جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پروتئین دانه" در نشریات گروه "اکولوژی"

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid priming and nanofertilizer application on the yield and some morphological characteristics of two chickpea cultivars in order to select the most appropriate treatment under rainfed conditions. This experiment was carried out as factorial-split in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks with three replications in two crop years 2015-2016 and 2015-2016 in Khorramabad, Lorestan. The variety factor includes Adel and Grit, and salicylic acid priming, including no priming and priming in the main plots, and nanofertilizer in four levels, including control and foliar spraying at the rate of one, two and three liters per hectare were placed in sub-plots. The results showed that in both the Adel and Greet, the highest number of seeds per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were obtained from salicylic acid and nanofertilizer spraying depending on the amount of use. In both Adel and Great, the highest seed yield was produced by the application of salicylic acid with two liters per hectare of nanofertilizer (1840 and 1152 kg/hectare, respectively). The highest level of leaf greenness, seed protein and protein yield was also obtained from the application of salicylic acid with half to one liter per hectare of nanofertilizer. In general, the Adel cultivar with salicylic acid priming and spraying at least half a liter per hectare of nanofertilizer is recommended to improve the quantity and quality of chickpeas in dry conditions.

The aim of this study was the determine effect of nitrogen fertilizer sourcesand redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) densities on nitrogen utilization efficiency and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) resistance index. A field study carried out during 2021 growing season in research farm of School of Agriculture, Shiraz University. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Nitrogen fertilizer sources (non‐fertilizer, urea, sulfur coated urea and ammonium nitrate) were assigned to main plots and density of red root pigweed at 6 levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-2) to the sub-plots. The application of sulfur coated urea in the highest weed density (25 plant m-2) increased dry matter partitioning to grain by 1.2 times, percentage of nitrogen and protein by 1.5 and 1.4 times, photosynthesis rate by 1.2 times and quinoa grain yield by 2.8 times compared to non‐fertilizer. The application of urea, sulfur coated urea and ammonium nitrate in the highest weed density increased nitrogen utilization efficiency by 78.3, 79.8 and 60.4%, respectively compared to non‐fertilizer. In general, the results showed that sulfur coated urea had the maximum grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency and was followed by urea and ammonium nitrate, respectively. Therefore, sulfur coated urea is recommended as the most efficient source of nitrogen fertilizer.

Sweet corn (Zea mays L. Var saccharata) is an important cereal crop that referred to considerable human nutrition and industrial products of its sugar content, minerals phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, vitamins in most of the literatures. The negative impacts of long-term application of chemical fertilizers on the soil, environment and human health in arid and semi-arid regions have resulted in an increase in application of biological fertilizers in these areas. The application of biological fertilizers is an environmentally-friendly approach to plant growth and production. Bio-fertilizers have been applied in agriculture to significantly reduce the application of chemical fertilizers and it is used as a strategy for improving crop productivity, sustainability soil health, environment friendly and cost effective.

This experiment was carried out as a factorial arranged as randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2017 growing season at School of Agriculture, Shiraz University. The treatments included water regime at two levels (75% and 100% of water requirement) and five nitrogen rates and sources (no fertilizer, nitroxin, 150 kg urea, 150 kg urea + nitroxin and 300 kg urea). The traits included ear number per plant, row number per ear, grain number per row, canned grain yield, water use efficiency, ear harvest index, urease enzyme activity and soil microbial respiration. Crude protein was determined by Kjeldahl method, multiplied by the 6.25 (N × 6.25) conversion factor, and the results were then calculated as a percentage (%) and soluble sugar was measured by pocket model ATAGO refractometer. Moreover, ear harvest index was determined by the ratio of fresh grain yield (canned yield) per ear yield with husk, and urease enzyme activity and soil microbial respiration were estimated by the modified Kandeler and Gerber and Black et al's methods. Furthermore, yield and yield components were measured. Data were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and the means were separated using LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that application of 150 kg urea + nitroxin significantly increased canned yield and its components, grain protein, grain soluble sugar, urease enzyme activity and soil microbial respiration, respectively compared to individual application of nitroxin and or 150 kg urea under water stress levels and there was no significant difference between 150 kg urea + nitroxin treatment and 300 kg urea ha-1. Normal irrigation (100% of water requirement) and combination of 300 kg urea + nitroxin, significantly increased ear number per plant (21.7 and 16.6%), row number per ear (21.4 and 21.4%), grain number per row (19.3 and 11.5%), canned grain yield (41.4 and 30.5%), water use efficiency (45 and 8.4%), ear harvest index (20.3 and 22.1%), urease enzyme activity (40.0 and 68.8%) and soil microbial respiration (12.1 and 1.6%), respectively and there was no significant difference between 150 kg urea + nitroxin and 300 kg urea compared to individual application of nitroxin and 150 kg urea. Therefore, application of nitroxin as a bio-fertilizer combined with 150 kg urea ha-1 produced the optimal canned yield and reduced nitrogen use and can be recommended in the arid and semi-arid regions.

According to the results, to improve the soil biological activity and yield and yield components of sweet corn, the combination of N150 and Ni instead of N300 is recommended and further research is also required to investigate the effects of applying Ni in combination with other bio-stimulants on yield and yield components of sweet corn.

We would like to thank the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University for their support, cooperation, and assistance throughout this research.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems including conservation and conventional on yield-related traits and seed quality of some autumn-seeded chickpea cultivars. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on a completely randomized block design during the 1399-1400 growing season. Tillage systems including conventional, reduced and no tillage were arranged as main factor and chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan, Aksu and Goksu) were arranged as sub factor. Among the traits under study only 100-seed weight was significantly affected by tillage systems and the interaction between tillage and cultivar. The highest 100-seed weight (42 g) was obtained for Aksu under no till system whereas, the lowest value was recorded for Arman and Hashem under all three tillage systems. However, the effect of cultivar on 100-seed weight, the number of pods per plant, harvest index, reproductive effort index and seed protein percent was significant. The highest harvest index (47%) and protein percent (19%) were observed in Adel and Mansour, respectively. Overall, the findings of this research showed that chickpea yield and related traits (excluding 100-seed weight) as well as grain quality were not significantly affected by tillage systems. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the studied cultivars, although the difference between them was significant in terms of some yield-related traits and grain protein percent.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect crop production. In all areas where irrigation is essential for crop production, soil salinity is inevitable . This phenomenon has gradually become a major problem in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Among the strategies to deal with abiotic stresses are the development of salinity tolerant cultivars, crop rotation, genetic modification, use of appropriate organic and chemical fertilizers. Quinoa is a promising species of halophyte that has the potential to become a crop. Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa willd, is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family of spinach and is often self-pollinating. Salinity stress has great effects on plant growth, seed quality and grain yield even in saline plants such as quinoa. Due to plant growth salinity, total grain yield, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of seeds are reduced. Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. Nitrogen fertilizers play an essential role in increasing yield as well as improving grain quality. Quinoa needs a lot of soil nitrogen and the use of nitrogen fertilizer is very important for crop growth during the vegetative growth period of quinoa.Quinoa cultivation, especially by using drainage in the southern regions of Iran as a salinity-resistant crop, will lead to diversification of crops, sustainable production, and increase farmers' incomes and food security. Considering that agriculture and supply of nitrogen required by the plant is very important in order to increase crop production with optimal yield, the amount of fertilizer used and also the appropriate cultivar need to be investigated and a step to determine the best cultivar and the best level of nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on yield, yield components, grain protein concentration and efficiency of nitrogen application under irrigation conditions of sugarcane fields in the south of Khuzestan province.

This research was carried out in field conditions in the 97th crop year in Mirza Kuchak Khan Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include urea fertilizer at four levels: 0 (control), 75, 150, 225 kg / ha) as the main factor and two quinoa cultivars (Titi Kaka: V1 and Gizavan: V2) as the secondary factor in Was considered.

The results showed that the interaction of nitrogen and cultivar on leaf area index, number of inflorescences per plant, grain yield, biological yield and grain protein were significant. The highest plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index belonged to 225 kg N / ha. The highest grain yield in Gizavan cultivar (2363 kg / ha) was obtained at the level of 150 kg N / ha and then decreased, but in Titi Kaka cultivar the highest grain yield (2372 kg / ha) was obtained at the level of 225 kg N / ha. Obtained and the reaction was linearly reduced to the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest amount of grain protein was observed in Gizavan cultivar with application of 150 kg N / ha, which was 138% higher than the control treatment. Based on the obtained results, Gizavan Quinoa cultivar can be a very suitable choice for saline and low-yield fields in the south of Khuzestan province.

According to the results of the study, increasing the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the yield and yield components and grain nitrogen. Application of 150 kg nitrogen per hectare in Gizavan cultivar with an average yield of 2.36 tons per hectare in the climate of southern Khuzestan province along with the application of drainage from sugarcane cultivation produced the highest grain yield. Quinoa due to its high genetic diversity and adaptation to different climates, high nutritional value and high efficiency of resource use, can be a suitable plant for the use of unconventional soil and water resources in the south of Khuzestan province. It is recommended that future tests be performed on quinoa at different locations with different cropping methods and other fertilizer levels to ensure that the results are relatively consistent over time.

Conventional tillage can reduce infiltration and hydraulic conductivity by disrupting macrospore networks and increasing bulk density, porosity, water use efficiency, and soil organic matter. Conservation tillage is one of the practices of crop residue management on the soil surface. Reduced tillage is one of the conservation systems that amount remain crop residues on the soil surface. Reduced tillage has some benefits, including higher soil organic matter, soil moisture maintenance by reducing evaporation, better penetration of water, and controlling water and soil erosion. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers caused serious environmental issues globally, such as reduction of plant diversity, instability of economic yield, increased pest, and disease damages, and intensification of soil erosion. These increasing concerns regarding the negative impacts of these systems on the environment and human health suggest that more effort is needed to develop sustainable agricultural systems. The application of vermicompost and biofertilizers is regarded as one of the promising approaches to increasing crop productivity. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly cultivated as a rainfed crop, and water stress often affects both productivity and yield stability. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of different tillage systems and the application of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth, yield, and economic efficiency production of Cicer arietinum L.

A field experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and three replications at Firuzabad, Kermanshah, Iran, in 2019. The main factor was different tillage systems, including conventional tillage (moldboard plowing+ disking, tillage depth 25–30 cm- CT), reduced tillage (chisel plowing- tillage depth 15 cm- RT), and no-tillage (NT), and the sub factor was four different fertilization treatments (C: control, AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae), VC: vermicompost (at 1.5 t/ha), AMF+ VC: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi+ vermicompost). In AM fungi treatments, 80 g of the soil containing mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and the remains of the root and spores (1000 g spore.10-1 g soil) was added to the soil during planting times. Also, vermicompost (1.5 t ha-1) was applied to the soil before planting.

The Results demonstrated that the highest seed yield (116 g.m-2) and protein yield (24.2 g.m-2) was achieved in reduced tillage with the application of AMF+ VC. Also, reduced tillage increased the seed yield and protein yield by 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively, when compared with CT. Different tillage systems and applications of vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi significantly impacted the number of pods per plant, plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, and biological yield. The highest mentioned traits were obtained in reduced tillage and with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. Moreover, the application of AMF+ VC increased the number of pods per plant, plant height, and biological yield by 37.2, 35.2 and 19.7%, respectively, in comparison to control. The highest pod total weight (155.8 g.m-2), harvest index (40.5%), and seed protein content (21.2%) were obtained through integrative application of AMF+ VC, and the lowest these traits were reached in control. Based on the economic values, the best treatments were RT+ C, CT+ C, AMF+ RT, and AMF+ CT, respectively, with the highest net income and Marginal rate of return.

Overall, the results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between tillage systems. The highest number of pods per plant,  plant height, number of lateral branches per plant, number of main branches per plant, biological yield, total pod weight, seed yield, and protein yield were achieved in reduced tillage that increased by 26.4, 16.8, 27.4, 28.6, 10.9 19.6 and 17.1 %, respectively when compared with conventional tillage.  Also, integrative application of AMF+ VC increased harvest index, 100 seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and seed protein content by 16.7, 21.1, 19.7, 40.1, and 21.8%, respectively, when compared with control. The highest values of the seed yield and protein yield were obtained in reduced tillage with the integrative application of AMF+ VC. In contrast, based on the economic values, the maximum marginal rate of return was achieved in reduced tillage without fertilizer, conventional tillage without fertilizer, reduced tillage+ AMF, and conventional tillage+ AMF, respectively.

The goals of study where to evaluate the effect of amendment materials on morpho-physiological properties yield and element in grain of Bean.

The experiment was conducted as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in the crop year 2018-2019, in a farm in Dare Shahr-Ilam province, on Bean plant in three replications. Trial factors include two factors, the types of amendment materials and the amount of insoluble matter (alfalfa residues, straw and wheat straw, chicken manure and fertilizer).

The highest leaf area index, number of leaves, plant height, and relative water content, protein, potassium and nitrogen of grain were observed in treatment of 15 tons per hectare of alfalfa residues and the highest number of pods, leaf chlorophyll index, phosphorus of grain and wet grain yield was used in treatment of 6 tons per hectare of chicken manure while the highest magnesium content of grain in 15 t/ha of straw and wheat straw.

Amendment materials because of the high moisture content in the soil can have a great influence on the relative water amount of the leaf. Also, due to the better nutritional value of the nutrients during the plant growing season, this material was followed by the further expansion of the leaf area index and other physio-morphological characteristics of the plant. Regarding the lower price of alfalfa plant residues, it is more appropriate than chicken manure and its availability in most parts of the country than other fertilizer levels and is recommended.

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of chemical, animal and biological fertilizers on morphological, physiological, biochemical, functional traits, yield components of corn 500 single-cross, as well as to introduce the best fertilizer treatment.

An experiment was conducted using a factorial based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in Dasht-e-Giv in Khoosf city of South Khorasan province in late June of 2018-2019 growing season. The experimental treatments were inoculation/ non-inoculation of seeds with phosphate Barvar-2 as the main plot, and three levels of chemical fertilizer (control, N150: P25: K150 and N300: P50: K300 per hectare) and three levels of animal fertilizer (control, 10 and 20 t.ha-1) as the subplot. Furthermore, indices of plant height, shoot dry weight, row number per cob, grain number per row, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed protein, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids were evaluated.

The results indicated that seed inoculation with bio-fertilizer Barvar-2 significantly increased the dry weight of aerial parts, the number of grains per row, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and photosynthetic pigments. Also, the application of animal fertilizer at the level of 20 t.ha-1 and chemical fertilizer at the treatment of N300: P50: K300 significantly increased all indices studied in this study than the control treatment. According to the results, it was observed that there were significant effects for interactions of bio-fertilizer × chemical fertilizer (chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and biological yield), bio-fertilizer × animal fertilizer (dry weight of aerial parts, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids), chemical fertilizer × animal fertilizer (dry weight of aerial parts, biological yield, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and biofertilizer × chemical fertilizer × animal fertilizer (carotenoids).

In general, inoculating seeds with phosphate barvar-2, the application of 20 t.ha-1 of animal fertilizer, the application of N300: P50: K300 treatment, the interaction of biological, animal and chemical fertilizers resulted in improving yield and yield components of corn 500 single-cross under agricultural conditions of the present study area.

Nitrogen is a vital and important element for the plant and is available by chemical or biological process. The contribution of nitrogen fertilizer to performance improvement in various studies has been reported to be between 30-50%. Koocheki et al. (2017) reported that the levels of nitrogen fertilizers used in experiments for wheat in the range of 20-250 kg.ha-1 increased wheat yield by 2477 kg.ha-1 compared to control treatment. Biodegradable fertilizers (especially Azotobacter) has been reported positive because they have great potential to improve the nutrition of plants and replace chemical fertilizers, and can minimize or completely eliminate the use of chemical fertilizers and reduce environmental hazards, improve soil structure in cereal, dissolve phosphate and increase growth via absorption of mineral elements. Azotobacter, one of the most reputed free-living bacteria that stabilizes nitrogen in the air, which by using different mechanisms, increases the production of auxin hormone and the development of the plant's root system (increasing root area with more growth), and ultimately helps increase the yield of crops and orchards. The amount of nitrogen consolidated by 20 to 40 kg.ha-1 per year is estimated for cereals such as wheat, corn, sorghum, millet and rice, with a yield increase of 7-12% and a maximum of 39% in these plants.

This experiment was conducted on irrigated barley (Hordeum vulgar v. Bahman) in a farm in the Songhor town, Kermanshah Province, as factorial based on completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications during 2014-2015. Factors including Azotobacter chroococcum (0, 100 and 200 g.ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer from urea source (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1). In this test were studied LAI, number of tillers, shoot dry weight, hectoliter weight, protein content, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of spikes.m-2, number of seeds per plant and thousand-seed weight traits. Sowing date was 19 November, 2014. Azotobacters used as inoculate with seed treatment and urea fertilizer at planting time just one-third and two-thirds were stem elongation.

Analysis of variance showed that the effects of azotobacter and nitrogen as well as interactions between them were significant on all traits. The maximum amount LAI, tillers, shoot dry weight, hectoliter weight, protein content (12.5%), biological yield, harvest index, number of spikes, number of grains per spike, thousand seed weight and grain yield (871 g m-2) were obtained in treated with 200 g.ha-1Azotobacter and 200 kg.ha-1 N With the increase the amount of inputs also increased attribute values. Considering the cost of the inputs and amount of grain yield and protein, the consumption of 100 g.ha-1Azotobacter and 100 kg.ha-1 N about 834 g.m-2 and 26%, respectively, had the most economic output and did not significantly different with maximum consumption of them. Generally, the results showed that the effect of industrial nitrogen on all traits was more than Azotobacter, but optimal use of biological and chemical fertilizers combined treatment with low doses (100 g inoculated with 100 kg.ha-1 N), also had the significant and positive effect on morphological traits and yield. So it may be partly replaced urea fertilizer consumption with Azotobacter.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield (871 g.m-2) was obtained from the combined application of 200 g.ha-1 biomass with 200 kg.ha-1 N. In general, with increasing amount of nitrogen from type of urea, the grain yield was between 20 and 71% and the grain protein content was between 20 and 32%, but with the increase of azotobacter (alone), the grain yield increased between 17 and 42%, and the grain protein was between 5 and 10 Percentage.

Conventional tillage systems disturb the soil in the long term and obstruct farmland sustainability. Hence, adoption of conservation tillage systems, for example no tillage and reduced tillage has been widely accepted in the last two decades.
The use of chemical fertilizers has increased in intensive farming systems, but this brings with environmental problems. Nowadays, due to the problems of chemical fertilizers, the use of organic fertilizers such as manure and biochar has been more prevalent in agriculture. Biochar is the product of incomplete combustion of biomass in the absence of oxygen. Its presence in the soil is reported to improve physical and chemical properties and crop yield. In order to evaluate the effect of nutrition management on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under different tillage systems, a field experiment was carried out at research farm of Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. The experiment was conducted as a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were tillage systems (conventional tillage and reduced tillage) and subplots were control, chemical fertilizer (300 kg.ha-1 urea and 100 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate), manure (20 t.ha-1), biochar (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer + manure (150 kg.ha-1 urea and 50 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate and 10 t.ha-1 of manure), chemical fertilizer + biochar (150 kg.ha-1 urea and 50 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate and 20 t.ha-1 biochar) and manure + biochar (20 t.ha-1 biochar and 10 t.ha-1 of manure). After adding manure, biochar and triple superphosphate, corn was planted on 10 days and urea was used in stages three. At full maturity 10 plants were randomly selected and the biological yield, grain yield, 100-grain weight, ear weight, number of row per ear, number of grains per row, ear length, ear diameter, height and stem diameter were measured. The results showed that the effect of tillage systems and the interaction of tillage systems and nutrient management were not significant on any of the measured traits. Tillage systems affect yield mainly by altering water and nitrate content in soil. The water content and nitrate concentration in the soil had no significant difference between tillage systems (data not shown). As well as tillage systems are site-specific, so the degree of their success depends on soil, climate and management practices. The nutrition management had significant effect on grain nutrients, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The highest and lowest grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield were obtained in chemical fertilizer and control, respectively. The chemical fertilizer + manure increased grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield 13.89, 56.19, 47.04 and 60.41 percent compared to the control, respectively. As well as chemical fertilizer + biochar increased grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield compared to control 14.81, 52.78, 42.69 and 56.32 percent, respectively. Crops respond to nitrogen fertilization mainly by increasing aboveground and root biomass production. As a result of increasing nitrogen doses, the photosynthetic activity, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area density (LAD) increase. Providing organic matter and nutrients create better conditions for photosynthesis and plant growth. The increased maize yield in biochar amended soil could be attributed to increased nutrient availability and to improved soil physical properties indicated by decreased soil bulk density. Based on results, the effect of nutrition management was significant on height, stem diameter, grain nutrients, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum and minimum of stem diameter, grain nitrogen, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were obtained in chemical and control, respectively. Although using of chemical fertilizer had the highest amount of traits, it had no significant difference with chemical fertilizer + manure and chemical fertilizer + biochar. Also, there were no significant effect between conventional tillage and reduced tillage. Therefore, due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and also due to the negative effects of conventional tillage on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, it can be concluded that use of reduced tillage and chemical fertilizer + manure and chemical fertilizer + biochar for corn production is recommended for similar conditions with the study area to reduce both chemical fertilizer and environmental pollution.

Intercropping and biofertilizer application are the important strategies for reducing the risks of agricultural production and enhancing crop yield and quality in developing sustainable agriculture. In order to evaluate the effect of chemical and biofertilizers in safflower/faba bean intercropping, two field experiments were carried out based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in 2015 and 2016. The first factor was including four cropping systems including sole croppings of safflower and faba bean; two intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 (safflower/faba bean). The second factor was four levels of fertilizers including no fertilizer,100% chemical fertilizer (urea+ triple superphosphate), 30% and 60% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer (Azoto barvar1 + Phosphate barvar 2). Results revealed that the integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers in intercropped plants (1:1) caused to increasing yield components of safflower and protein harvest index for both years. The highest oil and protein content was also attributed to plants fed by 60% chemical plus biological fertilizers. Land equivalent ratio and relative value total was above 1.00 in all treatments, and the highest amount of them were achived from intercropping patterns with ratio of 1:1 and the combinative application of 60% chemical and biological fertilizers. Therefore, it was concluded that intercropping (safflower/faba bean) with integrated use of the reduced chemical and biological fertilizers, improved growth and quality of safflower.

In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers, organic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of Dragon's Head (Lallemantia iberica) under dry farming, a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments at the farm located in West Azerbaijan province - Nagadeh, Iran during growing reason of 2015-2016. Treatments included application of Vermicompost (10 t.ha-1), biofertilizers , Azotobarvar1 (Azotobacter) and Barvar Phosphate-2 (the combination of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus lentus), chemical fertilizer (N, P), Vermicompost+ biofertilizers, 50% chemical fertilizer+ biofertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + 25% chemical fertilizer, 75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer and control (Without any fertilizer). Different traits such as plant height, number of nut goal per plant, number seed per capitol, thousand seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, oil percentage and oil Yield, percentage of protein were recorded. The results showed that application of biofertilizers enhanced the seed yield, yield components and qualitative traits of balangu. Among treatments, combined usage of biofertilizers showed the greater increasing in studied traits than individual consumption. The highest seed yield, Essential oil content, mucilage yield and protein content were obtained from combined usage of biofertilizers (75% Vermicompost + biofertilizers + 25% chemical fertilizer). According to the results, it seems that integrated application especially triple combination under dry farming conditions had positive effects on seed yield, qualitative traits of Dragon's Head and reduction of chemical fertilizers in the recommended region.

Crop response to nitrogen (N) is usually evaluated by N use efficiency and diminishing return curves between yield and applied N fertilizers. However, both methods are highly variable due to environmental conditions and are dependent to the amount, timing and type of N fertilizers. Extending the results of such studies will led to overestimation of crop N requirements as a result of differences in precipitation, temperature and radiation across locations and years. Therefore optimizing fertilizer use for maximum productivity should be based on methods with higher certainty. Nitrogen nutrition index i.e. the ratio of actual N concentration in plant tissues to the critical N concentration is more reliable measure for fertilizer recommendation because of its stability over environmental fluctuations. However, for development of N nutrition index the critical dilution cure should be specifically established for each crop. In this papers N nutrition index is estimated for different wheat cultivars and tested for evaluation of grain yield in response to N application rates. To determine N nutrition index for wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted with factorial arrangement based on complete randomized block design with three replications. Experimental factors included three wheat cultivars (Chamran, Gaskogen and Sionez) and four N application rates (0, 55, 110 and 170 kg N ha-1). Shoot dry matter and N concentration was measured in five sampling during vegetative growth period. Using these data critical N concentrations and critical N dilution curves were calculated and compared with the previously established reference dilution curve for wheat crop. Nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) was then calculated as the ratio between measured shoot N (%) and the critical N concentration. Using NII grain yield and protein content of wheat cultivars was compared under different levels of N fertilizer. Critical concentration of nitrogen was slightly underestimated by the curve obtained in this study compared to reference curve. However, estimated coefficients of the dilution curve were closed to those of reference curve of wheat crop. Overall, nitrogen deficiency, sufficiency and excess in shoot dry matter were properly described by the estimated critical dilution and critical uptake curves. All wheat cultivars were nitrogen limited in no fertilized control and with application of 55 kg N ha-1 however, in 170 kg N ha-1 shoot nitrogen content was more than amount required for optimal growth and in 110 kg N ha-1 nitrogen uptake was closed to critical values. In unfertilized control and 55 kg N ha-1 NNI was lower than 1 during the whole vegetative growth period. However, in 110 kg N ha-1 NNI was almost 1 and in 170 kg N ha-1 varied between 1-1.3. A significant relation was obtained between NNI at flowering and relative yield of wheat cultivars and grain yield of three cultivars reached to its maximum at NNI between 0.9-1. Grain protein was also linearly correlated with NII at flowering. Based on the results nitrogen nutrition index calculated from critical dilution curve could be used as a powerful tool for precise estimation of crop growth rate, dry matter accumulation, grain yield and protein and to optimize the amount of N fertilizer required for any predefined yield level

  Agricultural conservation technologies maintain water and soil, keep soil moisture and increase crop yield and soil quality, which are beneficial for sustainable development of agricultural production. Hence, conservation tillage may improve crop yield, among other economic benefits. Conservation tillage is a crop management system that increases the efficient use of nutrients and water. Conservation tillage includes any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous seasons crops residues on fields before and after planting the next crop. Intercropping has been long practiced in many parts of the world and continues to be widely employed not only in tropical, but also in temperate regions. Compared to sole crops, intercropping system has higher utilization of resource i.e., nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, and land use efficiency.
Material and A split plot experiment was designed based on randomized complete blocks with three replications and implemented on a clay loam soil during the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014, at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran. Tillage (reduced tillage by chisel and disc and conventional tillage) as main factor and planting pattern (sole cropping of bean and sunflower and additive intercropping 30 and 60% bean with sunflower) were considered as sub-plot. Twenty days before planting, the soil was tilled by harrow for conventional tillage and by chisel and disc for minimum tillage. Sunflower and soybean were considered as main and secondary crops, respectively. The crops' seeds were simultaneously sown. Harvest operation was done on September 30, 2013 and September 27, 2014. After considering of border effect random samples 2 m2 areas was harvested by cutting the stems near ground level to determine the crops’ grain and straw yield. The land use efficiency (LUE) was calculated to measure efficiency of intercropping compared to pure cropping. Land use efficiency calculated as: LUE = (I1/P1) + (I2/P2). Grain oil percent and grain protein percent were determined by Soxhlet and Kjeldahl methods. SAS procedures and programs were used for analysis of variance (ANOVA) calculations. ANOVA indicated that bean biologic and grain yield was not significantly affected by the tillage but, bean biologic and grain yield was significantly (p> 0.01) affected by the planting pattern. Also, tillage × planting pattern effect was significant on these properties. Effect of planting pattern was significant on the most of traits, but the most properties were not affected by tillage. The highest grain yield, protein yield and oil yield of sunflower (356.22, 160.90, 77.27, respectively) were achieved at sole cropping treatment, but intercropping decreased these traits significantly. The highest total biological and grain yield (1189.40 and 437.28 g m-2, respectively) belonged to additive intercropping 60% bean + sunflower treatment. One of the important intercropping benefits is the higher productivity and profitability per unit area When the value of LUE is less than 1, the intercropping negatively affects the growth and yield of crops grown in mixtures but when the value of LUE is greater than 1, the intercropping favors the growth and yield of the crops. Land use efficiency at additive intercropping 60% bean + sunflower treatments with different tillage were more than one, so highest LUE was obtained at × 60% bean +sunflower. Moreover, the total land use efficiency was higher in intercropping system compared to the sole cropping system, indicating the advantage of intercropping over sole cropping in utilizing environmental resources for crop growth. In general, reduced tillage by chisel could say that additive intercropping 60% bean + sunflower had total yield in comparison to sole cropping of both two crops and increase land use efficiency. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the funding from Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

IntroductionOne of the most important agricultural efforts is to minimize the use of chemicals nitrogen fertilizers and to replace it with biological nitrogen fertilizers to produce healthy productions. In dry conditions the use of industrial nitrogen fertilizers depends on the amount of rainfall and consumed cautiously. Low consumption of nitrogen sources reduce crop growth and yield and higher than optimum applications of chemical Nitrogen sources can cause many environmental disorders. This is while Azotobacter as a soil bacteria also fixes nitrogen, produce vitamins, growth hormones and antibiotics and also increases the photosynthesis, plant growth and grain yield and reduces the need to application of chemical Nitrogen.
Materials and MethodsIn order to study the effect of biological and industrial nitrogen fertilizers on growth, yield and yield components of chickpea (Bivanij variety), an experiment was conducted with split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications under rainfed conditions in the Telesm village, Dalahoo, Kermanshah, during 2013 agricultural season. Climate of the region is temperate and semi-arid with 535.6 mm of rainfall. Soil texture is clay - loam with 0.02 percent of nitrogen. Basic amount of Nitrogen fertilizer was considered 30 Kg.ha-1 Urea and four levels of chemical nitrogen fertilizers including: %50 of base fertilizer, %100 of base fertilizer, %150 of base fertilizer and no fertilizer (control) were assumed as main plot factors. Similarly, the basic amount of Azotobarvar bio-fertilizer was considered as 100 g.ha-1 and four levels of it including %50 of base fertilizer, %100 of base fertilizer, %150 of base fertilizer and no bio-fertilizer (control) were assumed as sub plot factors. Bio-fertilizers are inoculated to seeds and planting was done manually on 19 March 2013. Density was considered 40 plants per square meter with 25 cm intervals between rows and 10 cm on the row. The yield of chickpea was harvested in 6 July 2013.
Results and DiscussionResults of the experiment showed that the effects of treatments were significant on biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, 100-seed weight, protein content, number of branches, number of pods per branch and number and weight of grains per branch. The highest dry matter and grain yield obtained at %50 nitrogen fertilizer %100 Azotobarvar with 6730 and 1089 Kg.ha-1, respectively and the lowest in the control treatment with 2420 and 472 Kg.ha-1, respectively. The greatest number of seeds per plant (20.4) were measured in the treatment of %150 nitrogen with Azotobarvar and the lowest (14.4) obtained in the treated %50 of nitrogen and without Azotobarvar. The highest 100-seed weight (46.9 g) obtained in the treatment of %50 nitrogen %150 Azotobarvar and the lowest nitrogen fertilization (22.5 g) was at %150 of N non-inoculated Azotobarvar. Also, the highest (26.1%) and lowest (22.7%) protein contents were obtained at the treatments of %50 nitrogen %150 Azotobarvar and control, respectively. The amount of biomass, grain yield and protein content were in the treatments of no nitrogen and Azotobarvar (control).The application of nitrogen to about %50 of the base amount and Azotobarvar equal the base amount or %150 of the base amount maximized grain yield, total dry matter, 100-seed weight and seed protein content. In other words, taking Azotobavar in this condition (rainfed) was more effective compared to chemical nitrogen (Urea) on the yield. Probably Azotobarvar, because of other mechanisms except the supply of nitrogen, had significant impacts on the growth characteristics of the plant. Finally, based on the results of this experiment, application of the industrial Nitrogen with base dosage, the highest yield is obtained, but its application higher than based amount showed negative reactions. Also increasing the amount of the Azotobarvar (bio-fertilizer) more than basic dosage caused yield reduction.It could be a sign of plant adaptation to Azotobarvar application.
ConclusionGenerally, the study of showed that the application of Azotobarvar biological fertilizer can decrease the amount of industrial nitrogen fertilizer application up to 50 percent in dry climatic conditions.

A trial study was carried out to assess the influence of the plant residue management in conjuction with application of different nitrogen sources on wheat yield and components، at the Agricultural Faculty of ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz during 2011-2012. The experimental design was splitplot at randomized completed block design arrangement. The main plot were different wheat residue management at three levels (residue moving، residue incorporated to the soil and burning) and the subplot were different nitrogen resources (control، 75 & 150 kg/ha urea، Supernitroplus biological fertilizer) SNBF and 75 kg/ha urea fertilizer+ SNBF. The result showed that the plant residues are able to improve the wheat yield and components. Whereas، in most traits، the residue burning increased and the residue moving deceased the most trait. The residue incorporated to the soil was the intermediate treatment. Although residue incorporated to the soil had the highest 1000seed weight and harvest index and it had negative effect on biological yield. The highest grain yield (6. 6 tone/ha) and the lowest (2. 6 tone/ha) were obtained at Supernitroplus and residue removing treatment. Biological fertilizer application had negative effect and in most traits there was no significant different between biological fertilizer and no nitrogen application (Control). Whereas the application of biological fertilizer in combined with chemical fertilizer had positive effect and the highest seed number in spike and 1000 seeds was found at biological fertilizer in combined with chemical fertilizer.