جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « olive » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

 Olive tree, with a thousand years of cultivation history, is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran and has always played an important economical role for orchardists. In olive orchards traits such as an increased formation of incomplete flowers, low yield of fruits and oil are often found as major problems. It should be noted that these traits are affected by numerous environmental and management factors from which the nutrition status is one of the most important ones. Proper nutrition plays an important role in both olive fruit and oil yield. There is a wide range of fertilizer compounds with different formulas and efficiencies available in the world market, among which nano-products are becoming increasingly popular. However, there is limited information on their efficacy in different plant species.

In order to evaluate the impact of fertilizers on olive cultivation, a research was conducted during two successive years from 2019 to 2020 in a commercial orchard on 15 year old olive tree cv. ‘Zard’, in Manjil city of Guilan province. Foliar application included five treatments using two types of fertilizers; nano (nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium: nano-NK) and chemical fertilizers (urea and potassium nitrate; NK). Treatments involved application of two concentrations from each fertilizers sources; 1.02g and 0.81g (nano-N1K1 and N1K1), 1.36 g and 1.08 g (nano-N2K2 and N2K2) of pure nitrogen and potassium, respectively. Foliar application was conducted in four stages bud-swelling, before blooming, pit hardening and shortly after harvest of table olive. Spraying with water was considered as the control. The nano-chelated fertilizers were obtained from Khazra Company, Teheran, Iran (http://en.khazra.ir). Spraying with water was considered as control. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with three replications. The measurement of leaf nutrient status and its chlorophyll and carbohydrate contents were carried out at two times each growing season; in August (during pit hardening stage) and October (shortly after the harvest of table olive). At the green ripening stage, fruits were collected and weighted to determine fruit yield. At the end of the experiment quantity and quality traits of oil were measured.

 The results showed that the trees under N2K2 treatment had the highest yield. In terms of mineral content, both forms of fertilizers increased the concentration of nitrogen and potassium leaf elements compared to the control trees. Chlorophyll content was affected by nano-N1K1 foliar application and carbohydrate content was affected by nano-N1K1 in the pit hardening stage and nano-N2K2 in shortly after the harvest of table olive. Nano-N1K1 treatment with the lower crop load not only increased oil content but also improved quality characteristics of olive oil (free fatty acids, peroxide value, specific ultraviolet absorbance K232, K270 and contents of pigments), total phenol content, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid composition. Generally, the results showed that olive trees responded well to fertilizer feeding. These trees produced better crop and higher quality oil in comparison with control trees. According to the results, fruit yield is better under urea and potassium nitrate treatment, and the quality of olive oil is more stable after nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium foliar application. It seems that the reason for the high amount of fruit yield with N2K2 in comparison to the slow-release property of nano-fertilizers is that using nitrogen and potassium in the form of ordinary chemical fertilizer regulates the biosynthesis, conversion and rapid translocation of assimilates and mineral elements into reproductive structures, which resulted in soaring yield. We assumed that nano-N1K1 foliar spray in the pit hardening stage and shortly after the fruit harvest for table olive might export the assimilation into the fruit to fulfill cell metabolism requirements for oil synthesis.

 The current findings indicated that two of four treatments, i.e. nano-N1K1 and N2K2, could be more effective on olive trees in terms of general fruit and oil attributes. It was remarkable that nano treatment with a lower concentration could provide adequate beneficial effects on quality characteristics of olive oil and is in line with good management strategies regarding the preservation of the environment. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first report considering the application of nano-chelated nitrogen and potassium and their is use as a foliar application on olive trees. Additional studies would be necessary to further optimize the concentration and timing of the applications with these new formulations.

Fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content are the most important factors to determine the photosynthetic capacity during the life of plants. In this research, the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles was investigated on the characteristics of RWC, membrane stability, photosynthetic pigments and the functioning of photosystem II under sodium chloride salinity stress conditions in five olive cultivars. Two olive cultivars (Koroneiki and Conservalia as salinity-resistant and sensitive controls, respectively) and three selected genotypes (Deira, Kolahfaraj and Shiraz) at two levels of salinity (0 and 150 mM sodium chloride) and three levels of nanoparticles of SiO2 (0, 1 and 2 mM) were investigated. The results showed that in all investigated cultivars, membrane stability and relative water content decreased in sodium chloride salinity treated plants. On the other hand, the application of SiO2 nanoparticles increased the relative water content, membrane stability and the amount of photosynthetic pigment in both control and salinity conditions. Shiraz genotype is more tolerant to sodium chloride salinity due to its superiority in most traits related to salinity tolerance compared to other cultivars. The results showed that application of SiO2 nanoparticles increased photosynthetic pigments under salinity stress. In general, it can be concluded that salinity stress reduced the content of photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, membrane stability and also the performance of photosystem II, and SiO2 nanoparticles improved these traits. It seems that the application of SiO2 at a concentration of 2 mM reduces the destructive effects of sodium chloride salinity stress in the studied olive cultivars.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important horticultural crop for oil production. This study was conducted to evaluate the flowering characteristics of more than 90 native olive genotypes and cultivars. It was performed for two years (2011-2012) at Tarom Olive Research Station. The studied traits included the flowering time, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of perfect flowers, fruit set in self-pollination and open pollination and pollen germination rate. The results showed that the earliest opening time of flowers was related to genotypes Qg13, Qg28 and cultivar of Koroneiki and the latest flowering time was in Bash genotype. Flowering time interval between the first and last genotype lasted 18 days. The average number of flowers per inflorescence was 20.52 flowers. Among the olive genotypes and cultivars, the number of perfect flowers varied from 0.7% to 50.9%. The effect of canopy direction was significant on number of flowers in inflorescence and percentage of perfect flowers. Most of genotypes and cultivars had high self-compatibility in pollination and 12% of genotypes had severe self-incompatibility. In open pollination, the lowest final fruit set was related to genotype Tmo1 with 0.1% and the highest was related to cultivar Arbequina with 4%. In pollen germination, the genotype Tmo1 with 4.8% had the lowest and genotypes of D1, Qg18 with 88% had the highest pollen germination. The genotype Tmo1 had abnormal flowers with without filament of stamens and attached anthers.

In order to investigate the effects of kaolin foliar application on pomological and yield characteristics of some olive cultivars in Kermanshah province, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was olive cultivars at six levels (Amphisis, Seville, Roughani, Manzanillo, Konservolia and Zard) and the second factor was kaolin at three levels (zero as control (foliar application with water) and 2 and 4%). Two stages of complete foliar application of olive trees with kaolin, in mid-July and August (due to warm and dry weather during this period and accumulation oil in olive at the same time) was carried out. Recording of reproductive traits including fruit and oil yield, fruit weight, fruit dimensions, fresh and dry weight of pulp, percentage of dry matter and moisture content of fruit, fresh and dry weight of pit, pit dimensions and percentage of oil in wet and dry matter was recorded in different treatments. The results showed that the response of the studied olive cultivars to foliar application of different levels of kaolin was different. The highest fruit yield per hectare and fruit weight were obtained in Konservolia cultivar and 4% kaolin foliar application and the lowest yield and fruit weight were observed in Roughani cultivar. In all studied cultivars, kaolin foliar application increased fruit weight and yield per hectare. Therefore, by using kaolin foliar application in two stages of fruit growth, it is possible to improve the pomological and yield characteristics of different olive cultivars in warm and semi-warm regions of the country.

Olive consumption has been steadily increasing in recent years, due to the increase in consumption, attention to quality has become very important, so that researchers in various ways seek to maintain and improve the quality of the product of this plant. This experiment was designed and performed to investigate the effect of glycine betaine and salicylic acid on photosynthetic properties, macro elements, compounds in Leaf and fruit characteristics of three olive cultivars in a factorial experiment with three factors glycine betaine (water, 10 and 20 mM) and salicylic acid (water, 3 and 6 mM) and cultivars (Arbequina, Koroneiki and Conservolia). During this study were evaluated the flower characteristics, inflorescence, initial and final fruit formation percentage, fruit characteristics, Compounds in Leaf, photosynthesis, transpiration, chlorophyll and gas exchange. Proved the effect of glycine betaine, salicylic acid and cultivar on leaf elements and compounds was significant and the highest amount of total phenol observed in Koroneiki cultivar and 10 mM glycine betaine and 3 mM salicylic acid treatment. In the study of the effect of treatments on photosynthesis, transpiration, chlorophyll and gas exchange of leaves, it found that 20 mM glycine betaine treatment without salicylic acid and 10 mM glycine betaine combined with 6 mM salicylic acid had a positive effect on photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Finally, this study confirmed the increasing effects of glycine betaine and salicylic acid on indices such as leaf phenol, photosynthesis and water use efficiency under stress-free conditions.

Boron deficiency can be a limiting factor for flowers and fruits formation in some olive orchards. The appropriate time of boron foliar application in different areas and cultivars needs more investigations. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of spraying with an optimum concentration of boron (350 mg/l) at different phenological stages: after fruit harvest in autumn (first stage), the onset of flower bud formation in winter (second stage), during anthesis in spring (third stage), alone or in combination, on flowering  and fruit formation in three olive cultivars (Bella di, Mission and Koroneiki). The characteristics such as inflorescences number, total flowers number, complete and incomplete flowers percent, final fruit-set, percentage of pollen germination, and leaf and inflorescence boron content were evaluated. Boron spraying increased the percentage of pollen germination in all three cultivars compared to control. Spraying  in first stage and in combination of the first and the second stages increased the total number of flowers and inflorescences in Koroneiki and in combination of all three stages increased these characteristics in Mission. Bella di with spraying in second stage and in combination of second and third stages, and Koroneiki in third stage had the highest percent of complete flowers. The highest percent of fruit-set was observed in combination of the first and the third stages, and in combination of the second and the third stages in Koroneiki and then in combination of all three stages in Mission. Spraying in combination of the second and the third stages increased leaf and inflorescence boron contend in all three cultivars.

In this research the interaction effects of NaCl and nitrogen concentrations, on some physiological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Abou-Satal, Arbequina and Conservolia) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as factorial with four NaCl levels (0, 40, 80, and 160 mM) along with three (NH4)2SO4  levels (0, 200, and 400 mg L-1) based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Salinity had a statistically significant negative effect on responses considered, although the severity of the effect varied among cultivars. High concentration of salinity decreased the plant height, leaf number, root and leaf K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration of root and leaf, K, Ca, Mg and P both of root and leaf while increased the root and leaf Na and Cl concentration. Increasing N levels to 200 mg L-1 has improved the plant height and leaf number. At 200 mg L-1 N concentration, Na, Cl and Ca root and leaf were decreased whereas, K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration also K, Mg and P of root and leaf were increased. It can be concluded that under salinity condition increasing N concentration up to 200 mg L-1 in salt sensitive cultivars to salinity is favorite in counteracting the adverse effects of salinity but the further increase of N concentration (400 mg L-1) may be ineffective or harmful for the growth of olive plants. In this experiment, investigation cultivars responses to salinity showed that cv. Abou-Satal is a highly resistant at highest salinity level (160 mg L-1), also cv. Arbequina is semi-sensitive and cv. Conservolia is a sensitive to salinity condition.

In order to investigate the effects of putrescine on growth and development of olive fruits an experiment was conducted on Olea europaea ‘Fishomi Tokhme- Kabki’ trees in 2017 and 2018.The treatments included control (normal fruits and shotberries), normal fruits, shotberries, normal fruits with putrescine at 3 and 6 mM and shotberries with putrescine at 3 and 6 mM were sprayed on uniform branches two weeks after full bloom. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruit set and physical characteristics of the fruit (average weight, length, diameter, flesh weight, pit weight and flesh /pit ratio of 10 fruits) were measured. The results showed that putrescine spraying increased total weight of normal fruits. Application of putrescine at 3 and 6 mM increased the weight and number of normal fruits at harvest time. Shotberry fruits caused the production of the highest total number of flower and complete flower in the next year compared to the other treatments. The normal fruit with different concentrations of putrescine had no significant effect on the formation of flower in the next year. Application of putrescine at 6 mM L-1 on shotberries showed that total number of flowers and complete flowers were increased in the return year.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an ever-green and drought-tolerant tree grown on regions with limited water resources to produce oil and table products. Due to existing appropriate environmental conditions in our country for its growing, and also considering public desperate needs to its oil product, olive is economically considered to be an important fruits to be cultivated. The problem of supplying sufficient water for irrigation olive orchards, due to serious threats of ongoing drought and reduction in water resources, is one of the main limiting factors on the way to develop olive industry in country. Accordingly, some suitable approaches like using tolerant cultivars, mulches, reduction of plant transpiration, plant growth regulators, and recently evaluating proper time for irrigation have been examined to increase efficiency of water use. According to this approach, irrigation schedule is designed mainly based on maintaining plant’s water status internally and regarding maximum level of water potential at particular stages of plant cycling, especially at time of lowest sensitivity of fruit growth to drought stress. So far, many studies performed over effects of drought stress and water deficit on vegetable growth of olive under pot conditions. With respect to establishing olive orchards on different regions of country and appearing serious drought threats, it is imperative to investigate the effects of regulated irrigation deficit on all bearing fruit trees. Hence, determining the insensitive stages of fruit growth toward regulated irrigation deficit has been received great attentions in terms of economical yield. The purposes behind doing the current study were to investigate and compare effects of different regulated deficit irrigations on vegetative and reproductive parameters of olive grown under field conditions. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation regime on vegetative, oil yield and oil content and water use efficiency of zard cultivar under field condition. This experiment was conducted in Javanmiri region (Geographical characters was longitude of 58˚, 45΄ E and latitude of 35˚, 34΄ N and the height of sea level 1215m) located in Kermanshah province. An experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Adult olive zard cultivar was uesd. Each experiment unit consists of three trees. Vegetative and reproductive traits were evaluated according to I.O.O.C. descriptors. five irrigation regimes including of full irrigation (as control), regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing season and no irrigation during pit hardening), irrigation in three stages (before flowering, pit hardening and before harvesting), 60% of full irrigation (continuous deficit irrigation) and no irrigation (Rainfed). To evaluate the effect of irrigation regimes, some vegetative traits including current season growth and current season diameter, dry and fresh oil content, fruit mass percent, oil and fruit yield and water use efficiency were measured. Collected data were analyzed using SAS program. Obtained results showed that the highest oil and fruit yield were observed at full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation (100% of full irrigation during growing and no irrigation during pit hardening, but the lowest one found at Rainfed. The water use efficiency of oil yield of T3 was higher than 100ETc and other treatments. In the arid and semi-arid as well as sub-tropical regions, water shortage is a normal phenomenon and seriously limits the agricultural potential. Therefore, under irrigation or rain-fed conditions, it is important for the available water to be used in the most efficient way. Regulated deficit irrigation is an optimizing strategy under which crops are allowed to sustain some degree of water deficit and yield reduction. During regulated deficit irrigation the crop is exposed to certain level of water stress either during a particular period or throughout the growing season. The main objective deficit irrigation is to increase water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop by eliminating irrigations that have little impact on yield, and to improve control of vegetative growth (improve fruit size and quality). According to the results of this research, it can be concluded that regulated deficit irrigation had a significant effect on reproductive traits. Using regulated deficit irrigation improved pomological characteristics of olive including oil and fruit yield under drought stress and helped to save irrigation water in olive orchards.

In order to study of the genetic variation among some olive cultivars and of identification the best ones, 30 cultivars of Iranian and foreign olive genotypes that cultivated in olive research station of Tarom, Zanjan were evaluated and 36 quantitative and qualitative characters were assessed in this procedure. Variance analysis results illustrated that there was significant difference among examined cultivars for all characters and showed high genetic variation in all the studied cultivars. Results of simple correlation analysis showed the existence of significant positive and negative correlation among some important characters. Stepwise regression showed that yield more than other traits, depended on flower properties, percentage of complete flower and amount of oil in wet matter, while the percent of oil in wet matter depended on fruit phenological variables like the time of fruit color change and fruit maturity. Factors analysis represented that 10 component accounted over 90% of total variances. Pomologic and phenologic characteristics of fruit, characteristics of flower, yield, fruit moisture, amount of oil in dry matter, amount of oil in wet matter and leaf morphologic properties were constituted as main factors. Cluster analyses in the distance of 13 were divided cultivars into 11 clusters. According to high genetic variation among the cultivars, hybridization can be effective to improve yield, amount of oil in wet matter and production of new varieties.

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit crops that, has a huge economic price. The plant is significant in the Mediterranean countries and Iran for table olive and oil. The nutritional requirements of olive are much lower than those of other fruit trees, but shortfall in these needs costs tree important physiological disorder. Fertilization, especially Potassium and micronutrients is a cultivation technique that strongly affects the productivity of olive trees. The amount of oil and fruit quality is effected by the correct nutrition. Leaf spraying is an important tool for correcting food deficiencies and improving the quality of the fruit of the planted olive trees under unsuitable conditions, which provides nutrients directly and as soon as possible to the branches and leaves, or fruit. Studies have shown that leaf feeding with potassium, boron and zinc can be useful for increasing the qualitative and qualities characteristics of fruit in most products, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the present study was aimed to assessing the effect of zinc sulphate, boric acid and potassium sulphate foliar application on oil content and the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fruit of three olive, “Caillet”, “Koroneiki” and “Mission” cultivars in unfavorable temperature conditions in Ahwaz. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of Potassium, Boron and Zinc on the oil content and the qualitative characteristics of the fruit of three olive, “Caillet”, “Koroneiki” and “Mission” cultivars in the olive orchard of Shahid Chamran University in 2016. Spray treatments were included T0 (Distilled water as control),T1 (1000 mg/l boric acid + 1000 mg/l potassium sulfate + 1000 mg/l zinc sulfate) and T2 (2000 mg/l boric acid+2000 mg/l potassium sulfate +2000 mg/l zinc sulfate ) which applied on olive cultivars in four time including a week before the full bloom (the second half of March), two weeks after the full bloom (the first half of April), at pit hardening (the first half of June of the month) and at the stage of oil synthesis and accumulation (first half of July). The research was performed in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications thirty fruits from each tree were harvested, then the qualitative characteristics of fruit such as fruit fresh weight, pit fresh weight, fresh weight of the pulp, pulp/pit ratio, length and diameter of fruit and pit and also, to determine the amount of nutrients in the fruit and 5dry weight of the pulp, the samples were placed an oven for 48 hours at 80°C. After drying, the dry weight of the pulp was calculated, then the samples were completely powdered with the milling machine and the Kjedahl method was used Nitrogen, from a Flame Photo Meter to measure Potassium concentration and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method was used for measuring Zinc and Boron of the available in fruit. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and mean of comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level. The results indicated that the foliar spray had a significant effect on fruit fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of pulp, the ratio of Pulp/Pit weight, Oil content and amount of K, N, B and Zn of fruit, also fruit and pit dimension, but no significant difference in pit fresh weight were observed. Maximum oil content was 23.69% in Koroneiki cultivar sprayed with T1 treatment. Minimum oil content was 19.62% in Mission cultivar treated with distilled water. The highest and lowest rates in most of the studied traits were related to ‘Mission’ cultivar sprayed with T2 treatment and ‘Koroneiki’ cultivar treated with distilled water. The highest oil content was 23.69% in Koroneiki cultivar treated with T1 treatment. The highest amount of fresh weight of fruit (2.48 g) and pulp fresh weight (1.83 g) were obtained in ‘Mission’ cultivar treated with T2.It can be argued that food is responsible for activating cell division in addition to photosynthesis and organic matter transfer, Boron. Zinc and Potassium nutrients are treated trees, interfering with cell division and the synthesis of acid nucleic and increasing the formation and transfer of carbohydrates and by activating carbohydrate enzymes during fruit growth and development, improve the trait fruit. The results of this study indicated that the spraying of the leaves of olive fruit trees, especially with T2 treatment (2000 mg / L of potassium sulfate, zinc sulfate and acid-boric), had the most positive effect on the increase of fruit properties compared to other treatments ,and increased the qualitative and quantitative traits of the fruit. Also, the results indicated that the cultivar had an influence on the characteristics of the fruit and by creating appropriate environmental conditions, especially the supply of nutrients during the growth stage of the fruit. Finally, the Mission cultivar has best response to T2 treatment by spraying of potassium, zinc and boron. There were significant differences between mission cultivar treated with T2 and other cultivars on fresh fruit weight, fresh and dry weight of pulp and fruit oil percentage, as well as the concentration of nutrients in fruit. The improvement in fruit characteristics should be due to the formation of more fruits, larger fruit and more fruit weight due to the role of Zinc and Boron in cell division and prolongation of the cell and increasing the volume of intercellular space in mesocarp cells. Conversely, Koroneiki cultivar showed the least reaction to spraying. Therefore, the characteristics of fruits are different in different cultivars, and the type of cultivars and soluble concentrations are effective on the quality of yield, which implies that leaf application can be used to increase the quality of olive fruit in hot areas.

In order to study the effect of polyamins (PAs) including putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) on growth and quality of olive fruit (Olea europae L. cv. Dezful) an experiment was conducted in Shiraz, Iran (2014 and 2015). Putrescine (0, 2.5 and 5 mM L-1) and Spermidine (0, 1.25 and 2.5 mM L-1) were sprayed on branch units at full bloom (FB) and two weeks after full bloom (AFB). Factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Fruit number, physical characteristics such as fruit and pit size, weight, length and diameter, fruit color and chemical characteristics such as total phenol content, total carbohydrate and chlorophyll a, b were evaluated. The results showed that Put was very effective on decreasing abscised fruits and increased fruit set at FB. Fruit skin color was affected by the type of PAs applied. Total phenol was generally reduced in fruits obtained from PAs treated trees. Total carbohydrate, N, chlorophyll a and b contents and total chlorophyll increased in PAs treated fruit as compared with control. Applications of Put and Spd significantly increased fruit growth characters such as size, weight, length and diameter but decreased weight, length and diameter of the pits compared with control. The highest effect on physical and chemical characters was observed in Put at 5 mM L-1 treatment.

Current research was carried out to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of 14 years old olive oil cultivars named 'Roughani', 'Amphisis' and 'Mission' in Dallaho Olive Research Station of Sarepole Zehab under three irrigation regimes during 2014. Irrigation treatments were included 100 % ETp irrigation (control), deficit irrigation 60 % ETp during the growing season (continuous deficit irrigation) and regulated deficit irrigation (deficit irrigation 60 % ETp during the growing season plus no irrigation during periods of pit hardening and color change). Results indicated lower growth in deficit irrigation treatment. However, higher fruit weight, fruit length, pulp fresh and dry weight, fruit moisture percentage, pit dry weight and pit length were obtained in regulated deficit irrigation treatment in compared to continuous deficit irrigation. There were no significant differences between treatments for pulp/pit dry weight ratio, pulp percentage and dry and oil content in fresh weight. Oil percentage in dry matter was significantly different between irrigation treatments, where the highest oil percentage in dry matter (38.67%) was found in ̒Roughani̕ cultivar under continuous deficit irrigation. Also, this cultivar had the higher oil yield in hectare in comparison to those of 100 % ETp irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation. In ̒Amphesis̕ cultivar, there was no significant difference in oil yield between 100 % ETp and regulated deficit irrigation treatments. Generally, there were different responses between cultivars to irrigation treatment and cv. Amphissis can be introduced as tolerant cultivar under regulated deficit irrigation. Vigorous cultivar (Mission) was more affected under deficit irrigation.

This research was carried out in order to determine the effect of deficit irrigation on physiological and biochemical characteristics of six commercial olive cultivars Mission, Konservolia, Amphisis, Zard, Roughani and Shengeh in field conditions in 2014. The layout was as a factorial experiment in a complete randomized design with three replication and two factors, including olive cultivars and irrigation reginaes. Irrigation treatments were full irrigation, continuous deficit irrigation (irrigation based on 60 percent of full irrigation) and regulated deficit irrigation (irrigation based on 60 percent of full irrigation plus no irrigation during pit hardening and fruit verasion). Some physiological and biochemical traits including relative water content (RWC), ionic leakage, calcium, potassium, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline content, total soluble sugars, phenol and malondialdehyde contents were measured. The results showed that full irrigation treatment increaed RWC, Ca, K, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in olive cultivars. No significant differences were observed in chlorophyll b among different irrigation treatments. Continuous deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation were in the same statistic class in many critical traits including RWC, Ca, K, chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, proline content, total soluble sugars, phenol and malondialdehyde contents. According to the ‘Shengeh’ and ‘Konservalia’, were more tolerance to water stress the olive cultivars highest (RWC), K, chlorophyll and the lowest malondialdehyde content, than other studied cultivars.

Selecting frost tolerant cultivars and understanding the mechanisms of frost tolerance¡ can greatly reduce the amount of frost damage to the olives. Although the olive tree is classified among the most frost-hardy of the subtropical fruit trees¡ olive cultivars may differ in frost tolerance due to the differential survival of their specific organs. The purpose of this study was screening of different Olive cultivars for frost tolerance by means of ion leakage¡ potassium ion leakage¡ and amount of starch¡ soluble sugars¡ proline¡ and phenol in the separated leaves. In this experiment¡ leaf materials were exposed to frost temperatures (0¡ -3¡ -6¡ -12 and -15°C) for one hour and then several factors were measured. Results indicated that „Zard‟ and „Dehghan‟ possess the highest amount of soluble sugars¡ proline¡ phenolic contents and the lowest starch contents¡ ion leakage and potassium ion leakage percentage. In conclution¡ Zard and Dehghan cultivars were the most resistant cultivars and Drak¡ Dakal and Shiraz were the most sensitive cultivars to freezing in the range of investigated temperatures.

One of the fundamental processes in woody plant propagation especially olive is rooting ability of cuttings. Thus the selection of superior trees with desirable genetic structure is essential. Adventitious root formation is a key step in rooting ability. Therefore, identification of inducible genes in these processes is necessary. In this study, for the first time importin genes were identified based on incomplete data of the first linkage map of olive and rooting traits. Generally, importin gene family are contributed to export and import of macromolecules through nuclear pores. Results of qRT-PCR in cross progenies during different time courses showed that importins expression were increased in low rooting than the high rooting progenies, which importin2 gene expression was more tangible. It is suggested that importin genes probably import the rooting inhibitor protein into the cell. Therefore, to select high- and low-rooting olive genotypes in the early stages of development, requires further complementary experiments.