyzed using statistics and information of industry and agriculture sectors during the period 1397-1387 to three factors: structural effect, activity effect and energy intensity effect. The relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth in these two sectors has been studied to determine which factor has the greatest role in energy consumption changes in industry and agriculture and to suggest appropriate policy solutions.

 Decomposing Analysis is one of the most widely used approaches in analyzes related to energy consumption and CO2 emissions. It is concluded that one is structural analysis (SDA) and the other is index analysis (IDA). These two analysis techniques are different and each has advantages and disadvantages. The SDA technique is more complex and requires a lot of data. On the other hand, the data-output table is prepared every few years and annual data are not available. Instead, more information and findings are obtained using the SDA technique. The IDA technique is simple and does not require much data. It can be used with big data and does not need the data of any particular department or product. For this reason, the SDA technique has been used more. This study is used the Tapio decoupling index to explain the decoupling status. Decoupling index is the best technique to describe the dependence of economic growth on energy consumption and it is used to discover the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. In the present study, using the Logarithmic Mean Division (LMDI) index, to analyze the factors affecting energy consumption in industry and agriculture and then using the decoupling index to examine the relationship between energy consumption and GDP growth in these two sections are discussed.

The results of the decomposing  of energy consumption from GDP in the industrial sector showed that in most of the studies on the effect of energy intensity in agricultural sector, the effect of production had the greatest role in the decompose of energy consumption from GDP.

This study examined the decoupling of energy consumption from GDP of the industrial and agricultural sectors and the factors affecting energy consumption for each sector in Iran. The results of decomposition of energy consumption from GDP in the industrial sector showed that in most of the studied years, the effect of energy intensity and in the agricultural sector, the production effect had the greatest role in decomposing energy consumption from GDP. In 2010 and 2016, the production effect had a negative effect on energy consumption and increased energy consumption. In 1394, the index of decoupling of energy consumption from the growth of the agricultural sector was the best and most ideal possible, strong decoupling, and this indicates that the growth rate of the agricultural sector was higher than the growth rate of energy consumption. This year, the effect of energy intensity has had a positive effect on reducing energy consumption. The composite index has not experienced much fluctuation. Different modes of decoupling index and factors affecting energy consumption in industry and agriculture can be used as evidence for countries efforts to strongly decoupling and save energy in industry and agriculture. Advances in technology and innovation can reduce the growth dependence of sectors on energy consumption. Also, attention should be paid to optimizing the economic structure to create economic stability and reach the ideal state of the decoupling index.

Today, digital marketing has created a dramatic upward trend in business relationships. Prevalence of coronary disease increased this trend and inevitably, the exchange of many goods, including agricultural products, done electronically. The purpose of this mixed-method research (qualitative-quantitative) is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the digital marketing development of agricultural products in Kermanshah province. The study population consisted of experts, stakeholders and producers in the agricultural sector who are active in the field of digital marketing (29 people). Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. In order to analyze data, content analysis and fuzzy were used. Findings showed that 14 factors affect the development of digital marketing that the first to third priorities are: training and improving the digital marketing environment, providing the necessary facilities and infrastructure and developing legal frameworks. The findings of this study can provide appropriate solutions for the development of digital marketing management of agricultural products.

Today, student cooperatives are considered as an approach to training and improving entrepreneurial competencies among students. Because identifying the barriers and problems of student cooperatives not only helps to develop these businesses now, but can also help to establish these cooperatives as easily as possible in the future. The present study was conducted with the aim of Phenomenology of students' experiences in the field of obstacles and problems of agricultural student cooperatives in the west of Iran. This research has been done using the qualitative method of phenomenology. In order to analyze the data, the Colaizzi's seven-step method was used. Participants in this study included students working in student cooperatives in the west of Iran. Samples were identified using purposive sampling method and virtual snowball, which was obtained by performing 11 data saturation interviews. Research data were collected through semi-structured telephone interviews. Verification, validity and transferability criteria were used to confirm the research data and findings. The results showed that the intra-organizational problems of students’ cooperatives include: physical and psychological discomfort, economic and financial problems, lack of knowledge and practical information and feelings of inattention to students. In addition, according to the research findings, the external problems of students’ cooperatives include: lack of university support for cooperatives, lack of support from relatives and environmental turmoil.

In this research, we try to predict the yield of rainfed barley in Khorasan provinces using climatic parameters and two methods of artificial nervous netwework (Ann) and fuzzy neural system (Anfis). Calculations were performed with MATLAB software and then the statistical indices of correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and full mean error (MAE) were used to evaluate the performance of the models. Last year's yield and rainfall had an effective role in reducing prediction error and increasing correlation coefficient in both Ann and Anfis methods. Last year's yield and evapotranspiration made the Anfis method more accurate than the Ann method. The results of both Anfis and Ann methods for model L inputs, which included rainfall, relative humidity and last year's yield, showed that this model achieved the highest accuracy among the input models. However, in the Anfis method for model E inputs, which included evapotranspiration, rainfall, relative humidity and minimum temperature, the results showed that it was more accurate than the Ann method. The greatest difference in accuracy in estimating yield between the two Anfis and Ann methods was observed with R inputs model, which includes moisture inputs, Dew point temperatures and maximum temperatures. The presence of radiation parameters at the inputs reduced the accuracy of yield estimation in both methods. Overall, the Anfis method was more accurate in estimating yield than Ann.