جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کلزا » در نشریات گروه « مکانیزاسیون کشاورزی »

About 30% of the annual losses of agricultural products are caused by pests, diseases, and weeds. Spraying is currently the most common method of their control. At present, various manual and tractor-mounted sprayers are used for spraying. Manual spraying has very low work efficiency and is damaging as the spray might be applied irregularly and consumed by the labor or the product at poisonous levels. Tractor-mounted sprayers are more efficient than manual sprayers and require less labor. However, their use is associated with issues such as compacting the soil or crushing the product. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sprayers have been used to spray farms and orchards. UAV spraying can increase the spraying efficiency by more than 60% and reduce the volume of spray used by 20-30%. Based on the capabilities of the UAV sprayer and the limitations of other current spraying methods, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of the UAV sprayer in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) and compare the results with a turbo liner sprayer.

In the present research, the UAV sprayer is studied as a new method of spraying to fight Brevicoryne brassicae (L.). The results were technically and economically evaluated and compared with the control group and that of the turbo liner sprayer (the conventional method of spraying canola in Iran). The experiment was triplicated with a completely randomized design and three treatments of UAV sprayer, turbo liner sprayer, and control (no spraying). Field tests were conducted on the canola crop at the stemming stage where at least 20% of the plants were infected. The measured parameters included drift, spraying quality, field capacity, field efficiency, energy consumption, and spraying efficiency.

Based on the results, the spray volume consumed by UAV and turbo liner sprayers was equal to 11.1 and 187.6 liters per hectare, respectively. The particle drift in spraying with UAV sprayer and turbo liner sprayer were 53.3% and 80%, respectively. Moreover, the quality coefficient of UAV and turbo liner sprayers were 1.15 and 1.21, respectively. Therefore, the farm efficiency of the UAV sprayer and turbo liner sprayer was equal to 51.4% and 32.3%, respectively. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, immediately after spraying, there was no statistically significant difference between the average density of pests of the three treatments. However, three, seven, and 14 days after spraying, there was a significant difference between the control treatment and the spraying treatments. The density of pests in the plots sprayed with UAV and turbo liner sprayers was lowered to less than 100 pests per stem, whereas in the control treatment, the density varied between 250-700 pests per stem. A comparison of the average efficiency of the UAV sprayer and turbo liner sprayer with the t-test showed that both sprayers had managed to control the population of pests and 14 days after the spraying, the efficiency of the UAV sprayer was higher than that of the turbo liner sprayer.

The spray volume consumed by the turbo liner sprayer was 17 times the UAV sprayer. The spray drift was about 34% more in spraying with the turbo liner sprayer than the UAV sprayer. The field efficiency of the UAV sprayer was 59.1% more than the turbo liner sprayer. The energy consumption per hectare of the turbo liner sprayer was 7 times the energy consumption of the UAV sprayer. UAV sprayer’s efficiency reached 92.7 % 14 days after spraying.UAV sprayer is recommended for controlling Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) due to its high efficiency, low drift, low spray volume and energy consumption, and superior spraying quality. To improve the performance of the UAV sprayer for controlling Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), a flight height of 1-1.5 meters from the top of the crop, a flight speed of less than 7 m s-1, and a maximum spraying speed of 4 m s-1 are recommended. Additionally, it is possible to prevent the spread of the pest in the stemming stage by spraying the field in an earlier stage.

Introduction:

 One of the most important needs in crop planning is the evaluation of different systems of plant nutrition. plant nutrition in a correct way can preserve the environment and increase efficiency of agricultural inputs. Humic acid contains many nutrients that increase the soil fertility and soil organic matter content and thus affect plant growth and yield. In the present study, the effect of soil and foliar application as well as fertigation application of humic acid on iron and phosphorous availability of canola (Hyola 308) was evaluated.

Materials and Methods :

The soil was air-dried and ground to pass through a 2-mm sieve and then was analyzed to determine soil physical and chemical properties using standard methods. A greenhouse experiment was carried out with 10 treatments in four replications. Treatments include humic acid soil application at three levels (1, 2 and 4 g.kg-1 soil), foliar application at three levels (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4%) and three fertigation levels (1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1) and control). Soil application in the form of humic acid powder and in cropping time based on the soil weight of the pots and for spraying and use along with irrigation water, each of the spraying and together with irrigation water levels is divided into three equal parts and in three stages (plant establishment, stem elongation and flowering). At the end of growth period (for 139 days), vegetative growth indices were determined and then plants were harvested and stem and leaves were separated. Phosphorous content in plant extracts was measured by molybdate vanadate method (yellow method) and iron concentration in the samples was determined by atomic absorption (AAS-Unicam-919). Statistical analysis was conducted via SAS software and mean comparisons carried out by LSD test at 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion:

 Results show that the application methods and the different levels of humic acid had significant impacts (p < 0.01) on the all parameters but they had no significant effects on the numbers of leaves. The maximum leaf fresh weight was 4.34 gr per plant which obtained water irrigated treatments with 2000 mg/lit. However, there was no significant difference between water irrigation with 4000 and 2000 mg/lit humic acid concentrations. Besides, maximum leaf dry weight was 0.37 gr in the plant that was water irrigated with 4000 mg/lit, however there was no significant difference between water irrigation with 4000 and 2000 mg/lit humic acid concentrations. Also, the maximum stem dry and fresh weight was 5.92 and 1.53 gr which observed in water irrigated with 2000 mg/lit. The application methods and the different levels of humic acid had significant impact (p<0.01) on the content and absorption of Fe and P excluding the Fe content in the root. The maximum Fe content in stem and seed were 321.25 and 85 mg/kg was observed in the treatment of humic acid with water irrigation of 2000 mg/lit. Also, in the treatment of spraying with 0.4 % of humic acid, the maximum of Fe concentration (245.46 mg/kg) was obtained. The humic acid molecules can pass from the cell membranes and cause iron reduction in the Apoplast and increase the availability of Fe. Because of the reduction effect of humic acid on the availability and accumulation of Fe in the plant tissue, increasing in the Fe absorption with humic acid treatment is observed. The increase in the accumulation of Fe by humic material might be due to the releasing phenolic material in the root rhizosphere. The maximum P concentration in the leaf, stem and seed were 0.40, 0.72 and 0.897 respectively that was observed in the treatment of water irrigation with 2000 mg/lit with humic acid. Due to the availability of phosphorus and other nutrients for wheat, humic acid increases the plant yield in the reproductive stage of seeding.

Conclusion :

Results of the study show that humic acid can ameliorate the negative effect of a large amount of phosphorus on iron availability. In fact, humic acid, due to providing nutritional balance for the plant, prevents negative effects caused by the high amounts of specific elements such as phosphorus. Also, the results showed that all three humic acid application methods increased vegetative growth parameters, and iron and phosphate availability for canola plant compared to control. But in general, 2000 mg/L acid humic with irrigation water was more effective than two methods of soil and foliar application.

In order to study the effects of tillage, crop residue, and super absorbent on canola seedling emergence and yield, an experiment was conducted in Izeh region, east of Khuzestan in 2014. A strip spilt plot design was applied in form of randomized complete block using 3 replications.. The main treatments consisted of three tillage conventional tillage (moldboard plow and disk) reduced tillage (combination tillage and disk) and no tillage(direct seeding). Secondary treatments were different amounts of super absorbent (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg/ha), and the third treatment was 2 levels of wheat residue (60% and 0%). Reduced tillage method with 66.25% showed the maximum seedling emergence compared to no-till treatment (7.59%). The maximum seedling emergence (68.94%) was achieved from 90 kg/ha super absorbent. Reduce tillage method with 1674 kg/ha and no-tillage with 1134 kg/ha showed the maximum and the minimum yield respectively. Finaly, the results were shown that superabsorbent and crop residues were affected in increased soil moisture content and grain yield

One of the limitations regard to input use in agriculture is various emissions that have negative effects on natural environment. In this research, environmental impacts in canola production and transportation to oil extracting factory gate in Ardabil Providence were studied based on life cycle assessment considering four scenarios including central and north regions and Moghan Agro-Industrial & Livestock Co. with surface and sprinkler irrigation methods. The required information in this study was gathered using questionnaires and interviews with farmers and staffs of the related organizations in Ardabil Province. The results of life cycle assessment showed that nitrogen fertilizer, fuel and electricity inputs had the highest share of environmental indicators. Also, indicator normalization showed that free water ecotoxicity, eutrophication, acidification and global warming had more environmental impacts than other indicators.

One of the most important agricultural crops is rape seed oil as its special features can play an important role in the agricultural region. Due to the presence of more than 40% oil and 25% protein in the grain can play an important role in the supply of edible oil. After determining of various factors such as uniformity of planting depth, evenness between shrub, plant height and grain yield concluded that Nordsten drill along the seeding density of 75 cm for mechanized planting is acceptable yield. Afzali nia et al. (1999) in one study aimed to assess the performance of common grain drills in Iran in Zarghan area in Fars Province showed that differences between treatments in terms of seed distribution uniformity factor, plant population per unit area and yield product is not significant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and select the most suitable types of canola planter and variable seed rate planting density and aims to increase the canola cultivated area by the highest yield.
Moghan Plain, located in the north areas of Ardebil province, is considered as an important areas of canola planting in Iran. This study was performed in the agricultural research center of Ardabil Province (Moghan) (39°39´N; 48°88´E; 78 m a.s.l.) in Northwest of Iran. To evaluate different planters with varied seed rates on canola yield. The experimental design was carried out in a randomized complete block design with strip splits (varied seed rates 6, 8 and10 kg per hectare and different drills consist of B1: Barzagar Hamadani drill (conventional method) B2: Amazon drill pals teeth harrow, B3: Gaspardo drill pals teeth harrow and B4: Agromaster drill) and four replications. To investigatethe different treatments in the experiment, various parameters such as percent germination, seeding uniformity of width and depth intervals, plant establishment, effective field capacity, fuel consumption rate andgrain yield were measured.
The evaluation of results of drill types showed that there was significant difference between the planters type and other performance parameters. Different planters with varied seed rates also had significant effects on germination at 1% probability level and B4 had maximum percentage of seed germination (89.45%). Uniformity of seed distribution was found to be the highest for B4 in vertical distribution uniformity (72.62%) and inter-row uniformity (84.25%). The analysis of variance for two years showed that the grain yield and establishment of seed were significantly affected by year. Result of variance analysis for yield indicated that there was a significant difference between planting machines in 1% of probability level. Therefore, maximum yield in this experiment related to B4 with 2672 kg ha-1. The results of technical and economic comp ration indicate that the added net income of B4, was 4940 thousand Rails per hectare compared to the conventional method.
Results showed that the average of yield of the first year was significantly greater than that of the second year. Results indicated that use of B4 lead to the highest of yield 2672 kg ha-1. But in terms of plant height no significance was found. The results of technical and economic comp ration comparison indicated that the added net income from B4, was 4940 thousand Rails per hectare compared to the conventional method. Therefore, considering many factors, the Agromaster drill tested in this study was found to be the best suited planter and therefore is recommended for canola planting in the region.

Seventy million tons of agricultural crops are produced from 18 million hectares of agricultural lands in Iran every year. Since 80% of the crops (wt. basis) ends up as residues, therefore, about 50 million tons of crop residues are generated annually the majority of which is burnt on field leading to vast emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) due to the incomplete combustion process. These residues could potentially be transformed into heat energy directly by adopting a burning process or indirectly by first transforming them into secondary fuel as hydrogen, bio-methane, methanol or ethanol.
The present study was conducted using, wheat and rapeseed straws dried at ambient temperature co-digested with fresh cow dung while the total solid content and detention time were kept constant. To conduct the Anaerobic Digestion (AD) experiments, cylinder reactors (13 L) were constructed and placed in a water bath equipped with a heater and sensor to maintain the temperature at 35±2 oC. The biogas produced in the digester was investigated by measuring the displacement of the water in a measuring tube connected to the reactor. Gas samples were obtained from the sampling port and were analyzed gas chromatograph. The temperature for detector, injector and oven were 170, 110 and 50 oC respectively. Before the test, the first CH4 and CO2 net gases, peaks corresponding percentage was determined with respect to the retention time of the area. Then sample was compared with standard gas and samples gas percentage was determined. The residues were mechanically pretreated using a mill in order to increase the availability of the biomass to enzymes. After the pre-treatment, the material ( A decrease in the process pH was observed in the first few days of the digestion and this is due to high volatile fatty acid (VFA) formation. These results were compatible with sanaee moghadam et al. (2013). The results obtained showed that, the highest rate of VS reduction belonged to rapeseed residues at 52.22%.The lowest rate of VS reduction attributed to wheat residues at 36.79%. The rapeseed residues with 311.45 Lit.kg-1 VS had the highest accumulated methane followed by wheat straw with 167.69.28 L.Kg-1 VS in probability level of 5%. The average percentages of methane production for rapeseed straw and wheat straw during the 140 days experiment under mesophilic condition were 66% and 55%, respectively. Production of methane had delay and started after 46th day. Much reason may be possible. Inoculums used in this study were only fresh cattle dung. The mixture of fresh cattle dung and effluent of anaerobic digester or fresh rumen fluid may be decrease retention time and increase biogas production. According results of Budiyono the rumen fluid inoculated to biodigester significantly affected the biogas production. Rumen fluid inoculums caused biogas production rate and efficiency increase more than two times in compare to manure substrate without rumen fluid inoculums (Budyono et al., 2010). The other reason was pretreatment. This study applied just mechanical pretreatment. According to Cecilia studies, different pretreatment combined with mechanical pretreatment decrease retention time and increase biogas production efficiency (Cecilia et al, 2013). However, Zhang et al. claimed that it is hard to say which method is the best because each has its own strong point and weak point. Yet, until now, none of the pretreatment technologies has found a real breakthrough.
According to this study, rapeseed residues had the highest level of methane production in comparison with wheat residues. The rapeseed residues combine with cattle dung had suitable potential to methane production. The 140 days, Biomaethane Potential (BMP) of rapeseed residues combine with cattle manure had 311. 45 Lit/kg vs. add. Moreover, it had high percentage of VS content reduction (52.22%). The high retention time was observed (140 day). One reason was lack of suitable inoculums and pretreatment. Furthermore, the lingo-cellulose nature of the crop residues, lower will be the biodegrade ability. Furthermore, the anaerobic co-digestion of rapeseed straw with cattle manure is feasible for production of methane.

The objectives of this study at the first step are to analyze energy consumption and economical profitability in canola production in Mazandaran province of Iran and then to investigate environmental emissions of the production using life cycle assessment methodology. At the next step, the corresponding coefficients are applied to investigate environmental indices in canola production. Required data were obtained through interviews with farmers in the counties of Sari, Neka and Behshahr in the province. For investigating environmental emissions Impact 2002 was applied and a single score was obtained. Then the coefficients were applied. The results revealed that there was no difference between the two methods and the results was completely same.

Phytoremediation، a relatively new and an environmentally friendly technology، is the use of plants for the removal of pollutants from contaminated soils. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal (lead، zinc and copper) accumulation of Zea mays، Helianthus annuus، Cannabis sativa and Brassica napus. Plants were grown in two soils; one from Ahangaran Lead-Zinc Mine، and the other from an agricultural soil. The shoot and root dry weight، heavy metal concentrations in shoot and root، translocation factor (TF)، Enrichment factor (EF) and heavy metal fractions were measured. The distribution of different lead and zinc fractions were revealed the following order: residual > carbonate > organic > exchangeable. However، for copper the order was as residual > organic > carbonate > exchangeable. The minimum lead concentration (25. 50 mg kg-1) was observed in Z. mays shoot tissue and the maximum (301. 30 mg kg-1) in C. sativa shoot tissue. Lead TF ranged from 0. 72 to 0. 96 and decreased in the following order: H. annus > C. sativa > B. napus > Z. mays. Zinc TF changed from 0. 70 to 0. 99 and as H. annus > Z. mays> C. sativa > B. napus، and copper TF turned from 0. 49 to 1. 83 and as H. annus > C. sativa > B. napus > Z. mays. The EF value of lead varied from 0. 24 for Z. mays to 0. 48 for C. sativa، from 0. 75 for Z. mays to 1. 01 for H. annus regarding to zinc، and the copper EF value ranged from 0. 39 for C. sativa to 1. 42 in H. annus. Although H. annus and C. sativa accumulated lead more than Z. mays and B. napus، none of the plants was hyperaccumulator for lead، zinc or copper.

The efficiency of oil extraction from oil seeds is affected by seed harvesting time, drying methods, seed storage conditions and finally the means of seed transportation to the factory. To determine the grain moisture content at harvest and its effect on seed while on drying trails, (employing different canola dryers), a study was conducted in Mazandaran province in 2009. A factorial complete randomized design of 6 replications along with a factorial complete randomized block design of 3 replications were applied for an analysis of grain quality and as well as for energy consumption respectively. Levels of moisture content consisted of 15, 20 and 25 percent (wb) and the dryer systems included: oar, LSU and steam for drying up of the seeds. The results indicated that the loss in the product following drying was found to be in the range of 0.4%-1.8% for removal of impurity. Reduction due to grain immaturity ranged from 1.3% to 2.3% and the ranges of loss due to damaged seeds and seed oil content stood at 1.9%-0.5% and 2.6%-1.2% respectively. The results revealed that the value of energy utilization, energy utilization ratio, thermal efficiency and drying capacity varied as: 682.45-171.41 KJ/s, 0.634-0.285, 14.2%-25.29% and 7.59-1.26 Ton/h respectively. Finally it was shown that a 15% grain moisture content at harvest time and the seed being dried by a steam dryer to be the most suitable treatment for the conditions in which the experiment was conducted.

Several methods are used to decrease seed drying time and enhance the quality of dried seeds. In fluidization methods, good aeration occurs during the drying process. In this research, conditioned seeds with 20% d.b. moisture content were dried at 30°, 40°, 50° and 60 C using three bed conditions (fixed, minimum fluidized, fluidized). All experiments were done using a batch-type fluidized bed dryer and three replications. Temperature and bed changes in the dryer on canola seed drying kinetics were investigated. The cultivating properties of dried seeds, such as final germination percentage, emergence percentage, seedling leaf area index and seedling dry mass percentage were compared with naturally dried seeds as a control. Experimental results showed that temperature and seed bed changes had significant influences on the canola seed drying process. Suitable aeration was observed during and after minimum fluidized bed drying, which may save energy during the drying process. The fluidized seed bed decreased drying time more than 23% over the fixed bed. The fluidized resulted in about an 8% increase in drying time over the semi-fluidized seed bed. When the use of high temperature is limited for drying, fluidization at moderate temperatures can a suitable alternative for drying heat-sensitive materials. Drying at 30° and 40°C using semi-fluidized beds is a good choice for drying canola seeds. It did not have harmful effects on the canola seed cultivation properties and kept them within standard limits.

One of the problems of canola production is the lack of interest in farmers towards planting this crop. This could stem from lack of suitable planting method and the high amount of grain loss at harvest. In order to evaluate the effect of seeding methods، type of combine platforms and their interaction on canola grain yield and harvesting losses، a field experiment was conducted in Safi Abad، Khuzestan during 2007. The experiment was a split plot، arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The seeding methods were the main plots، including two flat seeding methods with 12 and 24 cm row spacing and two row planting methods with 2 and 3 seeding lines on the row. Combine harvester platforms were the subplots، including conventional cereal platform and canola harvesting header extension. The results indicated that the seeding method significantly (P≤0. 05) affected the yield، plant density at harvest time and stem diameter of canola. The highest yield (3224. 92 kg/ha) was obtained with the flat seeding method with 24 cm row spacing and the lowest yield (2513. 66 kg/ha) was obtained with the row planting method with 2 seeding lines on the row. Type of platform significantly (P≤0. 01) affected the amount of grain loss. The grain loss of 20. 99% of the total yield (593. 03 kg/ha) was obtained by using the conventional cereal platform and grain loss of 13. 08% of the total yield (370. 48 kg/ha) was attained using the header extension.

Poor stand establishment of canola (Brassica napus L.) under flatland mechanizedplanting and crust-forming soil is a major problem for farmers in central Iran.Previous research there showed that irrigated cotton emergence on crust-forming soilsunder flatland planting can be significantly improved using a double-disk planter withzero-pressure press wheel tires and no crust-breaking. In that research, it was not clearwhether the furrow opener or the press wheel caused the development of the crackline along the seed rows. In the present study, field testing was conducted in loamysoil to study the effects of two furrow openers (runner, double-disk) and four presswheels (zero-pressure pneumatic, V-shaped edge, single conical rib, open-centerconcave steel press wheels) on canola emergence using a randomized complete blockdesign in a factorial arrangement (2×4) with four replications. Effective crack (crackline developed along emerging seedlings) percentage, stand establishment uniformity,percentage of emergence, and plant density before onset of winter were measured.The results showed that, for all parameters, the double-disk opener had significantlyhigher values compared with the runner opener. The press wheel had a significanteffect on the effective crack percentage and the stand establishment uniformity indexbefore the onset of winter. However, the other parameters were not significantlyaffected. Planters with a single-conical rib and open-center press wheels had the besteffective crack percentage and lowest index of stand establishment uniformity. Basedon the results from this study, the best planter for canola production for the soil andclimate of central Iran is a double-disk planter with a single conical rib and opencenterconcave steel press wheels. The single conical rib creates a v-shapeddepression and the steel press wheels stabilize the depression. This creates a crackalong the deepest line of the depression after flood irrigation and during soilshrinkage, causes creation of crack along the deepest line of depression.

Modeling of drying kinetics of canola was studied at 30 to 100? C in a Lab scale fluidized bed dryer. Drying rate of the crop was assessed, using many conventional moisture ratio models employed in food science. Effective Diffusivity coefficient (Deff) and activation Energy (Ea) of kernel moisture were determined using Fick's Law of Diffusion and Arrhenius Equation. Besides, the effects of temperature changes on drying time were modeled through, regression method. Results indicated that static pressure dropped from 596 to 583 Pa when kernels starting to fluidize. In fluidizing state, canola drying time becomes reduced by 74% through an increase of temperature from 30 to 100? C. In comparison with the other models, Approximate Diffusion model and two term Exponential model are in good agreement with the experimental data respectively with high and low as well as RMSE. Also Newton model was of little with the other models. It bears a single coefficient, and is easy and convenient to be used for an estimation of drying rate of canola in fluidized bed dryer. Temperature changes from 30 to 100? C cause Deff to increase from 3.759×10-11 to 8.457×10-11. In this research, Ea of canola moisture was determined as 11.03 kJ/mol. Selected exponential Regression model is in good agreement with the experimental data and suitable for an estimation of drying time in temperature range of 30 to 100? C.

Soil salinity is a serious problem in south Khouzestan province. This study was conducted in Shawoor Agricultural Research Station, north of the city of Ahwaz, on silty-clay soil with 8 dSm-1 salinity during 2006 and 2007. A completely randomized block design arranged in split plots with three replications was used. The plots (planting methods) were: broadcasting + disk harrow (P1), broadcasting + disk harrow + corrugate (P2), seed drilling (P3), seed drilling + corrugate (P4), two rows on the ridge (P5) and three rows on the ridge (P6). Subplots were seed rates of 6, 9, 12 and 15 kg/ha. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.01) between planting methods for fuel consumption, total operation time and field capacity. The lowest fuel consumption with 5.02 lit/ha obtained from P3 and followed by P5 with 6 lit/ha. The highest field capacity (1.7 ha/h) was obtained from P5, an increase of 63%, 156%, 5%, 104% and 8% over P1, P2, P3, P4 and P6, respectively. The lowest total operation time (0.58 h/ha) was obtained from P5, a reduction of 38%, 60%, 13%, 150% and 6% over P1, P2, P3, P4 and P6, respectively. Significant differences were found between planting methods for grain yield, percent of germination, number of plants per m2 and number of packsacks per plant. However, number of seeds per packsack and 1,000 kernel weights were not significant. Differences between seed rates for grain yield, number of plants per m2 and number of seeds per packsack were significant. Duration of germination, percent germinated number of packsacks per plant and 1,000 kernel weights were not significant. Maximum grain yield (2134 kg/ha), percent germinated (86%), number of plants per m2 (99), number of packsacks per plant (78) and number of seeds per packsack (23) were obtained from P5. The results suggest that, for canola Hayola 401 hybrid crops in the slightly saline soil of Khouzestan, treatment P5 (two rows 30 cm apart on the ridge and 60 cm from each other) with a seed rate of 9-12 kg/ha is the best applicable treatment.

This study investigated the effects of land size and two leased and private farming systems of machinery on economic efficiency and factors such as total production cost per hectare (ratio of total cost of agricultural inputs and operations to farm size), total income (ratio of product and byproduct value to farm size), yield (ratio of crop production to farm size) and degree of mechanization for irrigated canola farming in Fereydoon-shahr in Isfahan province in Iran. The data was collected using questionnaires distributed to 239 participants. The statistical analysis was carried out using a factorial test. The results showed that the farming system had no effect on economic efficiency and total cost but had a significant effect (at the 1% level) on total income. This was more marked in the private farming system. The relationship between farming system, yield and degree of mechanization was significant at the 5% level. In the private farming system, the highest yield was obtained. Results also showed that land size appeared to have a significant impact on economic efficiency, total cost, total income, crop yield and degree of mechanization. As land size increased, these factors also increased, except for the degree of mechanization, which showed an inverse relationship.