جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « apple » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

In order to determine the desirability based on the qualitative and quantitative traits of the fruit, 11 cultivars of apple spore type along with control cultivar Golden Delicious were used. These cultivars were evaluated in Kamalshahr Horticultural Research Station of Karaj during two crop years (2011–2012) in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and fruit related traits including fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, acidity percentage, TSS, fruit yield, fruit–set % and number of fruits per tree were recorded during two years. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of year was significant only for fruit diameter and fruit weight at the probability level of 5 % (P≤0.05). The effect of cultivar on all traits, except fruit–set %, was significant at the probability level of 1% (P≤0.01). The highest fruit yield was observed in Yellowspur cultivar with a value of 23.39 kg per tree. Using specific scores as the weight of traits, adjusted selection index of ideal genotype (ASIIG) was calculated and it was observed that Yellowspur cultivar with an index value of 78.16 % similar to the ideal genotype has the highest desirability among the cultivars and Yellowspur along with Golden Smoothie and Deliciousspur cultivars were more desirable than Golden Delicious cultivar. The graphs obtained from the adjusted selection index of ideal genotype with appropriate grouping of experimental cultivars identified only Yellow spur cultivar as a completely desirable cultivar.

This trial was conducted in order to evaluating nine apple rootstocks including MM106, M26, Ottawa3, Suporter4, M9, M7, P22 , MM111 and local rootstock "Gamialmasi" in different levels boron (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg/kg soil). Results indicated that height rootstock, LAI, wet and dry weight leaf, chlorophyll index, WRC and vegetative growth rate reduced in comparison control as increased boron soil in all rootstocks. Vegetative growth ceased in all rootstocks, exception M26 and P22. Also, ion leakage and MDH increased as raised boron level in soil. Ascorbate peroxidase and super oxide dismutase leaf activity increased at first and then decreased with increasing boron levels in soil. Based on leaf analysis, leaf boron concentration in M26 and P22 was less than other rootstocks. Vegetative, physiological and biochemical assessments showed that M26 and P22 were more tolerate in relation other rootstocks.

The 2- and 3-year-old of 60 apple combinations of 'Golden Delicious' and 'Red Delicious' onto promising clonal rootstocks tolerant to crown rot series along with 6 common clonal rootstocks were assessed for dwarfing potential. Branch length and number, internode length, active vegetative buds, annual shoots growth and diameter, sapling height, growth habit, root-sucker number and length per sapling, diametric values of rootstock, graft point and scion as well as pest/disease damages were assessed. The modified dwarfism ranking method was achieved in 5 groups, based the length of lateral branches per sapling. So, the rootstock series were ranked in very dwarfing (8 hybrids), dwarfing (6 hybrids), mid dwarfing (6 hybrids), vigorous (7 hybrids) and very vigorous (3 hybrids). The three categories of very-dwarfing, dwarfing and mid- dwarfing had the least shaded area compared to controls as the worldwide dwarfest ones. ANOVA and mean comparisons by Dunken test of the growth traits particularly lateral branches length and number, sapling height and annual branch length of the two scion cultivars was achieved related to M7 combinations. The trial was compiled within RCBD.

Viral diseases affect tree vegetative traits, yield and fruit quality. To shorten the import process of new apple cultivars for establishment of mother orchards, a group of virus-controlled scion-rootstock combinations imported from Italy were transferred and cultivated in Semirom Hort. Station (Isfahan), after the end of quarantine. This project was achieved for the regional adaptation trial investigating qualitative and quantitative characteristics and also comparing imported virus controlled combinations and infected "Red Delicious" and "Golden Delicious" on "M9". In the present study, the comparison of growth related traits in each rootstock- Cultivar combinations at 94, 95 and 96 years, and yield and quality traits of fruit were measured in 94, 95 years. The experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Each combination was taken as a treatment, also combined with two and three years of data analysis. Assuming growth traits of annual branch growth, tree height, crown width, trunk diameter and leaf length and width it was shown that "Jonagold" and "Gala" on M9 had the highest growth (Fig. 2). The results showed that the highest tree height was attributed to "Jonagold", "Red Chief" and "Gala" on M9 in e descendant order but the least height was seen in "Red Delicious"-M9 combination. The most prominent crown width were observed in two combinations of "Jonagold"-M9 and "Golden Delicious"-MM106 with the least presented by "Red Delicious"and "Golden Delicious" on M9. Highest leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) was found in "Jonagold"-M9 and "Red Chief"-M9, but the least rates was registered in the leaves of "Golden Delicious" and on "Red Delicious" on M9.

In this research, effects of iron and nitrogen nutrition in three concentration (Iron chelate 0, 5 and 10 ppm and Ammonium nitrate, 0, 40 and 60 ppm) were evaluated on nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous contents in fruits and leaves of apple (cv. Fuji) in harvesting time and on fruit quality during storage. The experiment was carried out using a factorial completely randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications in 2013. Results showed that nitrogen treatment had no significant effect on fruit quality, except Vitamin C content that significantly increased. Iron nutrition mainly decreased the fruit weight loss during the storage. Storage time affected fruit quality and decreased that, which after 95 days, fruit were more injured. During the storage, Vitamin C, fruit firmness, dry weight and total acid were decreased. Nitrogen nutrition increased the nitrogen content in fruits and leaves but decreased potassium level in these organs. Iron treatment had no significant effects on nitrogen and phosphorous contents but significantly decreased potassium content in fruits. These results indicated that, storage of Fuji cultivar for three month had no reducing effects on quality.

In addition to storage conditions, pre-harvest factors including nutrition is essential to increase the shelf life. In this experiment the effects of three different levels of iron foliar applications (0, 50 and 100 ppm) and nitrogen (20, 40 and 60 ppm) application in the soil were investigated in apple (Malus domestica cv. Delbar stival). Traits such as quality factors during storage period were measured. The factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. According to the results of this study, iron application increased TSS, dry weight and total phenolic contents. Also, with increasing nitrogen concentration, the antioxidant level was increased. Effect of storage on some para meters such as firmness, dry matter, total phenolic content, vitamin C and total antioxidants was significant, leading to a decline in the quality of the fruits. It can be concluded that, iron application at 100 mg/l per tree was suitable for improving the quality indexes for this cultivar.

An experiment carried out to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and physiological parameters ofthreecommercialapple clonalrootstocks during growing season in greenhouse. This investigation was conducted with two factors, rootstock (M9, M7 and, MM106) and species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus versiforme, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and, control) in a completely randomized design. Growth (including plant height and diameter and shoot fresh weight) and physiological (including total chlorophyll, photosynthesis, and transpiration) parameters as well as root colonization were measured in 11, 15 and 19 weeks after transplanting. Results showed that mycorrhizal treatments and rootstoks had significant effects on all measured parameters comparing to the control. It was also shown that the fungus Glomus versiforme performed better than other fungi having the highest records for almost all of the measured parameters. Among the rootstocks, MM106 performed the highest shoot fresh weight (as well as plant height in the first and second measurements) but the final height of M7 was more than MM106. The highest and the lowest plant diameter were observed in MM106 and M7, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content, transpiration and photosynthesis rate was measured in M9 but the highest root colonization was recorded in M7. It seems that choosing proper rootstocks and treating them with suitable arbuscular mycorhizal fungi could reduce adverse conditions of calcareous soils for apple trees.

In order to study the foliar application effect of calcium and boron on fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics of ‘Golab-e kohanz’ apple, an experiment was carried out for two years. Experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and 4 replications (totally include 40 trees). The treatments included calcium chloride (CaCl2) with 3 concentrations of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%, calcium chloride with 3 mentioned concentrations 0.05% Boric Acid, and three commercial calcium fertilizer, Calsiogreen (34% Ca), Calboron (34% Ca 1% B) and Set (8% Ca 0.5% B), and control. Pre-harvest fruit drop, some of fruit quantitative and qualitative traits, potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and boron (B) content, as well as some antioxidant enzymes activities including Catalase (CAT), Ascorbic peroxidase (APX), and Super oxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Results showed that almost all of Ca treatments (single, in combination with B and even commercial Ca fertilizers) comparing to the control, decreased pre-harvest fruit drop, bruising and russetting incidence as well as fruit color but increased firmness, pH, ascorbic acid, Ca and B as well as antioxidant enzymes activities. Combined treatments of Ca and B performed better results or had no significant difference with single Ca treatments in many of evaluated fruit characteristics. However, there were no significant differences among different concentrations of Calcium chloride as well as between calcium chloride and commercial Ca fertilizers in most of the measured fruit characteristics but generally calcium chloride of 0.75% combined with 0.05% boric acid was the best treatment.

Apple (Malus Miller) belongs to Rosacease family and Pomoideae subfamily. Current apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is a complex hybrid of the apple species. Chromosomal basis of this subfamily are x = 17 and the ploidy levels have been reported for diploid (2n = 34), triploid (2n = 51) and tetraploid (2n = 68). Since Iran is close to the apple diversity regoin (Central Asia), it enjoys a good variation in apple varieties. Despite the high variation in apple cultivars and species in Iran, there is not still a database of genome size. Classification of plants according to their genome size, especially at lower taxonomic levels is important for breeders. Over the past years, several methods for estimation of nuclear DNA content (genome size) was common, but recently, the use of flow cytometry (FCM) has been increasingly used. Flow cytometry is the best method to estimate DNA c-value and ploidy levels in apples. In this study, DNA c-Value and ploidy level of Iranian apple varieties has been estimated by flow cytometry and Propidum iodide staining. Also, given the high levels of phenolic compounds in apples, treating with PVP and PVP1% were performed to evaluate the effect of phenolic compounds on genome size. Finally, Histogram analysis and DNA c-value estimation were done with two software, Partec FlowMax and Flowing software. The difference between means was obtained using SAS software ver. 9.2 and LSD tests. The results showed that all studied cultivars were diploid and genome size obtained from Partec FlowMax ranged from 1.73 to 1.57 pg.

Tissue culture is one of the common methods for propagation of apple clones. However, low survival and poor growth of these plants, after transplanting, limit the widespread use of this technique. The success rate of this method can be increased by using bioagents such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). In this study, effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and culture media on growth and establishment were studied in acclimatization stage of micropropagated MM106 plants. This study was carried out in greenhouse conditions as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design (RCD) with two factors including four levels of mycorrhiza species (Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus intradices Glomus mosseae and control) and three levels of substrates (peat moss, perlite, peat moss perlit) with four replications. After 15 weeks, some characteristics were measured. Results showed that symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi specially Glomus intraradices could increase plant height, leaf number, roots dry and fresh weight, leaf chlorophyll, Phosphorus, Iron and Zinc levels. Height and fresh weight of roots were increased (1.63 and 1.91 times, respectively) in inoculated plants with Glomus intraradices compared to control. Also, the heightest amount of measured characteristics (except leaf area) was obtained in inoculated plants with AMF and peat moss substrate.

Silicon has useful effects on growth and yield of many plants. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of nano silicon oxide on proliferation and improvement of some growth traits of apple, cultivar Gala. Thus, an experiment was designed based on completely randomized design (CRD) with five levels of nano silicon oxide concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 & 200 ppm) in five replications. The means were compared with Duncan̓s Multiple Range Test. Results showed that nano silicon increased fresh and dry weight, length of shoots, number of shoots, and chlorophyll index, in which the highest amount of was observed at 100 ppm silicon oxide. According to the result of this investigation; 100 ppm silicon oxide can be added to MS medium to improve in vitro growth and proliferation rate of cultivar Gala apple explants.

Effect of three different levels of Fe-EDDHA foliar application and soil application of nitrogen on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of apple (cv. Fuji) grafted on Maling-9 was evaluated. This experiment carried out at the experimental field of Tehran University, in 2013. The factorial experiment was carried out as randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that iron application separately increased total phenolic content and dry matter (%) but had no significant effect on other physiochemical parameters. Nitrogen application separately increased fruit firmness, total phenolic content, dry matter, fruit length, peel yellowness and decreased ascorbic acid and peel blush. Interaction effect of iron and nitrogen on the fruit firmness, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid, dry matter, yield, fruit height and peel color parameters like a, b was significant. It can be concluded that, nitrogen application at 60 mg/kg in each tree was suitable for improving the quality indexes for this cultivar but three doses of iron in this study were dilute for improving the quality indexes of the fruit.

This study was carried out to examine the effects of kaolin spray for reducing the adverse effects of high radiation and temperature, especially on fruit sunburn in apple. Treatments were four concentration of kaolin (0, 2, 4, and 6%) and two important and commercial apple cultivars in Fars province; ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Starking Delicious’. Trees physiological parameters, fruit sunburn and fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics were measured. Results showed that as kaolin concentration increase, net photosynthesis was increased and leaf temperature and transpiration were decreased in both cultivars. Incensement of kaolin concentration lead to reduced sunburn symptoms in both cultivars but ‘Starking Delicious’ showed more sunburn than ‘Golden Delicious. Kaolin treatments (with no differences among them) improved almost all of fruit quantitative parameters in comparison to control. Among fruit qualitative characteristics, kaolin treatments increased dry mater and background color and reduced russeting and water core incidence. Kaolin spray didn’t have any significant effect on fruit firmness, total soluble solids, acidity and surface color. Regarding mentioned results, it could be concluded that kaolin spray can be a useful approach to reduce adverse effects of high irradiation and temperature in apple orchards.

Training systems and calcium foliar application can improve apple fruits pigmentation by changing mineral compositions. In this study, effect of foliar application of calcium chloride with different concentrations (0, 0.75, 1.5 and 3 g L-1) over 2, 4 and 6 weeks before harvest time on fruit mineral nutrient composition and colour values of apple cvs. Gala and Delbarestival which trained in three different systems (V shape, HighTech and Cordon) was investigated. The results showed that training systems and calcium foliar application had a significant effect on apple fruit mineral nutrient composition and colour values. Apple fruit cv. Gala which treated V- shape and HighTech showed suitable pigmentation as compare to cordon, but the favorite fruits pigmentation was found in Delbarestival, when trained in High Tech. Furthermore, the highest calcium concentration was found at V- shape and HighTech for Gala fruits and HighTech for Delbarestival. Calcium foliar application could increase significantly fruit peel a* value that means anthocyanin pigment synthesis and red colour production. Phosphorous and potassium contentin ‘Delbarestival’ fruits were sprayed to 1.5 g L-1 calcium increased but their content decreased in higher concentration of calcium application. Overall, the results showed that color improvement of ‘Gala’ apple fruits in HighTech and V shape systems and ‘Delbarestival’ fruits in HighTech system which spray 1.5 g L-1 calcium at three times could be due to increasing calcium concentration in fruits.

A group of morphological, pomological traits and fruit set percent were studied for two years in two different groups of coetaneous healthy and infected trees of ‘Jonagold’, ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ pruned in spindle form and grown in Horticultural Research Station and Post-harvest Laboratory of Horticulture Department under Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. Evaluations made on flower production per cultivar and its relative conversion coefficient to fruit in successive biological growth stages including 1 week after bloom end, June drop stage and 2 weeks before ripening time to study preservation of fruit produced demonstrated that fruit set percent and yield per tree were both higher in control than infected ones. Analysis of variances of the data regarding the traits of fruit length and fruit length/diameter ratio, stalk length, eye cavity depth, stalk cavity depth, lenticels number, TSS, TA in ‘Jonagold’; Internode number of annual branches and TA in ‘Golden Delicious’, (2010); Internode length of annual branches in ‘Gala’ (2011) were always higher in healthy trees and these differences were statistically significant for all the mentioned traits. Although a virus control certificate had already been issued to the healthy trees, ELISA test was performed randomly for TmRSV and ApMV on the relative leaf extracts, confirming the plants’ health status four years after transplantation in the experimental orchard.

Among micronutrients, iron plays an important role in plant nutrition. Iron deficiency which appears more in young leaves as iron-chlorosis, has been considered as one of the most important nutritional insufficiency in plants severely affecting yield and crop quality. In this study, two iron sources including iron sulfate and iron chlate (Fe-EDTA) were applied to apple ‘Red Delicious’, peach ‘Anjiri’ and nectarine ‘Moghan’ trees with iron deficiency through adding to the soil, foliar spray and bark injection. Experiments were carried out for any of fruits separately in randomized complete block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications. In the soil application method, 50 g of each iron source was separately added to the soil surrounded each tree in early June and well-mixed. In foliar spray and bark injection methods, 0.5% of each iron source was applied three times separately (early June and repeated twice every four weeks). The intensity of leaf chlorosis and the leaf color changes were visually monitored and recorded during the experiments and the amount of chlorophyll in leaves was measured by spectrophotometer after fruit harvest. The amount of active and total iron of the leaves was also determined using an atomic absorption instrument. Iron treatments had significant effects on the chlorophyll content as well as active and total iron of the leaves in all tree fruits. The lowest amounts of leaf chlorophyll and active iron was obtained from the control (no fertilizer) and the highest amounts belonged to the bark injection of iron sulfate, while the highest amount of leaf total iron in the apple and peach trees obtained from the control and in the nectarine trees belonged to the iron sulfate bark injection.

The investigations were carried out in 2007 on the fruit of 7 native early-ripening apple cultivars grown in Karaj climatic conditions، harvested in two phenological stages of maturity and ripenning. The harvested samples were stored at (0 ± 0. 5) C and (85 ± 5) % of humidity. The measured sensorial traits consisted in: aroma، flavor، sweetness، flesh quality and general acceptability achieved by an experienced group of panelists in the predefined temporal intervals during cold storage. Biochemical tests were computed for determination of pH، TA and TSS. The factorial experiment was defined within completely randomized design. The results showed significant differences at 1% probability for most of the evaluated sensorial traits between two picking phases، among cultivars and also in temporal intervals of cold storage. The highest level of storage potential meaning as quality conservation was found in ''Mashad''، ''Gol Bahar'' and ''Golab-e-Kohanz'' descentely for the first picking or maturity phase، while it was shown that the fruit picked at ripening better sensorial qualities were determined in the decreaing order as: ''Golab-e-Isfahan''، ''Golab-e-Kohanz''، ''Gol Bahar''، ''Ghermez-e-Rezaieh''، ''Mashad'' and ''Assali''. More oscillations of sensorial traits were assessed in the first harvest samles of the early cultivars related to the ripening time. Considering، genetic variability of the plant material and observed qualitative oscillations during different temporal stages of storage it was concluded that highest climacteric point was always occurred at the middle intervals of storage. Higher flavor index was registered in the first intervals of storage for the samples picked at second phase. Ulterior comparative results of panel tests in different temporal intervals for maturity and ripening phases demonstrated that superior levels of sensorial quality registered at riprning was gradually decreased، meaning that no significant difference were observed in the long storage periods of the sensorial values for both of the picking phases.

In order to analysis the parentage of offsprings from a controlled crosses, recognizingseedlings from unwanted pollination and evaluation of homogeneity of the analyzed trees, 30 seedlings of the cross (‘Red Spur’ × ‘Golab-e- Kohanz’) and the cultivars ‘Red Spur’, ‘Golden Smoothee’, ‘Gerany smith’, ‘Golab-e-Kohanz’ and ‘Shafi Abadi’ as probable parents were evaluated with microsatellite markers. From 13 pair of microsatellite primers, CH01d018, CH03d07, CH02g01 and Col pair primers could separate actual parents of these offsprings from the other cultivars using exclusion method and likelihood based assignment method. Allele distribution among the offsprings determined their codominant mode of inhertance and no significant differences with Mendelian codominant ratio were observed using chi-square test. The results of this experiment could recognize a progeny from an unwanted cross. In each parent cultivar, between several trees used as plant materials no difference was observed using microsatellite analysis.

Phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables have an important role in the prevention ofcardiovascular disease and different types of cancers. This property is due to their antioxidant activity. Apple fruit is known as a rich source of phenolic compounds. In this study, total phenolics, some classes of flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and antioxidant activity of the peel of two Iranian apple cultivars including ‘Mashhad’, ‘Mashhad-e noori’, and two imported cultivars namely ‘Starking’ and ‘Jonathan’ were investigated. Results showed a significant variation among the studied cultivars regarding the amount of all studied cases except for cyanidin 3-galactoside. The peel of ‘Mashhad’ cultivar had the highest chlorogenic acid and phloridzin and that of ‘Jonathan’ had the highest catechin, quercetin 3-galactoside and cyanidin 3-galactoside. Analysis of regression of total phenolics and antioxidant activity data showed that there was a positive relation between total phenol and antioxidant activity of peel. The highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity were found in ‘Jonathan’ followed by ‘Starking’, ‘Mashhad-e noori’ and ‘Mashhad’.