جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارزن » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions is to add fertilizers in different forms and compositions to the soil to increase crop yield and strengthen soil fertility. Far away has been common all over the world.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of camel manure and manganese sulfate on growth and yield and yield components of Setaria italic, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009-2010 in Abuzar well cultivated lands. Khosf city was implemented. Experimental treatments included: camel manure at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t / ha) and manganese sulfate at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha).

The results of statistical analysis of the data showed that different levels of manure and manganese sulfate and the interaction between them had a significant effect on biological yield, number of grains per panicle and grain yield. So that the highest values ​​of the above indices were observed in the treatment of manure 20 tons per hectare and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The highest and lowest number of panicles were obtained in the treatment of 20 tons of camel manure and the application of 30 kg/ha of manganese sulfate and the control treatment without the use of camel manganese and manganese sulfate. The length of the panicle was also affected by the main effects of manure and manganese sulfate. So that the maximum panicle length was obtained in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The effect of manure levels on number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants per square meter was significant, but other effects had no significant effect on these traits and the highest number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants In the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure were obtained per square meter. The main effects of different levels of manure and manganese sulfate at the level of one percent probability had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight and millet harvest index, but the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect on these traits. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Also, the highest harvest index was related to the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and also the highest harvest index was obtained from the consumption of 60 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate.

Finally, it can be concluded that the best treatments in this experiment were the use of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. In fact, manure improves plant growth by gradually providing elements and using micronutrients. The use of manure is one of the appropriate solutions to achieve ecological agriculture that can increase agricultural production and due to the fact that most of the soils of South Khorasan province are calcareous and manganese deficient, the use of this element can be Help to remove this limitation and increase plant yield.

Drought is one of the major factors limiting productivity in agriculture and nutrition management, including the use of potash fertilizers, plays an important role in plant resistance to drought. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage amaranth in comparison with forage millet, a split factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in Saadatshahr region of Fars province. In this experiment, three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days) were used as the main factor, potassium fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and forage plants (amaranth and millet) as sub-plots. The results of mean comparison of two-year combined analysis showed that amaranth had significantly more height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein and carbohydrate content than millet. Increasing the irrigation interval reduced the height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, 1000-seed weight, percentage of crude fiber, dry matter yield, ash percentage, and soluble carbohydrates. By increasing potassium fertilizer level, plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, percentage of crude fiber, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein percentage, ADF percentage and NDF percentage in the plant decreased. In general, it can be concluded that amaranth plant has higher yield and drought tolerance than millet and the application of 150 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer can be recommended to achieve higher yield.

In order to evaluation of producibility and drought tolerance of three varieties of forage mille and one variety of sorghum, the experiment was conducted a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation frequencies consisted of irrigation after 80 (control), 120 and 160 mm evaporation from class A pan as main plots and sub plots was consisted of sorghum varietiy (Sorghum bicolor var. Speedfeed) and three varieties of millet (Setaria italica var. Bastan, Panicum miliaceum var. Pishahang and Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed). Irrigation after 120 mm evaporation resulted in a mild drought stress. However, the delay in irrigation reduced values of studied growth and physiological characteristics forage yield and reserves in shoot appeared to be important in this situation. Drought stress reduced forage quality by reducing the leaf area and leafy index. Sorghum variety compared to millet varieties had higher drought tolerance due to higher dry matter production as well as the highest value of tolerance indices MP, GMP, STI and HAM. Of the three varieties of millet, Pishahang proved superiority. At control irrigation frequency, highest forage yield (6251 Kg/ha) produced by Speedfeed, and the highest forage yield (9376 Kg/ha) obtained from Pishahang among millet cultivars. Higher forage quality achieved by Nutrifeed millet due to highest of leaf dry weight, leafier index (45%) and crude protein percent (20.7), which can be considered in agronomic decisions.

Water deficiency has increased the demand for cultivation of drought tolerant crops. In dry regions like most parts of Iran, ecotypes and local varieties often show a high degree of drought resistance. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on a randomized completely block design that drought stress (50, 75 and 100% field capacity) were considered as main plot and genotype (Rabor, Golbaf and Pishahang) as subplot. The results showed that the traits of leaf water potential, reduction sugar, biological yield and grain yield significantly affected with drought stress at level of 1%. The simple effect of genotype was significant for mentioned traits and photosynthetic pigments. Based on variance analysis, the interaction of genotype×stress was significant only for ion leakage and biological yield. The results of mean comparison showed that drought stress significantly (P≤0.01) decreased biological yield, leaf water content and grain yield, while, ion leakage and reducing sugar contents were significantly increased. The highest biological yield was belonged to Pishahang cultivar in both of normal and stress conditions. Simple correlation among the traits showed that biological yield, relative water content and reduced sugars were the most effective traits on grain yield. In overall, the results showed that Golbaf genotype had the highest grain yield in comparison with Pishahang and Rabor genotypes under water stress conditions.

IntroductionIran with mean annual precipitation of 240 mm is categorized in arid and semi-arid zones of the world. High evapotranspiration and limitation of water resources are important environmental parameters that caused reduction of the plants yield in Iran. Also nitrogen deficiency affects the partitioning of assimilates among vegetative and reproductive organs and can influence the growth and yield of the plants. Therefore, given the importance and different roles of water and nitrogen in vital processes of the plants, the objective of the present research was to study the effect of irrigation interval and N fertilizer application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of millet in Birjand, Iran.
Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted as split-plots based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, at Agricultural Research Center of Birjand branch, Islamic Azad University in 2009. The main plots included irrigation interval at three levels (7, 14 and 21 days) and the sub-plots were N fertilizer application at five levels (control or 0 kg N. ha-1, 50 kg N. ha-1, 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application, 100 kg N. ha-1 and 100 kg N. ha-1 foliar application kg N. ha-1). The texture of the soil in research farm was loam with the pH of 8, electrical conductivity of 4.49 mmhos cm-1 whose organic carbon, total N, P, and K content was 0.32%, 0.08%, 16.4 ppm and 501 ppm at the depth of 0-30 cm, respectively. In the end, all data were analyzed by MSTAT-C statistical software and means were compared by Duncan Multiple Range Test at 5% level.
Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance indicated that the effect of irrigation interval on plant height, panicle number per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and biological yield were significant. Also, plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2 and seed yield were significantly affected by nitrogen levels. Interaction of irrigation interval and N fertilizer only significantly affected1000-seed weight. Means comparison indicated that the increase in irrigation interval from 7 to 21 days decreased plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and biological yield, 36.8, 33.6, 32.9, 18.5, 44.4 and 40.1 percent respectively. Also, 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application treatment increased plant height, flag leaf area, panicle number per m2 and seed yield, 20.4, 21.9, 47.8 and 52.3 percent, respectively as comparison with non-nitrogen application treatment. It is seems that water deficit stress, due to its effect on photosynthesis, respiration, ionic absorption, nutrients and hormones metabolism processes reduced the growth of stem and leaf cells and decreased leaf area and led to a decrease in flowering and grain filling period which finally caused reduction of yield and yield components. Probably, the decrease in leaf area is a response to stress for adapting water deficit conditions and survival through decreasing transpiring area of the plant. Moreover, with the increase in N application, plant photosynthesizing area and assimilate production increased and therefore seed yield increased.
ConclusionsIn total, the results of the current study indicated that water and nitrogen deficiency significantly decreased millet economical yield mainly by decreasing panicle number per m2. Finally, results of research showed that treatment of 7 days irrigation interval and 50 kg N. ha-1 foliar application recommended for the cultivation of millet in Birjand region for production maximum of millet seed.

Drought stress is the most important factor limiting plant growth throughout the world so that the slowdown in drought is far more than other environmental stress (1). Following wheat, rice, maize, barley millet and sorghum, are the world's most important annual crops.
In order to evaluate the yield and yield components of millet genotypes and determine the most tolerant genotype based on indicators of drought tolerance a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Faculty of Agronomy of the University of Shahid Bahounar university of Kerman-Iran in 2012. The experiment was carried out as split plot based on the randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots were dedicated to drought, water levels (50 and 100% field capacity) and in the subplots millet cultivars(including Common Millet: Pishahang cultivar, Rabor and Golbaf ecotypes and common promising lines P69, P101, as well as foxtail millet, Bastan cultivar and foxtail promising lines S79, S81, S85 lines) were planted. Irrigation levels was calculated based on the cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan. First irrigation was done after 50 mm evaporation and second was done after 100 mm evaporation. The irrigation method was conventional (flooding).
Analysis of variance showed significant difference for tiller number among the genotypes and stress reduced number of tillers. Foxtail millet such as Bastan cultivar, S79, S81 and S85 lines had the maximum number of tillers, while common millet genotypes including: Rabor ecotype and P69 had the lowest number of tillers in drought stress conditions.
Analysis of variance showed significant differences between genotypes in terms of plant height. Foxtail millet showed higher plant height than common millet, among the under studied genotypes, S85 line had the highest plant height whilst Golbaf and Rabor had the lowest plant height. Different irrigation regimes showed highly significant effect in plant height. Result indicated that there is no significant interaction of each millet genus by irrigation treatment in plant height, while foxtail and common millet showed significant difference in interaction by irrigation treatments.
Different genotypes had different number of branches. Among the genotypes in this experiment, the number of branches in Bastan was the highest and lowest was belonged to S85 line under drought stress, respectively. Effects of water stress also showed a significant decrease in the number of branches. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction of genotype by irrigation treatments on the number of branches was significant.
Drought caused a reduction in the number of panicle and the result showed there was no significant difference between genotypes. Among genotypes in this experiment, Rabor ecotype had the highest number of panicle in terms of stress and foxtail millet including: Bastan cultivar, S79, S81 and S85 had minimum number of panicle in drought stress conditions. Irrigation in genotype interaction was significant on a number of panicle.
Results showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes for harvest index. Among genotypes in this study, S79 and Golbaf genotypes had the lowest harvest index under drought stress. Drought stress effect on harvest index showed a significant decrease, also interaction effect was significant.
Analysis of variance showed significant differences between different genotypes of millet based on seed weight. Among genotypes in these experiments, Golbaf and Bastan had the highest seed weight while genotype, S79, S81 and S85 with no statistically significant difference had the lowest seed weight, respectively. There was no significant interaction between genotype by irrigation. Seed weight reduction due to drought stress has been reported in several studies (3). Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between millet genotypes about biological yield. Among genotypes in this study, genotype P101 showed highest biological yield in drought stress conditions but Rabor and S79, showed lowest biological yield in drought stress condition. Drought stress effect on biological yield showed a significant decrease. Genotype by irrigation interaction on biological yield was significant. Biological yield loss due to drought stress has been reported in several studies (2).
Mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and performance index (YI), by a significant positive correlation with grain yield in stress and non-stress conditions were the best indicators for identification of superior varieties. Using mentioned Indices, a genotype with high yield potential was Golbaf as the most tolerant ecotypes to drought stress, S79 was more sensitive to drought than the other genotypes More details is described in the text as it is original.
Based on this experiment it can be concluded that at drought condition cultivation of common millet has advantage than foxtail millet. Among common millet genotypes Golbaf ecotype showed the highest yield potential and relative tolerance to drought stress. It can be introduced as a promising line in breeding programs for drought tolerance studies.

Drought stress is one of the most important problems of agriculture and an important factor of plant product reduction. Application of absorbent materials can help usage of sporadic rain fall and cause more maintenance of water storage. In order to study the effect of super absorbent polymer، potassium sulfate and manure under drought condition and favorable irrigation on some traits of foxtail millet، a split plot experiment in a completely randomized block design in three replication was conducted in research field of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 1391. Irrigation in three levels (50،75،100 % F. C) as main plot and super absorbent polymer (100 kg/hec)، potassium sulfate (200 kg/hec)، farmyard (25ton/hec) and no use of them was as sub plot. Leaf chlorophyll index، relative water content، ion leakage، reducing sugar، proline and forage yield were evaluated. Results showed that decrease in irrigation causes a significant decrease in relative water content and forage yield and increase in leaf chlorophyll index، ion leakage percent، proline and reducing sugar. The most average yield of relative water content and forage yield and the least ion leakage percent، reducing sugar and proline was due to super absorbent polymer. Accordind to results super absorbent polymer can lessen damage of drought stress. The most forage in presence of super absorbent polymer demonstrates effective role of it under drought stress.

Drought stress has an important role in yield reduction of crops. To investigate the effects of applying zeolite hydrogel (as a superabsorbent) in reduction of adverse effects of drought stress on chlorophyll content, nitrogen, growth indices and their relationships with quantitative and qualitative yield of pearl millet (cv. Nitrifeed), a split plot experiment (in space and time), based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications, was carried out at Research Farm of Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran, in 2011. Treatments included drought stress at four levels (irrigation at 40, 60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) as the main factor and superabsorbent hydrogel at three levels (0, 150 and 300 kg/ha) as the sub-factor. Results revealed that there was a positive and significant correlation (r = 0.97**) between chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen percentage. Also, significant correlation was observed between these traits and forage fresh and dry weight of forage, protein yield and raw fiber percentage of the forage. As drought stress increased, the measured traits showed a descending trend. The superabsorbent polymer increased the fresh and dry weight of forage, growth indices and qualitative traits of pearl millet. Mean fresh weight of forage, chlorophyll content, protein content and percentage of fiber showed no significant difference between 100% and 80% irrigation levels. Superabsorbent application led to 20% water saving. Therefore, it can be said that superabsorbent hydrogel application under drought stress will improve yield, qualitative traits and growth indices of pearl millet through increasing soil water holding capacity, reducing nutrient leaching, fast and optimal growth of roots and better soil aeration.

To evaluate the response of 13 millet accessions to skip irrigation at terminal growth stage¡ two separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Birjand¡ Iran¡ in 2005 and 2006. Irrigation was stopped in the first experiment at 10% flowering while irrigation was conducted as usual¡ in the second experiment once every 7 days. Combined analysis of variance showed that stopping at flowering time irrigation leads to reduction in all investigated traits¡ especially dry forage and grain yield. Accession numbers 15-143 (Southern Khorasan accession) and 15-24 (Yazd) produced highest grain and dry forage yield in both years and accession number 15-132 (Hamadan) had the lowest yield against all the others. According to the results of this study and considering the severe reduction of grain and dry forage yield recommending deficit irrigation treatment¡ at flowering would not be feasible at Birjand region. Also¡ number 15-131 (Southern Khorasan) accession had an acceptable grain yield and dry forage on both irrigation regimes.

In order to compare the reaction of 13 millet accessions from gen bank collection to late season drought stress and with the aim of completion of gen bank information، specific assessments and determination of the best indices for drought tolerance، two separate experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Southern Khorasan during 2005 and 2006. The first experiment was conducted under normal irrigation and the second experiment was taken place under drought stress conditions (irrigation up to the 10% of panicle emergence). Experiment treatments included 13 millet accessions. Results showed that accessions number 15-143 (Southern Khorasan) and 15-24 (Yazd) had the highest two years average for grain and dry forage yields and number 15-132 (Hamadan) had the lowest grain yield among all accessions. Evaluation of accessions in terms of drought tolerance was made using MP، TOL، SSI، GMP، STI and HARM indices. HARM، GMP and STI were recognized as the best indices for severance of drought tolerant accessions according to the high correlation of these indices with grain and dry forage yields under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Based on using three dimensional graphics and accessions positioning on it، numbers 15-143 (Southern Khorasan)، 15-131 (Southern Khorasan) and 15-24 (Yazd) were identified as the most yielding and tolerant accessions to drought stress.

In order to investigation of sowing date effect on yield of millet species and its impressible from duration of phonological periods and development rate, an experiment was conducted based on complete randomized block design as combine analysis in four replications at eight sowing dates (30 April, 1 Jun, 31 May, 4 July, 5 August, 1 September, 2 October and 3 November) and three millet species (panicum miliaceum, pennisetum galucum and setaria italica) in research field of Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The results of this study showed that the sowing dates and species have significant differences in mean of leaf area index (LAI) and yield. First sowing date has the most LAI at three species, but it has not significant different by second sowing date in yield. Increase in growth duration at early sowing dates lead to increase of LAI simultaneous proper temperature and day length conditions. Common millet has the most LAI, but foxtail millet has the most yield for longer growth period. The results of correlation coefficients of emergence rate with temperature showed that emergence rate has high correlation (r>97%) at all varieties and stemming rate influenced by temperature and day length. the least days to emergence were in (5 August and 1 September) and the least days from tillering to stemming were in (1 September).

In order to compare three summer forage grasses including sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Speedfeed), corn (Zea mayz S.C. 704) and pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum cv. Nutrifeed) for green chop forage production in double cropping system, a field experiment was conducted at research field of Tarbiat Modares University on 2006 growing season. Treatments were arranged in a split- plot design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. In this research three forage crops as main factor and nitrogen rates (100, 200 and 300 kg N. ha-1 from the urea source) as the sub- plot were studied. Results showed the positive response of crops to nitrogen increment, in such a manner that millet with 300 kg N ha-1 produced 85.8 t ha-1 fresh forage (%20.3 more than sorghum and %30.9 more than corn). Regarding to the sustainable agriculture objects, millet and sorghum with 200 kg N ha-1could be suggested. Forage yield advantages of millet and sorghum to corn was %10 and %12 respectively. They produce 72.4 and 73.5 t ha-1 fresh forage under this treatment. Finally regarding to general advantages of sorghum and millet to corn, especially in unsuitable condition like as drought and poor soil fertility, it seems that changing the corn with sorghum or pearl millet could be an appropriate option. Also decision making for recommending one of sorghum and millet need to more information like qualitative attributes in details and determining animal feeding indices (voluntary intake) using in vivo methods.