جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پروتئین » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 crop year in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg/ha)and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels(barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios:15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley)and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region.

The effects of biochar (zero, 10 and 20 tons per hectare) and foliar application of Ascophyllum nodosum extract (zero, 2 and 4 ml L-1) were assayed on the growth and physiological responses of Tanacetum balsamita as a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019-2020 under the field condition.The interactions of biochar × algae foliar application influenced the dry weight, leaf area, essential oil content and also the protein, phenolics, flavonoids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of plants. The utmost plant dry weight, leaf area, proteins, phenolics, flavonoids, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content was recorded in 20 ton/ ha of biochar × 2 and 4 ml L-1 of algae extract and, 10 ton/he of biochar × 4 ml L-1 algae treatment. The highest chlorophyll index belonged to the application of 10 and 20 ton/ha of biochar × 4 ml L-1 of algae extract. 20 ton/ha biochar × 4 ml L-1 of algae extract enhanced plant height up to 76 cm which was 59% higher than the control. 20 ton/ ha biochar × 4 ml L-1 of foliar treatment increased the essential oil yield in plants. Conclusion The overall results revealed that 20 ton/ha biochar along with foliar spraying of 4 ml L-1 algae extract had promising effects on essential oil yield of Tanacetum balsamita. The results with some more detailed studies would be advisable to the extension section.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat cultivars by some physiological traits under drought stress conditions. Experiments were conducted in the cropping years from 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020 in the farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Moghan in the form of split plots complete random block design with three repetitions. The Main plot covered the three irrigation regimes including control irrigation (without drought stress), medium drought stress (moderate drought stress) and full drought stress. Sub-plots included bread wheat cultivars and lines (Tirgan, Ehsan, Aftab and lines N-91-17, N-92-9 and N-93-17). The results showed that moderate and full drought stress caused a significant decrease in the number of days to germination, number of fertile tillers per plant, thousand seed weight, seed yield, proline content, catalase, leaf protein and leaf greenness index. Under moderate and full drought treatments, the seed yield declined (12.5 and 31 percent, respectively). Also, the results showed that moderate drought stress and full drought stress increased proline content and catalase enzyme activity and decreased leaf protein content and leaf greenness index. Considering the critical water conditions in the world and Iran, especially in Ardabil (Maghan) province, the introduction of cultivars that can reduce yield at least in low irrigation conditions are of great importance. Therefore, among the studied cultivars, the N-93-17 line and the Aftab variety are recommended for cultivation in the conditions of drought stress at the end of the season and the development of drought-resistant varieties.

Fertilizer management and irrigation are important factors in camellia cultivation at water deficit stress condition. The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the best fertilizer composition for increase yield, forage quality, and fatty acid of camellia seed at different irrigation levels for sustainable agriculture.

This 2-years experiment were performed in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 as a split-plot based on RCBD with four replications. The main plots included: rainfed, once irrigation, and twice irrigation. The sub-plots included: chemical fertilizers, bio-organic and control (without fertilizer). In this experiment, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage and camellia seeds and the amount of fatty acids of camellina seed were determined.

The application of bio-organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increased dry matter digestibility, crude fat, and forage ash. The highest yield of dry forage (2122.4 and 2018.5 kg ha-1) was obtained from chemical fertilizer and bio-organic treatments respectively, and the highest grain yield (2018.9 kg ha-1) was obtained from twice irrigation treatments and the use of chemical fertilizer. The use of bio-organic fertilizers increased camelina yield by 25.49% in rainfed conditions. Bio-organic fertilizers at all levels of irrigation had the greatest effect on palmitic acid, stearic acid, eicosadienoic acid compared to the chemical fertilizers.

Although use of chemical fertilizers under twice irrigation showed the highest effect on camellina traits, but use of bio-organic fertilizers under rainfed or low irrigation conditions can be recommended due to a significant increase in grain yield, forage quality and fatty acid composition.

Crop residue management is one of the main pillars of production in agriculture and in the long run plays an important role in increasing or decreasing crop yields. Adequate amount of potassium sulfate fertilizer in the soil modulates the osmotic pressure in the soil. in this way, the plant's ability to withstand drought increases. Due to the fact that sour tea is one of the most important medicinal plants in Sistan, so it needs more study and research. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea in Sistan climate.

In order to investigate the effect of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of zabol university agricultural research institute in 2018-2019 as a split plot-factorial in the form of complete block design. randomization was performed in three replications. experimental factors including tillage systems at three levels without tillage, reduction tillage (disc) and conventional tillage (plow + disc) as the main factor and the combination of plant residues at three levels (zero, 30 and 60%) with potassium sulfate fertilizer at three levels (no fertilizer, 75 and 150 kg  ha-1) were considered as secondary factors. measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and protein.  statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with duncan test was conducted at 5%.

The results showed that the use of tillage systems and their interaction on the studied characteristics were significant, However, plant residue treatments and their interaction on the studied characteristics except harvest index and anthocyanin were significant, Potassium sulfate treatment and its interaction on the studied properties except harvest index and flavonoids were significant. The highest economic yield of sour tea was equal to 3221.7 kg  ha-1 in the reduced tillage system with 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate and The highest amount of sepal anthocyanin was obtained from conventional tillage treatment and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate and Conventional tillage and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Also, non-tillage and conventional tillage treatments increased the amount of flavonoids and protein at the branches. The results of comparing the means of interaction of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate show that the highest increase in chlorophyll a and carotenoid content of conventional tillage is + 30% of crop residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate And the highest increase in chlorophyll b was the simultaneous use of conventional tillage + 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate. the highest amount of protein was related to conventional tillage treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium sulfate, the results of comparing the means on the interaction of the treatments showed that the simultaneous application of no-till treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium had the best effect on the amount of flavonoids.

The results indicate that the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate in increasing quantitative and qualitative characteristics has had the best results. Under conservation tillage, by reducing tillage operations and maintaining a sufficient amount of plant residues in the soil surface, while improving soil structure and increasing water efficiency and nutrient efficiency, that increased quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Despite the dry climate in the country and the limitations and shortages of water and reducing soil fertility on the one hand and increasing environmental pollution on the other hand, the need to use conservation agricultural systems to maintain yield and stability and ultimately stability and balance of environmental factors is necessary it seems.

Intercropping of forage plants is considered as an effective startegy to achieve optimal yield and increase production in areas with water shortages. A field-based split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Ashkezar research farm with the aim of evaluating the intercropping of millet and guar in improving physiological indices and forage yield. Irrigation intervals was considered as the main factor in three levels (irrigation at the time of discharge of 60, 70 and 80% of field capacity) and the cropping system was considered as the sub-factor in three levels (sole cropping of Millet, sole cropping of Guar, and intercropping of Millet and Guar). The intercropping system was implemented as row intercropping pattern with a replacement series design. Results showed that the amount of ionic leakage increased and the relative content of relative water content decreased when irrigation was delayed longer. The highest relative water content for Millet and Guar (70.3 and 78.4%, respectively) were obtained in intercropping system and their lowest relative water content (61.4 and 72.5%, respectively) were obtained in their sole cropping. The highest and lowest chlorophyll indices were observed in irrigation treatments at 60 and 80% of field capacity, respectively. The intercropping of Millet and Guar resulted in increased content of soluble sugar and proline and the highest forage yield compared to their sole culture, in all assessed irrigation intervals. Since intercropping system was shown to cause improved physiological indices of Guar and Millet, the consequent improvement of forage growth and yield could be expected. Overall, it can be concluded that intercropping system of Millet with Guar can significantly reduce the impacts of drought stress and can be considered as an effective management strategy in drought-prone areas.

The study was performed to investigate the nutritional effects of elemental sulfur with Thiobacillus on morphophysiological and agronomic responses of mung bean.

The experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two experimental farms in Karaj city (Alborz province) and Shahriyar city (Tehran province) in the 2017 crop year. This experiment consisted of three treatments of sulfur fertilizer (control (S0), sulfur at 100 kg/ha with 2 kg of thiobacillus (S1), sulfur at 300 kg/ha with 6 kg of thiobacillus (S2)).

The results showed that all studied traits were significantly affected by sulfur fertilizer so that the highest amount of all tested traits was obtained in (S2) treatment in mung bean. The results also showed that all the studied traits except the number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, protein percentage were significantly affected by the main effect of location so that the highest amount of all traits the test was obtained in the Shahriar area. The interaction of sulfur fertilizer and location also had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, plant height, and total chlorophyll.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the nutritional effect of the combined application of sulfur and thiobacillus has improved the morphophysiological and agronomic characteristics of mung bean.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fenugreek planting as a living mutch on the phenology, grain quality and yield of sunflower cultivars and to determine the most appropriate time for planting of sunflower. 

This experiment was done in 2016-17 growth season at Razi University. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design. First factor was the sowing fenugreek at four levels (control (without living mulch), 15 days before sowing of sunflower, simultaneous sowing with sunflower, 15 days after sowing of sunflower) and the second factor was three sunflower cultivars (Progress, Farrokh, Lakomka). 

Planting of fenugreek as living mulch pre-sunflower led to a decrease in the quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower. In 15 days before sunflower condition, grain, oil and protein yields of sunflower,were 38.5%, 37.9% and 43.6% lower than control treatment, respectively. In addition, the phenological stages of sunflower growth was delayed in pre-sunflower sowing conditions. So that the occurrence of staring, flowering, head formation and physiological maturity were 69.8, 21.8, 24.5 and 82.6 days, respectively (4.4, 1.1, 1 and 3 day) more than control conditions. However, planting of living mulch simultaneous and 15 days after sunflower had a positive effect on the quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower grains. Grain, oil and protein yields of sunflower were 39.4%, 36.4% and 43.3% higher than control, respectively. These values were 25.5%, 26.7% and 23.5% after sunflower planting, respectively. Flowering and head formation stages in simultaneous planting conditions were 20.8 and 47.1 °C (0.7 and 1.4 days, respectively) and in post-sunflower sowing conditions were 42.3 and 122.6, respectively. Day growth rates were lower (1.8 and 4.6 days) than control conditions. Among sunflower cultivars, the occurrence of different phenological stages was higher for Progress cultivar than for Farrokh and Lakomka cultivars. Farrokh had the highest oil content (36%). The highest grain yield (3426 kg.ha-1), oil yield (1203 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (536 kg.ha-1) were allocated to Lacomka cultivar. 

It seems that competition between fenugreek plants and young sunflower plants seems to lead to poor vegetative growth and delay the time of phenological growth stages of sunflower by early sowing of mulch. These results confirm the importance of selecting the appropriate cultivar and minimizing competition by choosing the optimal planting time of living mulch, which gives the pottage-assisted effect a competitive advantage.

Safflower is known as valuable oil plant due to its high quality of seed oil and the presence of more than 90% of unsaturated fatty acids. Drought stress is the most important factor limiting crop yields in many parts of the world, including Iran. Coexistence with mycorrhizal fungi increases growth, improves yield, and increases plant resistance to a variety of environmental stresses, including drought. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of coexistence with mycorrhiza on the tolerance of spring safflower cultivars at different levels of drought stress by measuring some quantitative and qualitative traits.

This experiment was conducted as a factorial-split plot based on randomized complete block design at research farm of Urmia agricultural high school during 2014 with three replications. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three levels of irrigation including optimum irrigation, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress and factor B included mycorrhiza in two levels: non-inoculation (control) and inoculation with mycorrhiza species Glomus mosseae. Sub plots (factor C) consisted of five spring safflower cultivars (Padideh, Gol Mehr, Goldasht, Safheh and Mexic).

The results of variance analysis showed that Severe drought stress compared to optimum irrigation reduced 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per head, number of head per plant, seed yield, oil yield and protein yield by about 29, 30, 33,58, 62 and 63%, respectively. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi compared to non-inoculation increased seed yield, chlorophyll index, protein yield, 1000-seed weight and biological yield by about 14, 13, 14, 5 and 39%, respectively.

One of the best methods for improving the quantitative and qualitative performance of safflower cultivars, especially under drought stress conditions, inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Also, in all three different levels of drought stress conditions, among the cultivars studied, Padideh cultivar was superior to other cultivars for yield and this cultivar is suitable for cultivation in this area.

In order to investigate the effect of farmyard, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was carried out as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources in 2013-2014. The first factor was levels of fertilizers: control, chemical fertilizer, Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar2, FYM + Phosphate Barvar 2, Supernitroplus + Phosphate Barvar2 and integrated treatment (Nitroxin+ Supernitroplus + FYM+ Phosphate Barvar 2) and second factor was Urom and Sovason as wheat varieties. Results showed that for number of spikelets per spike, Urom variety and for 1000 kernel weight, Sovason variety were superior. The highest number of grains per spike was obtained by chemical fertilizer application without significant differences with other fertilizer treatments and the highest biological yield was obtained in chemical fertilizer (12530 kg.ha-1) and integrated treatment (12490 kg.ha-1) without significant differences, which showed an increase of 11.75% on the average compared to the control. The highest grain yield was obtained in integrated treatment in Sovason variety (5335 kg.ha-1), chemical fertilizer (5228 kg.ha-1) and integrated treatment (4782 kg.ha-1) in Orum variety without significant difference, which showed an increase of 72.2% on the average compared to the control.  The highest protein percentage was recorded for integrated treatment (16.4%), Nitroxin + Phosphate Barvar (16.2%) and Fertilizer (16%) for Orum variety, respectively. In general, there was no significant difference between the application of chemical fertilizer and the integrated application of organic and biological fertilizers in many traits, including grain yield, yield components and protein percentage. Therefore, there is the possibility of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological fertilizers for producing of wheat in a sustainable organic farming system.

In order to evaluate the forage yield, crude protein and advantage indices of grass pea-cereal intercropping systems, a field study (2015-2016 and 2016-2017) was conducted as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 13treatments and three replications at the research station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. The treatments were sole planting of grass pea, barley, oat and triticale and intercropping grass pea with each of the above cereals (in the flag leaf appearance stage), in three seeding ratios (grass pea: cereal; 25:100, 50:100 and 50:80). The results showed that the highest and lowest forage yield were obtained in 80% grass pea-100% oat (8410 kg.ha-1), 80% grass pea-100% barley (8094 kg.ha-1 and grass pea sole crop (4758 kg.ha-1), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest crude protein was recorded in grass pea (152 g. kg.DM-1) and triticale (77 g. kg.DM-1) monocrops, respectively. The land equivalent ratio (LER) value was greater than one in most of intercropped treatments with the exception of grass pea- triticale (50:100), which indicates advantage of mixtures compared with monocrops. Economic advantage in terms of relative value total (RVT) was greatest in the cases of grass pea mixtures with oat and barley (1.34 and 1.24, respectively) at the 50:80 seeding ratio. Generally, the results of this research showed that the grass pea intercropped with oat and barley at the 50:80 seeding ratio can be selected as the best legume-cereal intercropping systems due to higher forage yield, crude protein and economic benefit.

Intercropping has been mentioned as a useful tool for improving the utilization of existing environmental resources in comparison with sole cropping systems. Hence, this research was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran during 2015 cropping year. The treatments included cropping patterns (rapeseed sole crop and intercropping of rapeseed with chickpea) and nitrogen rates in four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg nitrogen.ha-1). Chickpea was cropped as sole crop without nitrogen consumption and with consumption of 40 kg N.ha-1. Traits of yield and yield components, leaf chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate for chickpea and rapeseed, as well as rapeseed equivalent yield (REY) and intercropping indices were measured and evaluated. The effect of nitrogen and planting pattern on rapeseed traits were significant, but nitrogen×planting pattern interaction was not significant for rapeseed traits. Between N rates treatments, the maximum values for yield components, biological yield, chlorophyll index, photosynthesis rate, grain yield (304 g.m-2) and oil yield (129 g.m-2) were obtained with 120 kg nitrogen.ha-1. However, 120 and 80 kg N treatments were not significantly different for rapeseed traits. Also, rapeseed sole cropping had the highest values of above mentioned traits except for chlorophyll index. Chickpea sole cropping with consumption of 40 kg N without significant difference with non-nitrogen application had the highest seed and protein yields (192 and 71   g.m-2, respectively). Rapeseed and chickpea yields decreased in intercropping systems, but different indices showed more usefulness of intercropping compared to sole cropping. In all intercropping treatments, LER was >1. Also, REY was higher in intercropping than sole cropping. Rapeseed-chickpea intercropping with consumption of 80-120 kg N.ha-1 had the highest LER and it was useful.

Dragon’s Head is a plant with old gentry and also new with variety usages that can play an important role in sustainable agriculture at arid and rain-fed regions, particularly in rotation. In order to study some of quantitative and qualitative traits in 49 Dragon’s Head ecotypes, a field experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2016 and 2017, at research farm of agricultural faculty of Tabriz University, Iran. The results indicated that there is no significant difference among years based on studied traits. There was significant difference among ecotypes expressing diversity among them. Mean comparing revealed that, the highest grain yield was related to ecotypes No. 37 (Alvar vilage, Bostan Abad). Ecotype 8 (local landrace, Kolvanagh 7) had high oil percentage, while ecotype 37 (Alvar vilage, Bostan Abad) had the highest oil yield. The highest protein percent was belonged to ecotype 46 (Kurdistan 2). Based on protein yield, ecotype 48 (Zanjan) had the highest mean. Cluster analysis placed 49 Dragon’s Head ecotypes in 5 groups. Acording to this research findings, the ecotypes No. 8, 37, 46 and 48 had the highest mean in comparison with 49 ecotypes. These superior ecotypes regard to oil production, medicinal usages and domestic feed can be cultivated in water limited and rainfed regions at East Azarbaijan, particularly Tabriz and in other similar climate regions.

In order to study the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and megafol (MF), on pod and seed yield and quality of common bean cv. Sanry under water deficit stress, the field experiment was conducted in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three different irrigation regimes (33, 66 and 100% ETc) and foliar application of SA (0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) and megafol (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 percent) were conducted. The results showed that water deficit stress significantly reduced pod lengh, pod fresh weight, seed number per pod, pod and seed yield, leaf relative water content and nitogen, phosphor and potassium contents. Water deficit stress reduced pod yield of 67.6% in 75% ETc and 94% in 50% ETc. Foliar application of SA and MF improved yield and quality of seed and pod, leaf relative water content and nutrient contents. The highest pod yield (13625.3 kg.ha-1), number of pods per plant (7.69), seed yield (4303.87 kg.ha-1), protein yield (671.8 kg.ha-1), carbohydrate yield (3356.7 kg.ha-1) was obtained with application of MF 0.2% under irrigation 100% ETc. The maximum value of carbohydrates (55.9 and 55.25%) was observed with application of MF 0.2% under irrigation 75 and 50% ETc, respectively. According to the results, the application of SA 1.5 mM and MF 0.2% can be proposed to improve yield and quality of pod under normal irrigation and water deficit stress.

The effects of supplemental irrigation and biofertilizers on yield and yield components of Sardary wheat cultivar, were studied by an field experiment as split plot based on randomized complete block design at Research Station of the University of Kurdistan in 2013-2014 growing season. Factors consisted of three irrigation levels: without irrigation, irrigation at flowering stage and irrigation during grain filling were assigned to the main plots, and five fertilizer levels: Nitrokara biofertilizer, Phosphate Barvar2 biofertilizer, Nitrokara + Phosphate Barvar2 biofertilizers, Nitrokara + Phosphate Barvar2 biofertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer and 100% chemical fertilizer were allocated to subplots. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation was significant on dry weight, plant height, and spike length, number of spike per unit area, seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and seed protein content. Integrated application of biological fertilizer (Nitrokara and Phosphate Barvar2) along with chemical fertilizers produced the highest seed yield (319.9 g.m-2). The lowest grain yield was obtained from Nitrokara (227.3 g.m-2) treatment. Our results showed the positive impact of irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages and inoculation of biological fertilizers (Nitrokara and phosphate Barvar2) with 50% chemical fertilizer on dry weight, number of seeds per plant, 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizers while meeting the nutritional needs of the plant and incresing seed yield, could significantly reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. According to the results of this experiment, a supplementary irrigation during flowering or seed filling stage was effective in increasing the yield of rainfed wheat.

Application of bio-fertilizers, especially mycorrhiza as a complement or substituent for chemical fertilizers is very important in sustainable management of agro-ecosystems. In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi species and phosphorus chemical fertilizers on grain yield and protein of chickpea, a greenhouse factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was conducted in 2014. Treatments were included three species of mycorrhizal fungi, Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus claroideum and non-inoculated control and three levels of phosphorus fertilizer from triple superphosphate (0, 50 and 100 mg.kg-1). Results showed, the highest plant height 48.83 cm, root colonization (72 %) and chlorophyll index (SPAD) was achieved with Rh. Intraradices and 50 mg.kg-1. With increasing phosphorus from 50 to 100 mg.kg-1, plants inoculated with mycorrhizal species showed a significant reduction in the number of seeds per plant and application of mycorrhiza with 50 mg.kg-1 showed the highest grain yield of chickpea. The application of 100 mg.kg-1 compared to 50 mg.kg-1 phosphorus with F. mosseae and Rh. Intraradices were reduced the protein percentage as 13.05 and 12.23, respectively. Therefore, application of bio fertilizer with chemical fertilizers may reduce consumption of chemical fertilizers without reduction in grain yield and protein that can achieve to sustainable and low-input agricultural systems.

The effect of vermicompost on morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of green bean plant under drought stress were studied in Dezful during 2016. Experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. In this research, drought stress was carried out in irrigation intervals at four levels as irrigation after 100, 140, 180 and 220 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots, and vermicompost was assigned as subplots at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12 t.ha-1). The results showed that the effect of different levels of stress on plant height, pod length, number of pods per plant, yield of green pod, grain yield, protein content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significant, but the number of grain per pod was not significant. The effect of vermicompost on all studied traits was significant except for the number of grain per pod and carotenoids. Also, the interaction of treatments was significant only on the yield of green pod and grain yield. Regression relations showed that the highest yield of green pods and grain yield produced under no stress condition (S0), with the application of 8.40 and 8.12 t.ha-1 vermicompost. Increasing of vermicompost consumption reduced the effects of stress and improved yield.

IntroductionIn order to achieve healthy food production, application of ecological inputs such as organic and biological fertilizers is inevitable. Organic fertilizers are fertilizer compounds that contain one or more kinds of organic matter. They can improve the soil ability to hold water and nutrients.
Humic substances (HS) are natural organic compounds comprising from 50% to 90% of the organic matter of peat, lignites, sapropels, as well as non-living organic of soil and water ecosystems. According to the classical definition, HS are "a general category of naturally occurring heterogeneous organic substances that can generally be characterized as being yellow to black in color, of high molecular weight and refractory". They are a mixture of complex organic compounds that are usually separated into three fractions based on aqueous solubility: humic acids (HA), the fraction of HS that is not soluble in water under acidic conditions (pH Materials and methodsIn this study, in order to determine the effect of potassium humate on wheat tolerance to late season drought and also quantity and quality of its grain yield, an experiment was carried out on six selected wheat genotypes including Gascogne, Sabalan, 4057, Ruzi-84, Gobustan and Saratovskaya-29. The experiment was carried out as split plot factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch, Iran during 2008-2009 growing season. Main plot include stress levels ( irrigation cut at anthesis stage and non-stress) and potassium humate (humate application), and sub plot included as genotypes. Treatment composition of non-stress, non humate and Gascogne wheat was considered as a control treatment. Treatments were stress levels (stress, non-stress); humate levels (humate, non-humate) and genotypes.
Applied liquid humic fertilizer (potassium humate) was derived from peat. Humic treatments were done at several times (spraying on seeds after planting, foliage spraying at tillering, stem elongation and grain filling stages). Grain yield, biological yield and protein content of grains were recorded. After grain milling by Laboratory Mill-3100, protein content of flour measured by Inframatic-8600. Data analysis was done by using SAS software and means were compared by least significant difference test (LSD).
Results and discussionPotassium humate reduced stress intensity by 23% and also increased biological and economic yield in drought conditions. In late season drought conditions potassium humate increased the yield from 2.8 to 3.6 tons per hectare (around 26%). Humate increased seed yield of the varieties Gascogne (1.8 tons per hectare), Gobustan, Saratovskaya-29 and Sabalan (0.54 to 0.67 tons per hectare) and Ruzi-84 (0.27 tons per hectare). Seed protein content in Saratovskaya-29 was highest in both humate application conditions and without it, but the yield was low. The variety Sabalan had the highest grain yield and average protein content. The 4057 genotype and Sabalan had the highest grain yield in both stress and no-stress conditions.
ConclusionGenerally, the findings of this investigation showed that potassium humate as a natural preparation can improve quality and quantity of produced wheat grains against end seasonal drought condition.

IntroductionIn conventional agricultural systems to obtain the highest performance continuous use of chemical fertilizers is inevitable. The health of the plant, soil and living matter depends on the rotation of food elements in the ecosystem. This cycle is disrupted as a result of the loss of soil fertility, its food imbalance and inappropriate cultivation practices. Bio-fertilizers are composed of beneficial microorganisms, each for a specific purpose, such as nitrogen fixation, release of phosphate ions, potassium, iron. It should be noted that most studies in the field for sour Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are based on the use of various chemical fertilizers, but the reaction of this plant to bio-fertilizers and iron solubilization has not been considered. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers and iron on yield and quality traits of Roselle in hot and dry weather conditions.
Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of bio-fertilizers and foliar application iron on yield and quality indicators Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) experiment in Research field of Zabol University Agriculture Institute in 2015-2016 years was performed with split-plot based on completely randomized design and three replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of bio-fertilizers: control (without fertilizer), vermicompost, cow manure, seaweed and iron foliar applications include: lack of iron, foliar application at a rate of 3cc per thousand, 6cc per thousand was considered. As a source of bio-fertilizer treatments and foliar application iron levels were considered as sub plots. Before sowing Roselle seeds, vermicompost and manure were added to the soil and inoculation operation . Measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, carbohydrates and protein. Statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with Duncan test was conducted at 5%.
Results and DiscussionBased on the results, different levels of foliar application of organic manure and their interaction were significant for all traits except harvest index. The highest Roselle economy yield of 587.6 kg per hectare with consumption of 6 cc per thousand iron and seaweed bio-fertilizer foliar application was obtained This amount increased by 73% compared to the control (355.3 kg ha-1) and highest amount of sepals anthocyanins (8.960) in treatment 3 cc per thousand iron and manure was obtained, and concentration of 6 per thousand iron and vermicompost and seaweed bio-fertilizers increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were also foliar application iron concentration of 6 per thousand increase amount of carbohydrates and protein were twigs. Comparison of means in interaction of bio-fertilizers and iron showed that the highest increases in chlorophyll a, in application of vermicompost and there is a concentration of 6 per thousand iron and the highest increases in chlorophyll b, by the same application seaweed and iron concentration was 6 per thousand. The highest amount of protein was obtained from seaweed treatments that have shown an increase compared to control by about 61%. Foliar application of iron increases protein of Roselle so that the highest amount of concentration was 6 per thousand and compared to control treatment the increase was about 52 percent.
ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that the combination of biofertilizer and iron solubilization with a concentration of 6,000 has the greatest impact on quantitative and qualitative properties. Accordingly, the combined application of bio fertilizers and iron spraying has a significant advantage over the individual application of each one of them. Iron foliar treatments have put this element directly at the plant and by supplying these elements the plant needs are eliminated and the most of the measured traits increased. Also, considering the important role of biofertilizers in improving the physical, chemical and fertility characteristics of arable land, providing appropriate levels of these materials in the soil helps to achieve maximum performance. Accordingly, fertilizer management with biological fertilizers and iron foliar application is an important part of organic agriculture.

In this study¡ to evaluate the effects of drought stress on transgenic tobacco (Nicotinia tabacum L. cv. Wisconsin) containing P5CS gene and non transgenic plants under in vitro culture, these plants were grown on MS media containing 0¡ 5¡ 10¡ 20 and 30% PEG for 28 days. To select the drought tolerant and sensitive plants and also the mechanisms of drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco plants parameters such as wet and dry weight and photosynthetic pigments content (chlorophyll a¡ b¡ total chlorophyll and carotenoid), soluble sugars and total soluble protein content were measured 28 days after PEG treatment. Results indicated that reduction of wet and dry weights and photosynthetic pigments content in transgenic plants were lower than the non transgenic plants. Soluble carbohydrates in both plants in 10 and 20% concentrations, significantly increased. Total soluble protein content were decreased in non transgenic plants in 30% PEG, and remained unchanged in transgenic plants. SDS-PAGE results in leaves showed different protein patterns between transgenic and non transgenic plants and also between treated and non treated plants for example, protein bands about 35 and 45 KD, Proline as a key osmoregulating solute in plants play an overriding role in osmotic pressure adjustment of the cell under water stress condition. Thus transgenic plants containing P5CS gene might be resistant against drought stress.