جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کود دامی » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of Satureja spicigera essential oil with proper plant nutrition, this study was carried out in East Azerbaijan.

This research was carried out as a randomized complete block design with eight fertilizer treatments (no fertilizer, N50, P25, K25 (kg/ha), Cow Manure (30, 60 ton/ha), Cow Manure (30, 60 ton/ha) +(kg/ha) N50, P25, K25 , Vermi-compost (5 ton/ha), Vermi-compost (5 ton/ha) +(kg/ha) N50, P25, K25) and three replications in four years (2017-2020). During the cropping season, plant height, flowering date, canopy area and green shoot yield were measured. Essential oil was extracted by distillation with distilled water and analysis of essential oil was done by gas chromatograph (GC/MS).

There was a significant difference between fertilizer treatments in terms of all traits. The main components of essential oil were thymol, parasimen and gamaterpinen, respectively. The highest yield of flowering branches at 3687 kg/ha and yield of essential oil at 54.65 kg/ha and the highest quality of essential oil (total phenolic compounds of thymol and carvacrol) at 62.59% by applying Vermi-compost5ton/ha+N50P25K25kg/ha were obtained.

Combined consumption of fertilizer treatments, especially animal manure with chemical fertilizers, in addition to increasing the yield, causes the crop to ripen early and not face the cold of early autumn. As the plant ages, the yield of the essential oil increases, but the yield is later and the quality of the essential oil decreases.

This experiment was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor included of the application of chemical and farmyard fertilizers in four levels of control, 100 % chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% of farmyard manure and 100% farmyard manure (30 tons per hectare). The highest plant height, inflorescence length and dry matter yield were obtained with application of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure, the highest number and weight of flowering lateral stems with 100% application of farmyard manure and the highest number of lateral stems, main stem diameter and plant dry weight by applying 100% chemical fertilizer. The number of lateral and flowering stems per plant, 1000-grain weight and dry matter yield were significantly increased under Super nitro plus or Humica application compared to the control. The highest percentage of essential oil was obtained in the treatments of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (0.77%), 100% farmyard manure + Humica (0.72%) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure with the application of Humica (0.69%), with no significant difference each other, respectively. The highest essential oil yield was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% animal manure with application of Humica (1.83 g.m-2), application of 100% farmyard manure with application of Humica (1.79 g.m-2) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50 % of farmyard manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (1.74 g.m-2).

Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium, is an important medicinal, edible, and industrial plant that grows in different regions of Iran, especially in the Central Zagros. Since this plant is harvested from its natural environment for consumption, it is necessary to cultivate and study various factors that affect its quantitative and qualitative yield, such as the use of sustainable agriculture. Additionally, genetic and environmental factors, as well as the use of fertilizers and nutrients, affect the growth, development, and yield of medicinal and edible plants, including Iranian shallots. Therefore, creating the best substrate for cultivation, protection, and harvesting is necessary due to the use of these plants in human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in two years on the yield and biochemical traits of Iranian shallot.

In this study (in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) investigated the effect of chemical fertilizer application (including: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus 90, 70 and 60 kg/ha, respectively), chemical fertilizer inoculation with fertilizer Vermicompost (10 tons per hectare), Vermicompost inoculation with bio-fertilizer, manure (including sheep manure 10 tons per hectare), manure inoculation with bio-fertilizer (Including Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi including: Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae and growth-promoting bacteria including: Azospirillum spp, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) on Iranian shallot biochemical and yields traits such as: size and weight of Bulb, Amount of phenol, Flavonoid Antioxidants, Starch, Glucose, Total protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium of this plant, as an randomized complete blocks design with three replications in two consecutive years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) was conducted and The simple(year and fertilizer) and combined analysis(year* fertilizer) of variance were done. Data analysis was performed using SAS9.1 software, and LSD test at 5% probability level was used to compare the mean of treatments.

The results of the variance analysis showed that the effect of year on all traits was significant, including size and weight of bulb, phenol, flavonoids, antioxidants, starch, glucose, total protein, nitrogen, and phosphorus, at the level of 1%. The effect of fertilizer on all traits (except starch and glucose) and their interactions (year x fertilizer) on all measured traits except antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose were also significant.In the second year, antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose had the highest amounts at 42.71%, 2.30%, 0.40, and 0.38, respectively, while in the first year, they had the lowest amounts at 29.05, 1.44, 0.23, and 0.23 mg/g fw, respectively.According to the results, the highest bulb size (8.04 cm), potassium (1.88% and 1.89%), bulb weight (0.095 and 0.096 kg), and total protein (15.05 and 15.72 mg/g fw) were obtained in the vermicompost treatment in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year. Additionally, the highest amount of phenol (1.15 and 1.19 mg/g fw), respectively, in the treatment of vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in the second year, flavonoids (107.1 mg/g fw), and phosphorus (1.623%) in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year were obtained.Moreover, the results of comparing the means showed that the highest percentages of antioxidant activity percent (36.24) and nitrogen content (2.29%) were in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year, respectively. The lowest bulb size (3.16 cm), bulb weight (0.037 kg), phenol content (0.168 mg/g fw), flavonoids (48.99 mg/g fw), total protein (6.81 mg/g fw), phosphorus (0.753%), and potassium (0.811%) were observed in control.

According to the results of this study, organic fertilizers can be used in inoculation with bio-fertilizer to increase the production of Iranian shallot as organic fertilizer and not impose a negative effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this plant instead of, excessive use of chemical fertilizers.

The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was including as application of 0, 10and 20 tons cattle manure per hectare and the second factor application of humic acid, nitroxin, humic acid +nitroxin and control. The highest plant height, lateral stems number and biological yield were obtained by applying 20 and 10 tons cattle manure per hectare and the highest flowers number, leaf chlorophyll index, dry yield of flowers, number of grains per capitol, and 1000-kernal weight by applying 20 tons cattle manure per hectare. Plant height, number of flowers per plant, number of grains per capitol and biological yield were reached to maximum value by applying of humic acid +nitroxin. The lateral stems number and 1000-kernal weight with the combined application of humic acid +nitroxin or separate application of nitroxin showed the highest increase compared to the control. Application of catlle manure 20 tons per hectare increased the biological yield by 18.9%, and 10 and 20tons per hectare increased the essential oil by 24.8% and essential oil yield by 43.3%, compared to the control. The highest dry yield of flowers, essential oil content and essential oil yield were significantly obtained in humic acid +nitroxin treatment compared to the control. The highest grain yield was obtained in two treatments of nitroxin and nitroxin +humic acid application without significant differences with each other at the level of application of 20 tons cattle manure per hectare.

Medicinal plants are rich resources for traditional medicines and in this regard play an essential role in the development of human culture. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) belongs to the Laminaceae family and can be found in tropical Asia, Africa, Central America, and South America. Basil is traditionally used worldwide as a medicinal herb to treat numerous ailments. The leaves and flowering tissues are traditionally used as antispasmodic, carminative, digestive remedies, to treat abdominal cramps, fever, poor digestion, migraines, insomnia, depression, dysentery, etc. Application of chemical fertilizers in order to eliminate residues of this chemichal substances from crop to ensure consumer health and environmental protection is one of the major challenges in sustainable production of medicinal crops. The application of organic fertilizers such as farmyard, vermicompose, and humic substances as an alternative to chemichal fertilizers to improve soil fertility in sustainable agriculture is currently being discussed. Application of organic fertilizers in addition to modifying soil physical and chemical properties, provides nutrients for the plant in long-term. Various studies have also shown the positive effect of organic fertilizers on increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of medicinal crops. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cow manure, vermicompost, and humic acid on some morphological traits, dry matter yield, and production of basil essential oil.

The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at a farm in Oshnavieh city in the West Azerbaijan Province in 2014. The treatments included organic fertilizers (20 tons ha-1 farmyard, 7.5 and 15 tons ha-1 vermicompost, and control) and humic acid application (soil application, foliar application and not application as control). The measured traits included plant height, lateral stems number, lateral stems length, flowering stems number, leaf number per plant, leaf chlorophyll index, dry matter yield and essential oil percentage. Data analysis was done using MSTAT-C statistical software and means were compared using LSD test at 1% or 5 % probability levels based on the significance level in each trait.

The results showed that application of organic fertilizers significantly increased plant height, lateral stems number, lateral stem length, flowering stem number, and leaf number. The highest essential oil yield (2.94 g m-2) was obtained using 15 tons ha-1 vermicompost. Both foliar and soil application of humic acid treatments had the highest lateral stems number (13.1 per plant) and essential oil yield (2.75 g m-2) and humic acid foliar treatment had the highest flowering stem number (22.9) and essential oil percentage (0.59%). All treatments of organic fertilizer and humic acid increased leaf chlorophyll index compared to control. Application of 15 tons ha-1 vermicompost combined with or without humic acid produced the highest dry matter yield (with an average of 538.6 g m-2) that showed 99.6% increase compared to control (not application of organic fertilizers and humic acid). It seems that the application of humic acid and organic fertilizers increased the absorption and transport of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium as well as water absorption by the plant and by this way, the morphological and growth traits of plant increased. On the other hand, application of organic fertilizers not only increased the available nutrients to the plant, but also improved soil physical conditions and biological processes and provided a suitable environment for root growth. Consequently, organic fertilizers increased dry matter production and essential oil content and yield.

The findings of this study showed that organic fertilizers and humic acid application had significant effects on morphological traits, yield, and essential oil content of basil. So that, these treatments significantly increased the value of morphological traits. The highest dry matter yield was obtained by application of 15 tons ha-1 vermicompost combined with or without humic acid. The treatment of foliar application of humic acid had the highest essential oil content. The highest essential oil yield was obtained by the application of 15 tons ha-1 vermicompost. Finally, the application of organic fertilizers could be used in sustainable agriculture to improve of quantitative and qualitative yield of basil and reduce the application of chemical fertilizers.

The study was performed to evaluate the animal manures effects on growth and development of sage biomass to achieve optimal essential oil yield. 

The experiment was conducted as a split plot design in time and in the form of randomized complete block with three replications in 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments include poultry manure levels (low, medium and high: 2222, 3174, 5555 kg.ha-1, respectively), sheep manure levels (low, medium and high: 3788, 5411, 9470 kg.ha-1, respectively),, and cow manure levels (low, medium and high: 4310, 6157, 10775 kg.ha-1, respectively), chemical fertilizer, control that were compared in two cuttings. Measured traits included photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, aerial dry weight, essential oil content and essential oil yield. 

The main effects of fertilizer and cutting on all studied traits (except carotenoids, essential oil content, respectively) were significant. Chlorophylls content, aerial dry weight and essential oil yield were significantly influenced by the fertilizer treatment × cutting interaction. In the first cutting, the highest level of chlorophylls was observed in plots receiving high level of poultry manure. In the second cutting, plots receiving high level of poultry manure had the highest aerial dry weight (2953 kg.ha-1) and this treatment had the highest essential oil yield without significant difference with chemical fertilizer treatment. 

In general, high level application of poultry manure can produce dry matter yield as well as essential oil production equivalent to chemical fertilizer treatment. Therefore, considering the optimal agronomic efficiency of poultry manure and its residual effects in the agroecosytem, it is recommended for the production of sage.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of organic and biological fertilizers application on yield, yield components, oil and silymarin percentage of milk thistle.  

The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maraghehin 2016. The first factor was included organic fertilizer in three levels as without application (control), application of 20 tons per hectare of farmyard manure and application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost, and the second factor was included the application methods of Supernitroplas as biological fertilizer in four levels including non-application (control), seed inoculation, fertigation (topdress application) and seed inoculation + fertigation  

The highest capitol and biological yield was obtained using farmyard manure.  The number of grain per capitols and 1000-kernal weight showed significant increases with application of both farmyard and vermicompost compared to control. The highest grain yield (160.2 g.m-2) and oil percentage (17.52%) were obtained with vermicompost application and the highest oil yield (27.9 g.m-2) obtained using farmyard manure that showed increases of 31, 7.8 and 39.7 % compared to control, respectively. All three methods of Supernitroplas application significantly increased the oil percentage compared to control. The maximum number of capitol and 1000-kernal weight were obtained by combined application of Supernitroplas (inoculation + fertigation). The highest grain yield (159.4 g.m-2), oil percentage (17.7%) and oil yield (28.7 g.m-2) were obtained by using the combined method without significant difference with topdress application and seed inoculation methods that showed increases of 24.9, 12.5 ​​and 41.9% compared to control, respectively. The highest percentage of silymarin was obtained with vermicompost application and Supernitroplas by different methods without significant difference (average: 6.2%), which showed an increase 79.8% on average compared to non-application of organic and biological fertilizers (control).  

The application of manure and vermicompost fertilizers and the application of Supernitroplas as seed inoculation or fertigation improve the yield components, grain yield, oil percentage and silymarin in milk thistle.

Many plant species in natural Iranian ecosystems such as Echium amoenum have high medicinal and economic potential use. The growing need for medicinal products of this plant along with the increasing domestic consumption, export and prevention of its extinction due to its over harvesting from natural ecosystems, necessitates its mass cultivation. E. amoenum is one of the medicinal plants that has important compounds in its flowers, which is necessary to increase the quantity and quality of its flowers. In general, environmental and management factors affecting canopy structure have a significant effect on flower production in these plants. Therefore, for the successful cultivation of any medicinal plant, including E. amoenum, providing optimal environmental conditions such as the best fertilizer combination to meet the nutritional needs of the plant is a priority. Adding organic matter from various sources to the soil is one of the most common regenerating operations to improve soil properties.

In order to better understand the agronomical potential of E. amoenum as a medicinal plant at field condition, an experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on a Randomised Complete Block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2009-2012. The experimental treatments were all combination of four levels of organic fertilizers (cow manure (30 t.ha-1), compost (20 t.ha-1), vermicompost (5 t.ha-1) and control) and four plant densities (4, 6, 8 and 10 plants.m-2). In April 2010, bed preparation was done by ploughing and levelling the soil and fertilizer treatments were mixed with soil. Cultivation operations were carried out in the first week of May 2010. Irrigation was performed every seven days. During the growing season of 2010, the plants produced mild stems and spent the entire season as a rosette. By autumn and winter, the aerial parts of the plant were dried and in early March 2011, with increasing ambient temperature, the leaves of the plant began to reappear from the crown. Flowering of the E. amoenum in the second year, 12 months after sowing began on April 25, 2011 and the flowering period lasted one month. The flowers were harvested in four stages every seven days. Flowering of the plant began in the third year on May 15, 2012, and the flower harvesting was carried out in five stages, every five days. At each harvest stage, fresh flower yield, dry flower yield and number of flowers per five grams of flowers were determined. After flowering, three plants were randomly marked and plant height, number of main and lateral branches and number of flowers per plant were recorded.

E. amoenum has only vegetative growth in the first year. The results of second and third years showed that studied treatments had significant effect on plant height, number of main and lateral stem branches, number of flower per plant, fresh and dry flower yield. Result showed that by increasing of plant density, fresh and dry flower yield and number of flower (at five g) were increased but number of lateral stem branches and number of flower per plant were decreased. Application of organic fertilizers increased fresh and dry flower yield, plant height, number of lateral stem branches and number of flowers per plant. Additionally, the highest fresh and dry flower yield, number of flower and number of flower per plant and number of main stem branches were obtained in the first year but the highest plant height and number of lateral branches were observed in the second year.

Due to the fact that E. amoenum is an unlimited growth plant, therefore, proper density adjustment is especially important during reproductive growth period. Increasing density during this period causes the plant to have fewer resources (space, water and food) to increase vegetative growth and, as a result, establish a proper balance between vegetative and reproductive growth and produce more flowering shoots and increase flower yield will result. Overall, it seems that application of organic fertilizers and optimum plant density are among more important factors for E. amoenum flower production.
Acknowledgements
Conducting this research was funded by Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture (Grant No. 66, 25 May 2010).

Under limited moisture conditions, various row planting arrangements have been utilized to provide additional moisture for plant growth and development. Planting patterns had significant effects on the availability of water in time to better match crop development.Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in agricultural operations. Also, soil fertility greatly contributes to yield differences for the same agronomic practices. It is well-known from numerous fertilizer experiments that mallow yield is strongly dependent on the supply of organic matter and mineral nutrients. Cow manure and municipal waste compost in controlling different types of debris and the reduction in fertilizer consumption in agricultural products and mineral absorption elements improve low consumption by plants. Mallow (Malva sylvestris) (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant that it was used for its emollient and laxative properties and is a popular medicine. Mallow broadly used for various inflammatory conditions (Wichtl, 2004). Phytochemical studies of this plant revealed the presence of numerous polysaccharides, anthocyanins, coumarins, tannins, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidines, mucilagen and essential oil (Unver et al., 2009). Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to evaluate the effects of planting pattern and fertilizer treatments on growth, flower and seed yield of mallow as a medicinal plant.

A field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Fertilizer sources of cow manure (40 t.ha-1), municipal waste compost (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer and control (without fertilizer), three planting patterns included 70 cm apart single side row, 90 cm apart single side row and two side rows and two harvests were the main, sub and subfactors, respectively. After land preparation, organic fertilizers were added to the soil. Based on nutrient contents in organic fertilizers, N, P and K for chemical fertilizers were determined by 114, 18 and 220 kg.ha-1. P (as triple superphosphate) and K (potassium sulfate) were applied just before sowing. Urea (N fertilizer) was applied as a top dressing in three stages such as sowing, thinning and flowering stages when the crop was irrigated.Plant height, the fresh yield of flower, the dry yield of flower, biological yield, seed yield and mucilage content of mallow were measured. To analyze the variance of the experimental data and drawing of diagrams, MSTAT-C and Excel software was used. All the averages were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05).

The results showed that the simple and interaction effects were significant on most studied traits. The highest dry yield of the flower was observed in the interaction of manure+ two side rows (4071.17 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for control+90 cm apart single row (1095.85 kg.ha-1). The maximum and the minimum dry yield of the flower were observed in manure in the second harvest (4596.06 kg.ha-1) and for control in the first harvest (941.69 kg.ha-1) treatment, respectively. The highest biological yield and seed yield were obtained in two side rows (4731.01 and 813.60 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for 90 cm apart single row (with 3880.96 and 635.74 kg.ha-1), respectively. Manure affected mucilage percent significantly, (12.06%) and the lowest was for chemical fertilizer (9.32%).

Manure increased nutrient uptake by plants, improving plant hormone-like activity, increase soil water holding capacity, and generally improve the growth and yield of medicinal plant. It can be concluded that two side rows and cow manure could be considered as a suitable treatment for improving quantity and quality yield of this medicinal plant.

Conventional tillage systems disturb the soil in the long term and obstruct farmland sustainability. Hence, adoption of conservation tillage systems, for example no tillage and reduced tillage has been widely accepted in the last two decades.
The use of chemical fertilizers has increased in intensive farming systems, but this brings with environmental problems. Nowadays, due to the problems of chemical fertilizers, the use of organic fertilizers such as manure and biochar has been more prevalent in agriculture. Biochar is the product of incomplete combustion of biomass in the absence of oxygen. Its presence in the soil is reported to improve physical and chemical properties and crop yield. In order to evaluate the effect of nutrition management on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under different tillage systems, a field experiment was carried out at research farm of Shahrood University of Technology in 2015. The experiment was conducted as a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots were tillage systems (conventional tillage and reduced tillage) and subplots were control, chemical fertilizer (300 kg.ha-1 urea and 100 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate), manure (20 t.ha-1), biochar (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer + manure (150 kg.ha-1 urea and 50 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate and 10 t.ha-1 of manure), chemical fertilizer + biochar (150 kg.ha-1 urea and 50 kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate and 20 t.ha-1 biochar) and manure + biochar (20 t.ha-1 biochar and 10 t.ha-1 of manure). After adding manure, biochar and triple superphosphate, corn was planted on 10 days and urea was used in stages three. At full maturity 10 plants were randomly selected and the biological yield, grain yield, 100-grain weight, ear weight, number of row per ear, number of grains per row, ear length, ear diameter, height and stem diameter were measured. The results showed that the effect of tillage systems and the interaction of tillage systems and nutrient management were not significant on any of the measured traits. Tillage systems affect yield mainly by altering water and nitrate content in soil. The water content and nitrate concentration in the soil had no significant difference between tillage systems (data not shown). As well as tillage systems are site-specific, so the degree of their success depends on soil, climate and management practices. The nutrition management had significant effect on grain nutrients, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The highest and lowest grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield were obtained in chemical fertilizer and control, respectively. The chemical fertilizer + manure increased grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield 13.89, 56.19, 47.04 and 60.41 percent compared to the control, respectively. As well as chemical fertilizer + biochar increased grain nitrogen, ear weight, biological yield and grain yield compared to control 14.81, 52.78, 42.69 and 56.32 percent, respectively. Crops respond to nitrogen fertilization mainly by increasing aboveground and root biomass production. As a result of increasing nitrogen doses, the photosynthetic activity, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area density (LAD) increase. Providing organic matter and nutrients create better conditions for photosynthesis and plant growth. The increased maize yield in biochar amended soil could be attributed to increased nutrient availability and to improved soil physical properties indicated by decreased soil bulk density. Based on results, the effect of nutrition management was significant on height, stem diameter, grain nutrients, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum and minimum of stem diameter, grain nitrogen, grain protein, ear characteristics, 100-grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were obtained in chemical and control, respectively. Although using of chemical fertilizer had the highest amount of traits, it had no significant difference with chemical fertilizer + manure and chemical fertilizer + biochar. Also, there were no significant effect between conventional tillage and reduced tillage. Therefore, due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer and also due to the negative effects of conventional tillage on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, it can be concluded that use of reduced tillage and chemical fertilizer + manure and chemical fertilizer + biochar for corn production is recommended for similar conditions with the study area to reduce both chemical fertilizer and environmental pollution.

Canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.) from poaceae family is a drought tolerant plant. Canary seed originally is native to Mediterranean region, and can be grown commercially in several parts of the world.
Evaluation of different systems of plant feeding to achieve a high yield and desirable quality is one of the important requirements in agricultural planning . Therefore, gradually replacing chemical fertilizers with biological and organic fertilizers will result in providing nutrient requirements of plants, improvement of physical, chemical and biological conditions of soil and reduction of adverse environmental effects. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the effect of deficit irrigation and managing the use of chemical and organic fertilizers individually or  combined on yield and yield components of canary seed. To investigate the effects of different levels of irrigation water and integrated management of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth indices, yield and yield components of Canary seed plant, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2013-2014.
Main plots considered different irrigation regimes  with three levels (60, 80 and 100 percent of water requirement) and sub-plots considered for fertilizer treatments in six levels (chemical fertilizer, vermicompost fertilizer, manure, chemical fertilizer + vermicompost fertilizer, chemical fertilizer + manure and control). The amounts of treatment of nitrogen chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 of urea source and 150 kg ha-1 of triple super phosphate) were applied in related plots. The amounts of manure fertilizers (30 t ha-1) and vermicompost (6 t ha-1) were determined and applied based on recommended amount of nitrogen. Water requirement of Canary seed was estimated by the OPTIWAT software under general condition of Mashhad
Before final harvest of the grain, 10 bushes were randomly chosen from each plot and traits such as bush height, the number of tillers per bush, the number of prolific tillers in each bush, the number of spikes in each bush, the number of grains in each spike, the grain weight in each spike and bush, 1000 grain weight and harvest index were determined. Then, considering margin from a surface equivalent to 1.4 m2, plants were harvested from the height 3-5 cm and the produced biomass in each plot was recorded. Then, grains were separated from straw and the grain yield was determined in each plot.
Finally, recorded data were analyzed by SAS software ver. 9.1 and mean comparison based on Duncan multiple-range test was conducted by MSTAT-C software in the probability level of 5 percent.  This study results indicated that different levels of water irrigation had significant impact on all studied traits except harvest index. All studied traits except harvest index and 1000-grain weight had been significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments. Interaction of different irrigation regimes and fertilizer treatments had significant effect on the traits including plant height, the number of tillers per plant.  The maximum height of plant was observed in irrigation treatment of 80 percent of water requirement and the maximum number of tillers per plant was observed in irrigation treatment of 100 percent of water requirement. In addition, under the irrigation treatment of 100 percent water requirement and 100 percent water requirement, the maximum number of grains per plant and the maximum biological yield was observed.  The maximum grains per plant and biological yield was observed under animal manure and vermicompost treatments. Animal manure and vermicompost treatments had higher yield than control and chemical fertilizer treatments. In most of the studied traits, irrigation treatment of 100 percent water requirement was not significantly different from 80 percent water requirement irrigation. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project (grant number 31441, 09 July 2014) Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

In order to study the different levels of methanol foliar application on spring potato under experimental fertilizer management in 2016 in a training farm in Hirmand, split-plot experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Experimental treatments consisted of 7 levels of fertilizer including 100% NPK fertilizer vermicompost manure nano fertilizer a combination of 50 percent NPK + 50 percent vermicompost 50 percent NPK + 50 percent manure Manure and 50% NPK fertilizer + 50% of nano fertilizer were the main factors and different levels of methanol at four levels (0 10 20 and 30 volumes) as a minor. The results of analysis of variance of the test data showed that the interaction of fertilizer management and methanol foliar application had a significant effect on all traits except day to 50% flowering day to day full coverage day to tuber mature and carbohydrate of the tuber. The results of the comparison of the mean interactions showed that in the application fertilizer and nano of combined with 20% volumetric methanol consumption the highest large tuber and total yield (28.05 t.ha-1) were obtained. Also highest amount of carbohydrates and the lowest amount of catalaze and peroxidase were obtained from this treatment. It can be concluded that for increasing and improving the quantitative and qualitative properties of potato the use of fertilizer and nano of combined with 20% volumetric methanol solution is recommended.

Peppermint is a medicinal plant belong to the Lamiaceae familly which is used in various pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. This research was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications to evalueate the effect of amino acid application on quantitative and qualitative yield of peppermint under chemichal and organic fertilizers at the research farm of Plant Production and Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran in 2017. Treatments were included: I- control, II- chemichal fertilizer, III- vermicompost, and IV- farmyrad manure as first factor and amino acids application as second factor were included application in one stage (before flowering), application in two stages (before flowering and flowering stage) and control. Results showed that the highest plant height, flowering stems number, auxiliary stems number and leaf number were obtained from amino acids application in two stages. The highest dry matter yield of both harvest were obtained by chemical fertilizer application without significant differences with vermicompost application. The highest essential oil yield at the first harvest were obtained by all of the three fertilizers (chemical, vermicompost and farmyard) application and the highest essential oil yield at second harvest were obtained by chemical and vermicompost application. The highest essential oil percentage at first harvest was obtained by foliar application of amino acids at two stages + farmyard manure application (2.91%) and foliar application in two stages + vermicompost application (2.77%). In general, the results showed that the application of organic manures especially vermicompost, like chemical fertilizer are effective in increasing the morphological traits and yield of peppermint. Therefore, considering the incomptable effects of chemical fertilizers on environment, the use of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and amino acids in sustainable agriculture sustems is recommended.

The effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rates on yield and yield components of corn (SC704) in two planting density, were assessed by field experiment as split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, during 2013-2014 growing season in Karaj. Four pre-sowing treatments, Fallow, Manure, green manure Perko PVH and Buko from brassicaceae family were main factors, three rates of nitrogen as 120, 240 and 360 kg.ha-1 were sub-factors and two planting density (8 and 12 plants.m-2) were sub-sub factor. The results illustrated that the effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen rates interactions and plant density on biological yield, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, grain yield per unit area and grain weight were significant. The highest rate of all variables were obtained from the Perko PVH, by consuming of 240 kg N.ha-1 and plant density of 8 plants.m-2. Pre-sowing consuming of with Perko PVH 240 kg N.ha-1, due to producing highest grain yield is recommend for Karaj region.

To evaluate the effect of different soil amendments on the yield and nutrient uptake of Salsola plant in the dry bed of Urmia Lake, an experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in the 2013-2014 time period. These treatments included mycorrhiza usage, sand in the seed bed, plastic in the depth of 70 cm, plastic in the depth of 70 cm Mycorrhiza, application of animal manure to improve the soil pH, sand Mycorrhiza, treatments, animal manure mycorrhiza, and control without consuming any materials. The results of data variance analysis indicated the difference between treatments in terms of quantitative and qualitative studied traits. Comparison of means by Tukey method showed that the effects of all treatments on the grain yield, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, and absorption of micro nutrient and macro nutrient elements in the grain were significant. Mean comparison also showed that the highest grain yield belonged to animal manure and animal manure ㌧⢮롢 fertilizer treatments, while the least one its belonged to plastic and sand treatments. Also, the nutrients absorbed in the animal manure and animal manure mycorrhiza treatments were more than those in others. Overall, Salsula plant can be planted in a lake bed and livestock manure and mycorrhiza can be used to improve the yield.

IntroductionDespite the notable application of chemical drugs, medicinal plants and drugs that extracted from them widely has been used, so that in some countries they are integral components of remedy Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the major essential oils producing species. Although the applications of different sources of manures have been shown the significant effects on yield and the quality of agricultural products, but overusing of chemical fertilizers in crop production resulted in numerous problems such as contamination of groundwater, nitrate accumulation and heavy metal toxicity. In many cases, the application of expensive chemical fertilizers causes environmental pollution and ecological damages that lead to the increase in cost of production.
Materials and methodsIn order to evaluate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth and performance of green basil, an experiment was conducted, is based on randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications in the research farm of Agricultural College, Shahrekord University in 2014. Treatments were included NP (N P), NPS (N P S), NPM (N P micronutrients), NPSM (N P S micronutrients), CMp (cattle manure based on phosphorus), CMn (cattle manure based on the nitrogen), BLp (broiler litter based on phosphorus) and BLn (broiler litter based on the nitrogen), respectively. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, aboveground dry weight were measured. All data were analyzed with SAS software. Significant differences between individual means were determined using Fisher’s protected least significant difference (LSD) test (P≤ 0.05).
Results and discussionThe results showed that the effect of different sources of fertilizer on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, fresh yield, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stems dry weight, aboveground dry weight were significant at 1% probability. The greatest amount of above mentioned traits were obtained from the second harvest of basil. The highest leaf area index was 5.7 which was two times more than leaf area index in the first harvest. The highest fresh weight (14576 kg/ha) was achieved with broiler litter in the second harvest. In general, BLn treatment produced the highest yield, stem fresh weight and leaf fresh weight in the first harvest (10111, 372 and 639 kg/ha, respectively) and second harvest (14577, 535 and 992 kg/ha, respectively). It seems that organic manures included much of mineral nutrient required for plant growth and richness with macro elements and less than micro elements can improve nutritional status of soil. Similar results for positive effect of organic manures specially poultry manure on enhancement of basil height, increase in dry weight of chamomile, augmentation in dry weight of lemon balm and enhancement in dry weight of aerial parts of pepper with application of vermicompost has been reported. In another experiment for determination of sorghum bicolor yield reported that application of 5-15 ton per hectare poultry manure can improve 5 times in compared to control treatment. Also the experiment was conducted to determine the cotton yield results showed that poultry manure at the rate of 20 tons per hectare produced the highest cotton yield.
ConclusionThe positive effects of broiler litter in basil plant production indicated that soil amendment with broiler litter based on the nitrogen can be created suitable conditions for appropriate growth and production of basil and its effect also more than the complete chemical nutrition of plant.
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank, Shahrekord University, Iran for the financial support of the project.

Recently, the impact of chemical farming and the negative consequences on the environment and human health are on rise in Iran. Organic farming is gaining attention and increasing globally because it is eco-friendly, safe and has benefits for human health. The use of organic fertilizers in agriculture improves soil structure. Plant spacing and fertilizer applications have significant influence on the growth and yield in crop production. Optimum plant spacing ensures the proper use of land, as well as growth and nutrition in plants. Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) is a medicinal plant from Lamiaceae family, containing essential oils and mucilage. The most important feature of this plant is the mucilage of the seeds. The seeds are a good source of fiber, oil and protein, and have medicinal and nutritional properties. Using the appropriate plant density and environmental friendly methods like organic fertilizers can improve the quality and quantity of medicinal plants production.
In order to study the effect of organic fertilizers and plant density on the qualitative characteristics of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) as a medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted at the Research Station of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during the growing season of 2011-2012. Soil samples were collected from the 15 cm depth of each experimental plots for laboratory analysis. This experiment was carried out as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were included five levels of fertilizer (cow manure, sheep manure, chicken manure, municipal solid waste compost and control) and three levels of plant density (20, 30 and 40 plant m-2). The studied traits were included amount of mucilage, swelling factor, swelling per gram mucilage, mucilage and seed yield. Data were analyzed with SAS software. The F test was used to test the significance of mean squares and means were compared with Duncan’s test at the 5% level of probability
The results showed that fertilizer treatments had no significant effects on the studies criteria except mucilage and seed yield. Mucilage yield, seed yield and swelling factor were significantly affected by plant density. Maximum quality yield was obtained in treatment of chicken manure and highest plant density (40 plant m-2). The highest amount of mucilage (0.19 grams mucilage per gram seed) was obtained in treatment of municipal solid waste compost and sheep manure. The highest inflation rate per ml of mucilage was obtained in cow manure treatment (96.5 ml per gram of mucilage). Different levels of density had no significant effect on the amount of inflation per gram of mucilage. Plant density had significant effect on the seed yield (p≤0.05). So that the maximum of this trait (437 kg ha-1) was obtained at 40 plants per m2 density.
The highest and lowest amount of mucilage yield were obtained in treatments of 40 and 20 plant m-2 density, respectively. The interaction effect between fertilizer and plant density had significant (p≤0.05) effect on the seed yield, so that the maximum of this trait (605 kg ha-1) was obtained in treatment of fertilizer application and 40 plant m-2 density.
In general, the results of this experiment showed that fertilizer treatments had no effect on the quality of Balangao except mucilage, but the organic fertilizers could affect mucilage content. Among the qualitative characteristics of the Balangao, the swelling and mucilage content were affected by the plant density treatments. It seems that the mucilage is significantly affected by the effect of plant density on the seed yield. The lack of the effect of plant density on qualitative characteristics of the Balangao showed that these characteristics are more affected by genetic, not environmental control.

Evaluation of net primary productivity and carbon allocation to different organs of corn under nutrient management and tillage systems
IntroductionAgriculture operations produce 10 to 20 percent of greenhouse gases. As a result of conventional operations of agriculture, greenhouse gases have been increased (Osborne et al., 2010). Therefor it is necessary to notice to carbon sequestration to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. In photosynthesis process, plants absorb CO2 and large amounts of organic carbon accumulate in their organs. Biochar is produced of pyrolysis of organic compounds. Biochar is an appropriate compound for improved of soil properties and carbon sequestration (Whitman and Lehmann, 2009; Smith et al., 2010). Conservation tillage has become an important technology in sustainable agriculture due to its benefits. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nutrient management and tillage systems on net primary production and carbon allocation to different organs of corn in Shahrood.
Material and methodsThis study was conducted at the Shahrood University of Technology research farm. Experiment was done as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Tillage systems with two levels (conventional tillage and minimum tillage) were as the main factor and nutrient management in seven levels including (control, chemical fertilizer, manure, biochar, chemical fertilizer manure, chemical fertilizer biochar, manure biochar) were considered as sub plot. At the time of maturity of corn, was sampled from its aboveground and belowground biomasses. Carbon content of shoot, seed and root was considered almost 45 percent of yield of each of these biomasses and carbon in root exudates almost 65 percent of carbon in the root. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS program. Comparison of means was conducted with LSD test at the 5% level.
Results and discussionEffect of nutrient management was significant on belowground and aboveground biomasses, total weight and net primary productivity. Maximum and minimum of shoot, seed, total weight and aboveground net primary productivity were obtained in chemical fertilizer and control respectively. Nitrogen plays a key role in several physiological crop processes. As a result of increasing N doses, the photosynthetic activity, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf area density (LAD) increase. Maximum and minimum of root weight and belowground net primary productivity were obtained in chemical fertilizer manure and control respectively. Manure and biochar increased root weight 56/03 and 54/31 percent compared to control respectively that had no significant different to chemical fertilizer. Manure increased root growth, possibly through improved physical properties and increased nutrient and water availability. Manure decreases soil compatibility with increasing of stability of soil structure and soil resilient. Impact of adding manure on improving of root length density has been reported by Mosaddeghi et al. (2009). The increased maize yield in biochar amended soil could be attributed to increased nutrient availability (Chan et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2010) and to improved soil physical properties indicated by decreased soil bulk density.
ConclusionsThe results showed that nutrient management had significant effect on belowground and aboveground biomasses, total weight, below and aboveground net primary productivity and carbon allocated to different organs of corn. Maximum and minimum of belowground and aboveground net primary productivity was obtained in chemical fertilizer, manure chemical fertilizer and control respectively. Manure and biochar increased belowground net primary productivity 54/91 and 53/21 percent compared to control respectively that had no significant different to chemical fertilizer. Tillage systems had no significant effect on measured traits. The results showed that with application reduced tillage and manure and biochar can increase belowground net primary production and carbon allocation to belowground organs and by adding root residues to the soil can retain roots carbon and prevent its release into the atmosphere. Therefore with reduction of CO2 amount in atmosphere, climate change and global warming be reduced.

Worldwide interest in potato as a valuable crop for food security is increasing (Camire et al., 2009) and nitrogen (N) nutrition is the main factor determining growth and final yield of potato crops (Bangemann et al., 2014). Nitrogen deficiency limits crop growth, whereas nitrogen excess is often leached into the environment and results in pollution (Hu et al., 2014). Farmyard manure is another source of nitrogen and other nutrients which can decrease the demand for chemical fertilizers. The goal of this study was to investigate effects of using chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure on vegetative growth and tuber yield of potato in order to produce healthy potato crops and efficient utilization of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure.
A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Ardabil area in 2013. The experimental treatments included: a control treatment; application of 326 Kg ha-1, 652 kg ha-1 and 978 kg ha-1 of chemical urea fertilizer; application of 21.1 ton ha-1, 42.3 ton ha-1 and 63.5 ton ha-1 of sheep manure; and application of 27.6 ton ha-1, 55.2 ton ha-1 and 82.9 ton ha-1 of cow manure. The fertilizing was done based on the application of 150, 300 and 450 Kg of nitrogen per hectare, respectively. During the growth season, date of emergence, flowering, tuber formation, and at harvesting time, the number of stems per plant, plant height, shoot dry weight and, finally, yield and yield components were measured.
According to the results, yield, yield components and phenological and morphological traits were all significantly influenced by the fertilizer treatments. Increased urea and farmyard manure application delayed full flowering and maturity compared with the unfertilized treatment. The application of cow manure (82.9 ton ha-1) and chemical fertilizer (978 kg ha-1) increased the duration of maturity by about 6.67 and 6.25 percent in comparison to the control, respectively, while emergence was accelerated by increasing farmyard manure. The effect of treatments on the number of stems per plant was significant (P : In general, manures were remarkably superior to chemical fertilizer with respect to growth and yield of potato; the highest yield, weight as well as number of tubers were produced under treatment with 42.3 ton ha-1 and 63.5 ton ha-1 of sheep manure. Hence, this treatment could be considered instead of continuous use of chemical fertilizers as a shift towards sustainable agriculture and to reduce pollution from chemical fertilizers.