جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سازگاری » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

Pollination is very important to achieve an economic date product. This study has been conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) on 15 trees of 12-year-old Medjool cultivar in three replications at the research garden of Jahrom Agricultural Research Station for two years. In this study, the effect of pollen grains 7001 as a control, 7004, 7013, 7030 and Boyer 11 tissue culture has been examined on the fruit quality traits. Based on the results of this experiment, the highest fruit pH (6.81), titrable acidity (TA) (0.19%), dry matter (80.73%) and fruit ash (2.61%) were observed using pollen grains7013. Pollinator genotypes had no significant effect on total soluble solids content. After pollen grain 7013, pollinator genotype 7030 showed the most positive effect on fruit quality traits, such as titrable acidity (0.18%), dry matter (80.60%) and fruit ash (2.58%). Among pollinator genotypes, 7013 and 7030 showed the most overlap with female flowers of Medjool cultivar.

 Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) belongs to the Rosaceae family, which due to vegetative propagation problems, in vitro propagation is recommended to increase mass and disease-free production. Micropropagation has many advantages over other vegetative methods. Although the most suitable organ that preserves the genetic characteristics of the cultivar is bud meristem, plant regeneration from meristem culture is difficult in many species of woody plants, so micro-grafting is a suitable technique to overcome these problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scion size and origin of commercial sweet cherry cultivars interact with micrografting on the vegetative rootstocks.

 In this study, factorial experiment was used as a test unit in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors in five replications and ten seedlings per replication. The first factor was cultivar in seven levels (B: Bing, D: Dovomres, H: Haj Yousefi, P: Pishres, S: Siah- Mashhad, T: Takdaneh, Z:  Zard) and the second factor was scion type in four levels (M1R1: 2 mm in vivo explant, M2R1: 5 mm in vivo explant , M1R2: 2 mm in vitro explant and  M2R2: 5 mm in vitro explant). To prepare the scion, 1.5 to 2 cm long explants were isolated from shoot tips and then disinfected with 75% ethanol and 20% Sodium hypochlorite. After rinsing with distilled water, the shoot tips with 2 and 5 mm length were extracted for in vivo explants. In vitro explants were obtained from shoo tips that was previously established in MS culture medium with supplement of 1 mg.l-1 of BAP. The meristems were prepared in 2 and 5 mm and used as in vitro explant.  5 cm length in vitro shoots of sweet cherry ‘Gisella 6’ was used as rootstock. Micro-grafting was performed according to the standard method for sweet cherries. Micro-grafted plantlets were transferred to MS medium supplemented with 1 mg.l- l BAP, and kept under low light (100 lux) condition for one week, then  transferred to growth chamber at 27.1 °C photoperiods 16/8 hrs light/darkness (1500 lux). In order to induce root, grafted plantlets were transferred to Perlite: MS medium supplement with 1 mg.l- l IBA. After rooting, plants were placed in polyethylene pots containing perlite: peatmoss (1:1) for acclimation. Micro-grafting success indices were recorded in each of the micro-grafted plantlets. The data were analyzed by SAS statistical software (9.1) and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (1 and 5 % of probability levels).

 The results showed that in all indices there was a significant difference between scion types and cultivar scion type interactions except grafting time, but there was no difference between cultivars (except longitudinal growth of scion). Among the scion types, the 5 mm in vitro scion (M2R2) had the highest micro-grafting success rate (42%), number of leaves (3.7), longitudinal growth (6.3 cm) and taken grafting time (two days). Finally, in successful micro-grafted plants, ‘Pishres’ cultivar had better results in rooting (32.8%) and ‘Zard’ cultivar in acclimation (3.4%) traits. Probably the presence of leaves led to better nutrient supply and surface contact, so it mostly improved the success of micrografting technique. In this study, micro-grafting success indices were lower than previous reports using seedling rootstocks. This might be due to difficult grafting operations, poor rootstock-scion communication, low physiological activity, and high in vitro oxidase activity. In the type of scion, micro-grafting success rate of 5 mm in vitro scions (include leaf primordia), was better than 2 mm scions (without leaf primordia). These results were consistent with most reports in sweet cherries and other stone fruit that were more successful in micro-grafting using larger in vitro explant.

 Based on our results, it can be concluded that the micro-grafting method in sweet cherry micro-propagation is a fast practical method with high potential for production and regeneration of healthy orchards, which is also possible for other cultivars. In micro-grafting success, in vitro explants are preferable to explants taken directly from in vivo mother trees, and the use of larger explants for scion is recommended due to the presence of leaf primordia in micro-grafting success. However, smaller-size explants are more likely to produce healthy plants.

The aim of this study was to optimize different concentrations of some growth regulators and introduce the effective explants which lead to increase callus induction and regeneration efficiency in Catharanthus roseus L. and recognize growth stage which produce the highest amount of vincristine. The experiment was conducted as a factorial with a completely randomized design. The first factor was explant type at eight levels and the second factor was different concentrations of growth regulators at nine levels. The results showed that the highest percentage of callus induction was observed the medium containing 8 μM 2,4-D with 2 μM BAP in single node (100 percent), hypocotyl (100 percent), leaf (100 percent), root (99.16 percent), ovary (98.33 percent), petiole (95.83 percent), anther (94.16 percent) and cotyledon (93.33 percent) explants, respectively. Calluses derived from hypocotyl, anther and ovary explants were able to produce highly efficient somatic embryos. 0.8 g L-1 casein hydrolyzate cause the highest percentage of embryogenesis. The maximum germination percentage was obtained from explants drived from hypocotyl (53.66 %), anther (51.00 %) and ovary (46.00 %). Also, the regeneration percentage of hypocotyl, anther and ovary explants was 78, 73 and 68 percent, respectively. The topmost amount of vincristine in comparison with different types of calluses and different stages of growth was obtained from plants regenerated from callus which derived from anther, ovary and hypocotyl explants and the amount was 1.4 μg g-1 dry weight more than non-embryonic callus of the mentioned explants.

Environmental compatibility assessment is the most important needs of Rosa damascena genotypes as one of the most important aromatic and medicinal species in the country. The present project was conducted with the aim of evaluating the flower and essential oil yield of five superior genotypes for five years (2011-2015) under two climatic conditions of cold semi-arid (Saqez) and semi-humid (Marivan) in Kurdistan as split plot with three replications. The results showed significant difference for flower and essential oil yield between locations (L), years (Y) and genotypes (G), and their interactions. The total mean of essential oil ratio was 0.02 % and flower and essential oil yield were 757.2 kg/ha and 188.9 g/ha. The flower and essential oil yield of Saqez was more than Marivan, but essential oil ratio was more in Marivan, then it seems that flower yield to be higher in the cooler areas but essential oil ratio to be higher in warmer areas. In general, the genotypes of KR2, IS8 and IS4 are recommended for planting in Kurdistan and similar regions. Regarding to the fluctuation and high flower yield, KR2 genotype is recommended for the purpose of flower production, but Isfahan group of genotypes, such as IS8 and IS4 for essential oil purpose. With consideration of the combined yields of flowers and essential oils, the genotypes of IS8, IS4 and KR2 are recommented for cold and semi-arid areas such as Saqez, and the genotypes of IS4 and KR2 for the semi-humid regions similar to Marivan.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of agar and carbohydrate on micro-propagation of dwarf cherry rootstock (PHL-C) under in-vitro conditions in 2017 year. This experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with six replications and three plantlets in each replication. The first factor was agar in three levels (0.5, 0.6, 0.7%) and the second factor was carbohydrate in six levels (sucrose and sugar each in 3 levels of 20, 30, 40 g / l) and evaluated in proliferation, rooting and adaptation steps. The single node was used for propagation The results showed that there was no significant difference between different agar concentrations in terms of proliferation index, rooting percentage, plantlet quality, plantlet fresh weight and survival percentage, but in other measured traits, agar with concentration of 0.7 % had the best results. Except in the traits plantlet height, leaf number and plantlet fresh weight which the sucrose had a more positive effect, in other traits there was no significant difference between sugar and sucrose. Due to the fact that in the essential traits of in vitro propagation of PHL-C, sugar has a better effect, it is suggested to use table sugar or a combination of sugar and sucrose to reduce the cost of producing the culture medium, especially in commercial production.

Micropropagation is a method for mass and rapid proliferation of plants on tissue culture media. Low survival and poor growth of micropropagated seedling after transplanting is one of the main disadvantages of this technique in many plants. The success of this method can be increased by using biological agents such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to improve physiological indices and osmotic regulators content of micropropagated pear rootstock (Pyrodwarf) under drought stress. Factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with two factors (two mycorrhizal and three drought stress level). Experiment was conducted in three replications under greenhouse conditions. Drought stress continued for two months. Results of analysis of variance showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly increased physiological parameters and decreased osmotic regulators at all levels of drought stress. Mycorrhizal colonization percentage determined as 84, 81.66 and 72%, in low, medium and severe drought stresses levels, respectively. Mycorrhizal application significantly increased physiological indices such as Fv/Fm, photosynthetic efficiency index, SPAD index, and the content of chlorophyll b, cartenoid and total chlorophyll in mycorrhizal treatments compared to control (no mycorrhizal plants) and decreased proline and soluble sugars content. Overall, the results of this experiment showed that rootstocks obtained from tissue culture treated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more adapted to natural conditions and drought stress.

Ornamental foliage plants are commonly used for beautifying indoor spaces. Consequently, determining the best method of mass propagation in a short time, is necessary for these plants. For this purpose, an experiment was designed and performed to micropropagate the Singonium ornamental plant.

For the first stage, the effect of different plant growth plant growth regulators on the regeneration of nodule explants was evaluated. In this experiment, 1 cm nodal explants were placed in semi-solid MS culture medium containing different concentrations of BA and Kin (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) in combination with 0.2 mg/l IAA. This experiment was performed as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor included different types of cytokinin (BA and Kin) and the second factor included different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l). In the second stage, the effect of different types of culture medium and its different concentrations on plantlet proliferation was investigated. This study was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with five replications. The first factor included the type of culture medium (MS and B5) and the second factor was the different concentrations of culture medium (0.5 and 1). In the third stage of the experiment, the acclimation of in vitro plantlet was investigated. This experiment was performed as a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments included different culture media: vermiculite, peat moss, vermiculite + peat moss, perlite + peat moss, perlite, coco peat + vermiculite, coco peat + perlite, coco peat and rock wool.

According to the results of the first experiment, it was found that the use of cytokinin in MS culture medium is effective on plant regeneration. The highest number of regenerated plantlet was observed in culture medium containing 4 mg/l BA with 0.2 mg/l IAA. It is noteworthy that with increasing BA concentration in the culture medium, the plant height decreased, but in contrast, the number of produced plantlets increased. Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) has been introduced as the most important and effective cytokinin in inducing and increasing branching in plants. Research has shown that the use of external benzyl adenine affects plant growth by affecting plant cells or by controlling the accumulation of a number of cytokinin compounds. As a result, the use of cytokinins in culture medium under in vitro culture conditions is necessary to induce and increase cell division. According to the second experimental results, produced plantlets in MS culture medium had higher height, number of roots and root length compared to B5 culture medium. Results also demonstrated that the use of ½ MS in the propagation stage of this plant is appropriate due to the improvement of growth traits such as plantlet height and root length. The use of optimal and suitable culture medium is very effective in the success of plant micropropagation. In the present study, the use of MS culture medium showed better performance compared to B5 culture medium. The appropriate amount of components, better ion strength and more minerals in this culture medium compared to B5 culture medium are probably the factors influencing its superiority in in vitro culture. In the acclimation stage, the use of vermiculite + peat moss culture medium led to 100% adaptation of plants and improvement of growth traits in the plant.

The results showed that the type and concentration of cytokinin had a significant effect on the most of the evaluated parameters. With increasing the concentration of cytokinin in the culture medium, the number of regenerated plantlet was increased, but on the other hand, the height of regenerated plantlet also decreased. The use of culture medium containing BA compared to KIN had a more pronounced effect on increasing the number of regenerated plantlets. Application of MS medium compared to B5 medium was more effective in increasing plantlet height, root length, number of roots and number of produced plantlets. Also, half-strength MS medium, increased plantlet height and root length. Therefore, at this stage of propagation, the application of ½ MS culture medium is recommended. In the acclimation stage, it can be stated that the use of vermiculite substrate in combination with peat moss is a suitable option considering 100% compatibility of syngonium plantlets and improvement of growth traits in comparison with other substrates.

Orchids are one of the most popular plants in the world. Because of its hard propagation as most important problem, micropropagation technique has been employed recently. In this study, commercial micropropagation of orchid Phalaenopsis cut flower “Detroit” was done by vegetative tissue. First, nodal explants of Phalaenopsis amabilis cv. Detroit flower stalks cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentration of NAA and BAP for direct regeneration and the obtained planlets were cultured on ½ MS medium supplemented with different combination of NAA, IAA and activated charcoal for rooting. The sterile leaves of plantlets were cultured on ½ MS medium containing NAA, BAP and TDZ for evaluation of regeneration and direct production of somatic embryos. Results showed that effective concentration for plantlet regeneration obtained in MS medium containing 1 mg/l NAA and 4 mg/l BAP. The highest number of root produced in 2 mg/l NAA. The highest number of protocorms obtained at 3 mg/l TDZ. The plants survived rates from nodal flower stalk explants was 84.93%. At the end, the highest plantlets acclimatization (90.20 %) was in medium containing cocopeat and activated charcoal (1: 1).

To identify the appropriate detection methods of stable and adaptable genotypes for essential oil yield, an experiment was conducted on 35 Iranian Rosa damascena Mill. genotypes in a randomized complete block design with three replications in seven locations (Kurdistan, Markazi, Isfahan, Khuzestan, Fars, Kerman, and Khorasan Razavi provinces) during two years (2007-2008). The total mean of essential oil yield was obtained 0.029%. There were significant differences (P≤0.01) between genotypes, locations, environments or location-years, and also the interactions of genotype × location and genotype × environment in terms of essential oil yield. The positive correlation between environmental variance, coefficient of variation, and regression coefficient of yield over environments with essential oil yield showed that only the low essential oil yield genotypes had the similar phenotype in different environments (static stability). There was no stable genotype with the static regression concept and the essential oil production of stable genotypes by environmental variance was very small, but some adaptable genotypes by the environmental coefficient of variation (e.g. KM1) had moderate essential oil yield and yield stability at the same time. The stable genotypes according to the dynamic stability concept had moderate essential oil yield. The superiority index introduced the genotypes with the highest essential oil as the adaptable ones. The stable genotypes with the lowest variance of the years within locations produced the least essential oil. The results showed that a R. damascena genotype can demonstrate the static and dynamic stabilities with the high essential oil yield at the same time. The coefficient of variation, dynamic aspect of regression statistics, and superiority index could be suggested as the desirable statistics to evaluate different aspects (static and dynamic) of essential oil stability in R. damascena. In general, the genotypes IS3, KZ1, and CM1 with the moderate essential oil yield and its general stability and adaptability could be recommended for Iran.

In order to investigate the compatibility of the melon (khatooni) scions on different cucurbit rootstocks, a field experiment was conducted based on a complete blocks design with three replications in Horticultural Science Research Station of University of Tehran during 2017. Seven different rootstocks named as Rout Power, ES 900, RZ12, Nongwoo 01, RZ6, PS580, Shintozwa and additionally control rootstock (Khatooni) and Khatooni as scion were used in the current research. Compatibility these rootstocks evaluated based on plant growth pattern, performance and fruit quality of Khatooni melon. The highest fruit yield obtained on RZ6 and ES rootstocks, respectively. Large number of fruit per plant was observed on Shintozwa and Rout Power rootstocks, respectively and the highest total soluble solids was found on Shintozwa rootstock. Electrical conductivity of raw sap was higher in the grafted plants compared to non-grafted plants. Maximum amount of raw sap per day was collected from Nongwoo 01 rootstock. Maximum percentage of root dry weight was found on the Nongwoo 01 as compatible rootstock which was significantly higher than other grafted rootstocks and control. The first morphological signs of incompatibility were detected by increasing the diameter difference between grafting union and rootstock or scion. This diameter difference was significantly higher for PS580 as incompatible rootstock compared to Nongwoo 01 as compatible rootstock. Based on the results, Shintozwa and Rout Power rootstocks could be recommended as appropriate and compatible rootstocks for the khatooni melon.

Pollination is very important for achieving an economical production in hazelnuts. This study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the effects of three pollinizers (Pashmineh, Gercheh and Shastak) on nut and kernel characteristics of some hazelnut cultivars (Rounde, Fertilede coutard and Gerdeshkvarat) were investigated. The results of the flowering phenology showed that all cultivars were protanderious. The time of the male flowers opening in Ronde and Fertilede coutard was from early January to late January and in Gerd Eshkvarat was from mid-January to late January. The opening time of the female flower was variable from mid-January in Ronde to late February in Fertilede coutard. The results showed that the quantitative traits of nut and kernel were strongly influenced by pollen sources. Using stronger and more viable pollen grains of Gercheh pollinizer, the heaviest nut and kernels, the highest percentage of kernel production, and the lowest percentage of blankness kernels were 3.64, 1.48, 48.69, and 13.94, respectively. However, using Shastak pollen grains, the weight of the nut and kernel was decreased by 2.44 % and 1.22 %, respectively, and the blankness percentage of kernel was increased by 26.48 %. The amount of blankness increased dramatically to 87.51 % in self-pollination and nut and kernel weight significantly reduced to 1.27 and 0.22 g, respectively. In general, pollen grain had effects on some fruit characteristics such as nut and kernel weight, percentage of blankness and kernel production, and pollen grain had no significant effect on nut and kernel shape. The highest overlap of male flowers opening in pollenizer genotypes with female flowers of Rounde, Fertilede coutard, and Gerdeshkvarat was observed in Gercheh.

In order to evaluate the adaptability, yield and some important agronomic and qualitative traits of rice, this study was carried out with 14 rice genotypes, including 12 rice lines and varieties from Rice Research Institute of Iran along with a regional (Khazar) and a local (Hashemi, Esteghlal, Yasmin and Osmancik) check in paddy areas of Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iraq as the first regional project for Central and West Asian countries under a research program entitled “Establishing a Multi-location Evaluation and Research Network for Genetic Enhancement in Central and West Asia (EMERGE-CWA)”. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. Simple and combined analysis of variance, comparison means of traits and stability analysis through GGE Biplot was conducted. Stability analysis results for yield based on compound analysis in three regions of Turkey, Iraq and Iran by GGE Biplot method revealed that the most stable genotypes are Gohar, Dorfak, 184104-34, 184104-11, 18333-12 and 18425-20, respectively. These genotypes had higher yield than average. This research resulted in selecting line 18426-56-3 in Turkey, Shiroodi and Dorfak varieties in Iraq, five promising line including 18425-20, 18436-56-3, 184104-34, 184104-11 and 18433-12 in Iran as the genotypes with high and intermediate yield and desirable agronomic and grain quality characteristics. These genotypes would be utilized in advanced trials of various rice breeding programs to release directly as new varieties.

One of the major problems with commercial production of micro-propagated plants is low survival and poor growth after transplanting. In order to investigation the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis on establishment, survival, growth, as well as nutrients absorption on Pyrodwarf micropropagated rootstock in drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors including mycorrhizae in two levels (with and without) and drought stress in three levels (three, five and seven days irrigation intervals) in three replications in greenhouse conditions. The plants harvested two months after drought stress. The results of variance analysis showed that mycorrhizal symbiosis significantly increased vegetative indices at all levels of drought stress. The total leaf area, stem height, total leaf fresh weight and root dry weight of mycorrhizal seedlings were 3.6, 1.3, 3.1 and 1.9 times higher than non-mycorrhizal plants, respectively. The content of P, Mn, Cu, Zn and K and in root and shoot tissues increased significantly in mycorrhizal treatments than control. Generally, the results of this study showed that pear seedlings treated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi had better acclimatization, growth and more tolerance at normal and drought stress condition.

The genus Arnica L. comprises of 32 species predominantly confined to the boreal and montane region of the northern hemisphere. Arnica species are rhizomatous perennial herbs belonging to the daisy family, with simple or branched stems bearing opposite leaves, and large, single or cymose heads of yellow flowers. A. chamissonis is distributed over North America from Alaska to New Mexico, and due to its low ecological demand it is easier to cultivate than A. montana. Arnica is a source of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolic acids and exhibits antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antiradical, antibacterial, anti-sclerotic, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. The flower heads and other parts of the plant of two of the species have been used therapeutically: A. montana and A. chamissonis, both of them containing sesquiterpene lactones as pharmacologically active compounds. Arnica species are used in as many as 300 drug preparations in Europe and about 20 products in Canada. Moreover, A. chamissonisis a good source of bioactive compounds a valuable source of herbal raw material and a pharmaceutical substitute for the endangered mountain arnica. A. chamissonis extracts exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and anti-radical activity and possesses high antioxidant abilities that might be helpful in preventing or slowing the progress of free radicaldependent diseases. Low pH soil is one of the principal ecological requirements of Arnica. Good plant growth and flower yield was achieved on acid soils with a pH of 6.8 and below. After nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, sulfur is considered as fourth major element in most crops. Rate of sulfur oxidation in soils vary and depend on population Thiobacillus bacteria in soil, particle size and environmental conditions.

This study was conducted as a complete randomized block design with three replications and four treatments including different levels of bentonite sulfur (0, 250, 500 and 750 kg/ha) combined with the bacterium Thibacillus thiooxidans. Traits such as height and width of plants, number of flowers on each plant, inflorescence diameter, fresh and dry yield of flowers in each plant per square meter and total phenols, total flavonoids, rutin, luteolin and apigenin content in flowers were measured. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method (HPLC) was used to separate rutin, luteolin and apigenin. HPLC grade methanol and distilled water, each with 0.02% added TFT were used as solvents.

The results showed that A. chamissonis is compatible with Tehran’s climate and it can be cultivated in regions with a similar climate. The use of elemental sulfur has a significant role in reducing soil pH and soil pH decreased more rapidly with increasing sulfur. Thiobacillus bacteria by oxidation of sulfur produced some to sulfuric acid and at low buffered properties can considerably reduce pH. Different levels of sulfur fertilizer had a significant effect (P ≤0.01) on soil acidity (pH), electrical conductivity, and sulfur, iron, zinc and manganese levels. The use of 750 kg sulfur bentonite with Thiobacillus caused to reduce soil acidity by about 0.9 units, and it increased the electrical conductivity of the soil to 7.33 dS/m. The amount of soil sulfate as a result of oxidation of sulfur fertilizers increased linearly. The highest amounts of iron, zinc and manganese were measured in the treatment of 750 kg sulfur as 3.38, 3.84 and 27.94 mg /kg, respectively. In this study, supplying 250 kg of sulfur plus bio-sulfur caused to improve the morphological traits and the highest flower yield (20.67 g / plant) compared to control (3.66 g / plant). Also, it increased the amount of sulfur and microelements in the soil, but in the treatment of 500 and 750 kg sulfur per hectare due to increased electrical conductivity and soil salinity, the growth of Chamisso Arnica decreased. Therefore, these levels of sulfur are not suitable for this plant. Sulfur Bentonite is oxidized by Thiobacillus bacteria and other microorganisms and sulfuric acid is produced. Reducing acidity and, as a result, the release of stabilized and insoluble nutrients can increase their uptake capacity and improve plant growth and development. Due to the increased salinity and osmotic imbalance in the soil by the treatments of 500 and 750 g /kg sulfur, vegetation growth will be incomplete and plants quickly enter to the reproductive phase and produce fewer and smaller flowers. The highest content of rutin was measured in plants grown in soil treated with 750 Kg/ha sulfur while soil treatment with 500 Kg/ha sulfur resulted in highest content of luteolin and apigenin, both showing significant difference to the control.

Results of this study indicated that the Chamisso Arnica showed adaptability to the planting location and it can be mass-cultivated under similar conditions.

Arnica chamissonis Less. ssp. foliosa is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the Asteraceae family and endemic to north America and Canada. Inducing genetic mutation is a practical approach to increase genetic diversity for breeding purposes. Effect of different gamma radiation doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 gray) on seed germination and seedling growth of A chamissonis (e. g. plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, speed and mean, seedling vigor, plumule fresh and dry weight, rootlet fresh and dry weight was measured and the proper dose for mutation induction was assessed. Gamma radiation caused significant effect on parameters such as plumule and rootlet length, germination percentage, germination rate, seedling vigor, rootlet fresh weight, plumule fresh and dry weight (P≤0.01) and also rootlet dry weight (P≤0.05). Radiation with 200 gray showed the most promising effects on germination parameters of this species. Compared to the control treatment, radiation with 300 gray and higher caused adverse effects on all mentioned parameters which may be caused by producing free radicals. An LD50 of 226.275 gray was estimated for this species and the best estimated dose to induce highest genetic mutation was 181.02 gray.

Natanzi, a native pear cultivar of Iran, is one of the Iranian high quality and commercial pear. True plant type can be produced with in vitro micropropagation. Micropropagation used for species that have long generation time, low levels of seed production, or seeds that do not readily germinate. Auxins in various concentrations are used for rooting depending on the different conditions of the tissue and culture medium. After propagation one of the problems with the production of plants through micropropagation is acclimatization. Low survival and poor growth of rooted seedlings in in vitro conditions after transferring to the environment, limits the use of tissue culture. The fungi symbiosis with root can enhance the success of this method. Natanzi pear propagation in Murashige and Skoog (MS) and propagated seedling acclimatization with mycorrhiza treatment were not reported. The aim of this study is evaluation the effects of various concentrations of BAP, IBA and GA3 on shooting, and NAA and IBA on rooting of Natanzi pear. In the second part of this experiment, the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on root development and absorption of phosphorus were evaluated. In this study one-year branch buds of P.communis cv. Natanz from a wild mature tree native in village Tame, Natanz city, Isfahan Province, were used as plant material. Natanzi pear cutting were propagated supplemented with MS media under factorial experimental designs with three replications. Shoot proliferation in MS and MS with half concentration by BAP, IBA and GA3 were studied. Four different levels of IBA and NAA under light and dark condition for rooting were studied. After rooting plants were transplanted into 10 cm×12 cm plastic pots. Transplant was made in conditions of high ambient humidity to reduce damage to the plantlets. At transplant, pots were filled with different sterilized substrates, composed of mixtures of a coco peat:perlit and peat moss:perlit at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Substrates were wetted before filling the pots. At transplant, plants were inoculated with the AM fungus Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices, in the form of a mixture of spores, soil, and infected clover roots. Ten grams of inoculum were placed in each planting hole about 1 cm below the roots, for a total treatment. 10 g of the autoclaved mixed soil used for inoculated control treatment. Acclimatization, seedling survival, colonization, phosphorus concentrations and some morphological characteristics of root such as root characteristic were evaluated under G. mosseae and G. intraradices infection. Also two different bed, coco peat:perlite and peat moss:perlite at a 1:1 (v/v) ratio were examined. At the end of the experiment, Roots plants were stained to assess mycorrhiza colonization using Phillips and Hayman method (????). Colonization percentages of colonization were measured using Giovannetti and Mosse method. The total P concentration of plants was assessed using standard analytical techniques. BAP (3 mg L-1) with IBA (0.5 mg L-1) is suitable of Natanzi pear proliferation under micropropagation condition. The highest rooting of Natanzi pear under in vitro condition were reported in MS and ½MS and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA under light and dark conditions, respectively. The results of experiments on Natanzi pear showed a positive effect of mycorhiza on the growth of infected seedlings compared to control treatments. Finally 100% of seedling were survived after acclimatization with mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza increased the seedling length and root growth characteristics. No significant differences were observed in colonization of different mycorrhiza infection. Peat moss with no treatment (control) showed the most phosphorus concentrations and peat moss with G. mosseae mycorrhiza showed the most average root diameter. BAP and IBA (3 × 0.5 mg L-1) showed significant effect on proliferation and NAA (0.5 mg L-1) on rooting in MS respectively. Peat moss with G. mosseae is suitable to increase the acclimatization of Natanzi pear seedlings. Mycorrhiza increased the length of seedling and root growth characteristics during eight weeks of acclimatization. Natanzi pear seedlings showed the highest growth under G. intraradices treatment in peat moss. G. mosseae showed a significant effect on the average root diameter in peat moss. Results of leaf phosphorus concentration and root colonization percentage showed that there was no significant correlation between phosphorus concentration and colonization percentage.

Passion flower (Passiflora caerulea L.) is a climbing and herbaceous shrub belonging to the family of Passifloraceae. Tissue culture is an important part of biotechnology, which can produce plants free of pathogens and provides mass production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of two different types of explants (leaf and petiole) in order to obtain shoot multiplication of Passiflora caerulea. Various concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), 6-furfuryl amino purine (KN) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with indole butyric acid (IBA) were used as a completely randomized design, in three replications. Results of this experiment showed that the highest regeneration frequency of the petiole explant (100%) and the maximum number of multiple shoots (8.9) was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP along with 0.1 mg/l IBA. Also in leaf explants, the highest regeneration frequency (86.66%) as well as the maximum number of multiple shoots (8.6) were obtained in the above-mentioned medium. The highest rooting frequency (93.33%) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. In vitro-raised plantlets were potted and acclimatized under culture room conditions for 25–30 days before transfer to soil conditions, where the established plants showed more than 90 % survival. The described protocol had a high potential for the micropropagation of this valuable germplasm.

This study was conducted aimed to consider the effects of culture medium and the concentration of growth regulators on proliferation, rooting and the acclimatization of Myrobalan29C. This study was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications where each plot contained five explants. Given the role of trees rootstock of growth rate vegetative in the early maturity٫ yield and disease resistance will be suitable rootstock that has an important role in program garden management. In total rootstock of fruit trees have be propagation sexual and asexual methods, however٫ given that in sexual reproduction the resulting dispersion characteristics and the resulting seedlings changed by genetics, it is tried for decades to asexual propagation methods in specially tissue culture methods healthy rootstock for mass propagation and used the development of orchards. Seedling rootstock Myrobalan had been used in the past. The rootstock can be positive features cited the ease of access, to be cheap, good yields after maturity. In study, the effects of NAA and BAP on proliferation of Gisala5 rootstock showed the most shoot treated in mediacontaining 1mg/l BAP. Investigated Chinese plum in vitro micropropagation showed that 1/2 MS media had the highest percentage rooting, and acclimatization rooted plantlets to greenhouse conditions was using the system miss successfully. Due to the importance and essential to achieve an efficient protocol for the mass propagation of Myrobalan 29C in Iran, this study was conducted with the main purpose of evaluating the most suitable media culture and plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Myrobalan 29C.
Material and The explants were collected from shoots of Myrobalan 29C rootstock maintained in the experimental greenhouse of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Centre (of Mashhad, Iran), on June 25, 2013. The explants were washed by water and dishwashing liquid to removed surface contamination. Then they were divided to some parts containing one bud and were sterilized with ethanol 70% 1 min and sodium hypochlorite 10% at 10 min. Proliferation was performed in two kind of culture medium (MS and DKW) that supplemented with plant growth regulators BAP (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mg l-1). The rootstocks of in this step, after subculture three (21 days between each subculture), the numbers, the length and quality of the shoots (explants strong growth, with no signs of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem), b– less than 15% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing terminal meristem, and c– explant weak, 15-30% have the symptoms of vitrification, necrosis of leaf are yellowing Terminal meristem) were measured. This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with five samples. Two culture media (MS and DKW) were used for rooting, which supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at four levels (0, 1, 2, 3 mg l-1). This stage was carried with four replications and each replicates with three samples. After being rooted explants, the best cultured media and combination of rooting growth regulators number and root length, leaf number and stem length and quality of explants were recorded. Acclimatization used in substrate including Coco Peat - Perlite 3:0/5 V, Coco Peat 100%V٫ Coco Peat - Perlite 0. 5:3V, Perlite100%V and Coco Peat - Perlite1:1V).
Results showed that the 10% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min, with 4% decay was the best treatment for sterilization. The results showed that the proliferation average was 6/16 in MS medium with 2 mgl-1 BAP and the most percent of rooting and root length were about 100% and 2/51 cm in MS medium with 2mgl-1 of IBA, respectively. The acclimatization of plantlets to greenhouse conditions was successful. The highest rate of plantlets survival (about 70%) was obtained from substrate Cocopit and Prlit (1; 1 V). In the present study, explants year compared annual explant least contamination had enjoyed. It seems that the young explants, smooth the surface of the skin, having the least amount of crack depend on the type of surface depressions explants and the crack and lower depressions the surface explants increase surface contact area disinfectants and also improve its impact. In this study found that the type of medium a significant impacted on the health of plants and so the proliferation of explants was successful. Usually root production in plants under the influence of synthesis, metabolism, and transport is auxin signaling pathways. Therefore acclimatization directly affected the rooting of plants that had high quality and the best rate of induction.
The results of this research showed that we can duplicate Myrobalan29c rootstock by in vitro method. According in this research, MS media including BAP and IBA plant growth regulators are the most suitable for micro propagation.