جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تلقیح بذر » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), is an oilseed of relevant economic and social importance. From its seeds is extracted an oil of excellent properties, having wide use as industrial input and several applications. It is cultivated since the times of the ancient civilizations, the castor bean is a rustic plant, resistant to drought, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae, Drought stress, in addition to the negative effect on yield, causes or exacerbates other stresses, especially the stress of nutrient deficiencies for the plant. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of irrigation levels and Superabsorbents and biofertilizers on the agronomic properties of castor oil.

This experiment was conducted in West Azarbaijan Agricultural Research and Education Center, Orumieh- Iran in 2018-2021 crop season. A field experiment was carried out by a split-plot design based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The first factor included Four levels (70, 100, 130, and 160 mm of evaporation pan), in the main plot and Sub-factor includes application of biofertilizer combination in four levels (Azospirillium, Citrobacter, combination of application of Azospirillium in Citrobacter and control without fertilizer) and superabsorbent in two levels (superabsorbent consumption and non-superabsorbent consumption) as factorial were placed in sub-plots. In this study, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Cartonoid, Soluble sugar, prolin content, Catalase, Malondialdehyde, and protein content were measured. Also Traits were analyzed by using SAS 9.2 software and means comparison was tested by least significant difference (LSD).

Based on the results of the combined analysis of the variance of the data, there was a significant difference in was observed between the two years in terms of malondialdehyde content. There was a significant difference between the irrigation levels in terms of the effect on all traits of the probability level of 1%. The interaction effect of year and irrigation was significant only on leaf proline content at the level of 1% probability. There was a significant difference between the biofertilizer treatments and the interaction effect of biofertilizer on irrigation and superabsorbent levels in terms of the effect on all traits at the level of one percent probability. The interaction effect of irrigation with superabsorbent on chlorophyll a and b content and soluble sugar content at 1% probability level and on proline content and protein percentage at 5% probability level was significant. Between treatments of biofertilizer with superadd interaction in terms of the effect on chlorophyll b content, soluble sugar, proline content, malondialdehyde content, and protein percentage at the level of 1% percent and in terms of the effect on chlorophyll content, carotenoids and catalase activity in 5% probability level There was a significant difference. The results showed the highest chlorophyll a (23.00 mg g-1) and b content (14.93 mg g-1) as well as carotenoids (30.39 mg g-1) and the lowest amount of soluble sugar (113.33 micromol g-1 fresh weight), catalase (32.97∆A240 mg-1 protein), malondialdehyde (132.44 nmol g-1FW) and protein percentage (4.69%) were assigned to with Citrobacter treatment and irrigation after 70 mm of evaporation. Also, the highest soluble sugar content (131.42 micromol g-1 FW), proline (65.91 micromol g-1 FW), protein (11.48 %) was assigned to the treatment with Azosprilium + Citrobacter and irrigation after 160 mm of evaporation. In this study, the use of superabsorbent in the irrigation treatment of 70 mm evaporation had the highest chlorophyll a (21.29 mg g-1) and b content (12.78 mg g-1) and the lowest amount of soluble sugar (112.50 micromol g-1 FW), proline (26.50 micromol g-1 FW), catalase (35.99 ∆A mg-1 protein) and protein percentage (5.00%), While the highest soluble sugars content (129.12 micromols g-1 FW), proline (58.70 micromols g-1 FW), malondialdehyde (159.71 nmol g-1 FW), and protein (10.37 %), was observed in the treatment of superabsorbent application along with irrigation after 160 mm. In this study, the simultaneous application of superabsorbent and inoculation with azospirlium showed the highest chlorophyll a (22.25 mg g-1), b content (13.79 mg g-1), carotenoid (29.02 mg g-1), protein (7.99%) and the lowest content of catalase enzyme (39.58 ∆A240 mg-1 protein), The highest soluble sugar content (122.88 micromol g-1 FW) and the lowest amount of malondialdehyde (141.82 nmol g-1FW) were detected in the treatment of superabsorbent application with Citrobacter.

In this study, water deficit had an adverse effect on the physiological properties of castor oil. However, the use of biofertilizers and superplasticizers by improving biochemical and antioxidant properties was able to moderate the effect of drought stress on physiological properties and stabilize photosynthetic pigments, and the stability of photosynthetic pigments can improve photosynthetic properties and plant growth under water deficit conditions.

Wheat, as a crucial staple food, has gained heightened importance following the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the escalating impacts of climate change. Its adaptability to various climates, ease of cultivation, and rich nutritional value make it indispensable. Iran, with its arid climate and saline arable lands, necessitates a focused study on innovative approaches for wheat cultivation. In this challenging environment, it's imperative to seek cost-effective methods to boost wheat production. Addressing salinity involves diverse techniques like leaching saline soils, improved irrigation management, cultivating salt-tolerant varieties, and utilizing biological fertilizers. Additionally, the application of effective microorganisms stands out as a promising biological method. By influencing the rhizosphere and leaf through biological and molecular priming, these microorganisms enhance the plant's resistance to salinity and drought, ultimately leading to increased growth and yield. Embracing such approaches is essential for sustainable wheat cultivation in these harsh conditions.

Two experiments were conducted under field and greenhouse conditions, to investigate the effect of herbal spraying chlormequat chloride (CCC) (0 and 2.5 g. L-1), soil incorporation of Zinc sulfate (Zn) at the three rates of 0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1, and pre-treatment of seeds with bio-fertilizer Nitroxin (Nit) in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement and three replications. Field experiments during 2013-14 growing season were conducted under two locations, at Experimental Farm of the College of Agriculture, Ilam University at Ilam, West of Iran and Agricultural Research Station of  Bushehr, South of Iran. Root properties were studied in response to above mentioned treatments at two growth stages, anthesis and seed maturity under greenhouse condition. Results showed that spraying CCC increased spike number plant-1, grain number spike-1, grain yield and seed protein content by about 14.1%, 13.6% and 28.5%, respectively. Spraying CCC at 2.5 g L-1, application of 50 kg of Zn and inoculating seeds with Nit treatment had the greatest grain yield (1710 kg per hectare) and protein content (12.8%). Spraying 2.5 g.L-1 solution of CCC, Soil incorporation with 50 kg Zn and seeds pre-treatment with Nit at anthesis stage increased root length, root fresh weight, and root dry weight as well as ratio of root to shoot dry weight by 17.7%, 21.9%, 30.3% and 32.8% in comparison to control treatment. Overall, the greatest grain yield of wheat cultivar Kohdasht was obtained from spraying 2.5 g.L-1 of CCC, applying 50 kg of Zn as soil incorporation and pre-treatment of seeds with bio-fertilizer Nit.

In order to study the influence of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed pre-treatment with Rhizobium japanicum and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on nodulation and nitrogen fertilizer optimization, a spilt plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2011 at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch. Factors were: nitrogen fertilizer rates at four levels (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg urea/ha) in the main plot and soybean seed pre-treatment with Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in four levels containing of without seed inoculation as control, inoculation seed with Rhizobium japanicum, Azotobacter chroococcum strain5, Azosprilium lipoferum strain OF. The results showed that with increasing the amount of fertilizer, fertilizer use efficiency was reduced. Maximum number (16) and dry weight (16 mg) of nodules was obtained in seed inoculation with Rhizobium japanicum along with application of 50 kg urea/ha and minimum of these traits were observed in without of urea fertilizer application and seed inoculation. So, the highest plant height (117.22 cm), number of pod per plant (54.72), grain hundred weight (28.26 g) and grain yield per area (267 g/m2) was obtained in Rhizobium japanicum whit application of 75 kg urea/ha. At the level of 75 kg urea/ha fertilizer, inoculation with Azosprilium, Azotobacter and Rhizobium bacteria increased seed yield (14.4, 21.4 and 40.6 percent, respectively) compared to non-inoculation. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of 75 kg urea/ha in seed inoculation with Rhizobium can be recommended for profitable soybean production in the study area.

In order to study the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum and Pseudomonas fluorescen application on late maturity Maize (Zea mays L.) single cross hybrids (SC700, SC 704 and a promising single cross, B73×K18) seed germination ability and seedling vigor a laboratory research was conducted. Experiment treatments including hybrids seeds were single inoculated with one by one bacteria and co inoculated by two and three bacterial combined inoculants and no inoculation as control treatment. Also studied characters including: final germination percent, mean time to germination, mean daily germination, coefficient of velocity of germination, daily germination speed, seedling, primary root and shoot length, seedling, primary root and shoot dry matter and seedling vigor index were determined. Results revealed that except of mean daily germination and coefficient of velocity of germination, other studied traits affected by interactions of hybrids and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Likewise, revealed that application of an inoculants of three bacteria combination have highest growth promoting effect on germination ability and traits related to seedling vigor of all hybrieds and Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas fluorescens and seed single inoculation by those bacteria have most growth promoting effect respectively. Also, revealed that studied characters of SC704more than other hybrids affected by growth promoting effect of studied bacteria and respectively B73×K18 and SC700 affected by studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria stimulating effect and studied characters have high correlation among them. Therefore, based on this research results application of studied Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria have considerable effect on Maize studied hybrids seed seedling enhancement.

In order to evaluate the effects of mycorrhiza-like fungi, Piriformospora indica, and mycorrhiza fungi, Glomus mosseae, symbiosys on corn (Zea mays L. cv. SC 704) grain yield and water use efficiency under different limited irrigation regimes and phosphorus, a field experiment was conducted as split factorial based on a randomized complete block design at two stations of Gharakhil and Bayekola during growing season of 2015. Treatments were different irrigation methods at three levels (100, 75 and 50% of crop water requirement) in main plots, four levels of inoculation (control, Pi inoculation, Gm inoculation and Pi Gm inoculation) and three levels of phosphorus (control, 50 and 100 % of crop requirement) in sub plots as factorial. According to the results, simultaneous inoculation of Pi and Gm induced significant increase in grain yield in both regions (8.6 and 6.3 % for Gharakhil and Bayekola stations, respectively). In both regions, symbiotic fungi incolation improvement of productivity of water use obtained when Pi and Gm were inoculated (especially simultaneous inoculation), in all irrigation treatments. The most of the positive effects of coexistence were observed in both area under irrigation 50% (4.33 and 4.15 Kg/ha, respectively). Overall, the inocolation, results represented a synergistic effect of two applied fungi for ameliorating the corn water use efficiency, especially under limited irrigations.

In order to study of the effects of hydro-osmo priming, bio-priming (biological fertilizer (Barvar-2) and inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum bacteria) on growth & yield of DPX cultivar of soybean (Glycine max L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications in Agriculture Research Station of Shahrood University of Technology, Iran. Biological fertilizer including 2 levels (check and using of biological fertilizer) and Rhizobium japonicum including 2 levels (check and using of Rhizobium japonicum) and priming including 3 levels [(hydropriming, osmopriming induced by PEG 6000 and check (unpriming)] were used as treatments. The results showed that interaction between biological fertilizer and Rhizobium japonicum significantly affected number of pod per plant, number of seed per plant and oil percentage. Interaction between biological fertilizer and priming significantly affected number of pod per plant. Grain yield for biological fertilizer consumption was 2897.7 kg/ha and for inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum was 2967.2kg/ha. Generally, priming, biological fertilizer consumption and inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum increased grain yield.

Utilizing biological fertilizer is a proper and cheap method for crop production. Potentially, soybean can be used as biological fertilizers and seed inoculation. Zinc is an essential element that have positive effects on plant growth and its development. Canola, sunflower, soybean and safflower are the main cultivated oilseeds in Iran. Soybean production in Iran is very low as compared to other countries. One of the most effective factor in increasing the soybean yield is seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and application of Zinc fertilizer. Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients (56). Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation and seed yield following inoculation with PGPR. Seyed Sharifi (45) reported that seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5 increased all of the growth indices such as total dry matter, crop growth rate and relative growth rate. Increasing and extending the role of biofertilizers such as Rhizobium can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers and decrease adverse environmental effects. Therefore, in the development and implementation of sustainable agricultural techniques, biofertilization has great importance in alleviating environmental pollution and deterioration of the nature. As a legume, soybean can obtain a significant portion (4-85%) of its nitrogen requirement through symbiotic N2 fixation when grown in association with effective and compatible Rhizobium strains. Since there is little available information on nano-zinc oxide and seed inoculation by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield in the agro-ecological growing zones of Ardabil province of Iran. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effects of nano-zinc oxide and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria application on yield, yield components and grain filling period of soybean. In order to study the effects of Nano-Zinc oxide and seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and some agronomic characteristics of soybean, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2013 at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch. Factors were included foliar application of Nano-Zinc oxide at four levels (Zero as control, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g l-1) and seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at five levels (without inoculation as control, seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japanicum, seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japanicum+Azosprillum lipoferum strain OF, seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japanicum+Psedomonas putida, seed inoculation with Brady rhizobium japanicum+ Azosprillum lipoferum strain OF+ Psedomonas putida. The results of growth indices showed that the maximum total dry matter (530 g m-2), crop growth rate (9.48 g.m-2.day-1) and relative growth rate (0.1 g.g-1.day-1) were obtained at foliar application of 0.9 g l-1 Nano-Zinc oxide×seed inoculation with rhizobium+Azosprillum+ Psedomonas and the least of these indices were obtained without of foliar application Nano-Zinc oxide × seed inoculation. The results showed that plant height, the number of nodules per plant, the number of pod per plant, grain yield and grain 100 weight were significantly affected by Nano-Zinc oxide, seed inoculation and interaction of Nano-Zinc oxide×seed inoculation. Maximum of plant height, grain 100 weight, the number of nodules per plant and grain yield were obtained at foliar application of 0.9 g l-1 of Nano-Zinc oxide×seed inoculation with rhizobium and PGPR. Dry weight of nodules per plant, the number of pod per plant and the number of grains per plant inceased by increasing of Nano-Zinc oxide application. Similar results were obtained in seed inoculation with rhizobium+PGPR. In order to increase the grain yield, growth indices and some agronomic characteristics of soybean, it is suggested to apply 0.9 g l-1 of Nano-Zinc oxide and at seed inoculation with rhizobium and PGPR. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of 0.9 g l-1 of Nano-Zinc oxide and at seed inoculation with rhizobium and PGPR can be recommended for profitable soybean production in the study area.

In order to study the effects of Nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients time consumption on yield and yield components of new wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum & T. durum) under Khorramabad climatic conditions, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm khorramabad during growing season of 2012-2013. Considering the positive effect of inoculation with bio-fertilizer and foliar Nitroxin micronutrients and reaction of cultivars to this type of fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers and the importance of wheat as one of the main crops, this study aims to determine the most appropriate time for foliar and Nitroxin application of micronutrients at the different stages of plant growth and bio-fertilizer application on yield and yield components. The first factor was considered in six levels: N0: The lack of the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and without the foliar application of micronutrients (control), N1: the seed inoculation with the nitroxin biofertilizer, N2: the foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N3: the foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage, N4: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the jointing stage, N5: the seed insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage. The second factor was considered at two levels, consisting: V1: Parsi cultivar and V2: Dena cultivar. MSTATC Software was used for data analysis and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. In this experiment the grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000- grain weight, spike number per m-2, grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike of wheat were studied. The results of the data variance analysis has revealed that there was a significant relationship between foliar application of micronutrients and nitroxin biofertilizer of grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000- grain weight, spike number per m-2, grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike of wheat. The most positive relationship was related to grain and the applying fertilizer treatment of the grain insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage. The cultivar factor has also a positive effect on the surveying characteristics such as grain yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight, spike number per m-2, grain number per spike and spikelet number per spike. The most positive relationship was related to grain and the applying fertilizer treatment of the grain insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micro-nutrients at the heading stage and the treatment of the Parsi cultivar with an average of 6844/3kg/ha-1. Considering the significant increase in the grain yield, the applying fertilizer treatment of the grain insemination with nitroxin biofertilizer and foliar application of micronutrients at the heading stage and the treatment of the Parsi cultivar were proposed for Khorramabad Situation. In this study, significant differences between the various levels and stages of foliar fertilizer, bio Nitroxin micronutrients showed that appropriate use of these two factors can result in maximum performance of the wheat. The process of spraying micronutrients had a significant effect on grain yield. The highest yield of seed was obtained in inoculation with the combined application of organic fertilizer and foliar Nitroxin micronutrients in the treatment of stage and heading to the Persian superior varieties of grain yield. The results of this experiment showed that the use of micronutrients can improve agronomic characteristics and increase the grain yield. Micronutrient fertilizers sprayed on soil conservation assistance in achieving the objectives of sustainable agriculture. The application of biological Nitroxin because of beneficial bacteria in the soil can achieve the goals of sustainable agriculture like reducing chemical inputs and thus the protection of soil and water used in agriculture is very helpful. In this study, there were significant differences between different levels of foliar nutrients and Nitroxin the traits under study showed that the use of these two factors had positive impacts on wheat yield and led to maximum performance.

To study the seed inoculation، hydropriming and different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of corn، an experiment was carried out as split plot factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Agricultural Research Station of Shahrood Industrial University، during 2007-2008. The treatments were seed priming at two levels (priming and non-priming) in main plots and seed inoculation at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated) and nitrogen levels (150، 250، 350 kg/ha) as factorial in sub plot. Results showed that seed inoculation and seed priming significantly increased seed yield، biological yield، harvest index، number of row per ear، number of seed per row، 1000-grain weight، ear length، ear diameter، number of leaf per plant and plant height in maize، SC704. Nitrogen levels significantly affected yield and yield components، so that 350 Kg. ha-1 nitrogen produced the highest grain yield. The priming × inoculation interaction effect was significant on the all studied traits except plant height، number of row per ear، number of grain per row، 1000-grain weight and harvest index. The priming × nitrogen interaction effect was also significant on ear weight and grain yield and the inoculation × nitrogen interaction effect was significant on plant height، ear length، 1000-grain weight and grain yield. Results of this research indicated that the hydropriming together with seed inoculation and growth stimulator bacteria including nitroxin significantly increased maize grain yield. Also، seed inoculation together with higher levels of nitrogen fertilizer significantly resulted higher grain yield than the seed inoculation with lower levels of nitrogen.

To study the effects of nano-zinc oxide and seed inoculation with brady rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield and some agronomic traits of soybean، a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2013 at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University، Ardabil Branch. Treatments were foliar application of nano-zinc oxide at four levels (zero، 0. 3، 0. 6 and 0. 9 gr/litr) and seed inoculation with brady rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at five levels (without inoculation as control، seed inoculation with brady Rhizobium japanicum، seed inoculation with brady rhizobium R. japanicum + Azosprillum lipoferum strain OF، seed inoculation with brady Rhizobium japanicum + Psedomonas putida strain 41، seed inoculation with brady Rhizobium japanicum + Azosprillum lipoferum + Psedomonas putida. The results showed that maximum of plant height، grain 100 weights، the number of nodules per plant and grain yield، total dry matter (530 gr/m2)، crop growth rate (9. 48 gr/m2. day) and relative growth rate (0. 1 gr/gr. day) were obtained at foliar application of 0. 9 gr/litr nano-zinc oxide + seed inoculation with rhizobium + Azosprillum + Psedomonas and the least of these indices were obtained at without foliar application of nano-zinc oxide + seed inoculation. It seems that using 0. 9 gr/lit of nano-zinc oxide × seed inoculation with rhizobium and PGPR could increase the grain yield and some agronomic traits of soybean and can be recommended to the growers.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Rhizobium strains and plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria(PGPR) on yield and yield components of chickpea(Cicer arientinum L.) Arman cultivar. This research was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design at Zanjan university researchal farm. Irrigation levels(optimum irrigation during season growth and no irrigation during growth period) were set as main plots and fertilizer level(control or no application chemical and biological fertilizer, 50kg/ha Urea, seed inoculation with Mesorhizobium ciceri strain of SWRI-3,seed inoculation with Mesorhizobium ciceri strain SWRI-17, seed inoculation with PGPR,Co-inoculation with rhizobium strains SWRI-3+SWRI-17 and Co-inoculation with all biofertilizer, PGPR+SWRI-3+SWRI-17) were sets as subplots. The results of this study showed that drought stress reduced plant height, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, biological yield and harvest index.Applicatin of biofertilizers because of positive effects on plant height, number of seeds per plant, seed weight, pod weight per plant and biological yield,produced more grain yield in comparison control and nitrogen urea fertilizer in both of arrigated and rainfed conditions.In addition, seed co-inoculation with all of bio-fertilizers(PGPR+SWRI-3+SWRI-17) achieved more grain yield in comparison separate inoculation about 18-36% in irrigated and 34-50% in rainfed conditions.

In order to study of nitrogen application time and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate of sunflower، a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University، Ardabil branch in 2011. The first factor was time of nitrogen application in three levels، (1/3 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/3 at budding stage، 1/3 at flowering stage)، (1/2 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage)، (1/4 at 4-6 leaf stage، 1/2 at budding stage، 1/4 at flowering stage) as N1، N2 and N3 respectively and the second factor was seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels containing (without inoculation as control، seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocococum strain 5، Psedomunas putida strain 9، Psedomunas putida strain 41). The results showed that maximum of grain weight، grain filling period، grain and biological yield، 1000 grain weight، number of grain per head، plant height، head and stem diameter were obtained in nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Maximum of nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at nitrogen application as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum of it was obtained in nitrogen application as N × no seed inoculation. It seems that in order to increasing of grain yield، fertilizer use efficiency and grain filling rate، can be suggested that should be applied nitrogen application time as N2×seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

In order to study the effects of seed inoculation with rhizobium and nitrogen application on yield and some agronomic characterstics of soybean (Glycine max L.), a spilt plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2011 at the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch. Factors were inorganic nitrogen fertilizer urea at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg urea/ha) in the main plot and two levels of inoculation with Rhizobium japanicum bacteria (with and without inoculation) assigned to the sub plots. Study the growth indices showed that the maximum total dry matter (435.4 gr/m2), crop growth rate (6.75 gr/m2.day) and relative growth rate (0.1003 gr/gr.day) were obtained from compound of treatments high levels of urea application × inoculation with rhizobium while, the minimum values of these indices recorded in without nitrogen application×non inoculation with rhizobium. The highest plant height, number of pod per plant and grain yield were obtained from the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer (90 kg/ha urea) and seed inoculation with rhizobium. Number and dry weight of nodules per plant increased significantly with increasing nitrogen application till 60 kg/ha in seed inoculation with rhizobium. The lowest values of these traits recorded in non application of urea×non inoculation with rhizobium. Inoculation with rhizobium bacteria increased the number and dry weight of nodules per plant. Thus, it can be suggested that in order to increasing of grain yield, seed can be inoculated with rhizobium bacteria × application of 60 kg urea/ha in conditions of Ardabil region.

In order to improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars using chemical nitrogen and biofertilizer an experiment was conducted with nitrogen rate, biofertilization with nitragin and wheat cultivars. Results showed that with increasing of urea application number of fertile tillers per plant improved. In biofertilized seeds thousand seed weight of wheat cultivars was restricted up to 3.8 g. Kascogen produced 19.5% higher yield than Agusta. Seed biofertilization increased grain yield of wheat by 14% and 6% in Kascogen and Agusta, respectively, compared with control. In those treatments that seeds were sown after biofertilization, yield improved at lower urea rates. Increasing of urea application from 67% to 100% of recommended dose was caused a reduction of 91 and 70 kg ha-1 in yield of studied cultivars, while, in non-biofertilized seeds application of full dose of urea improved yield up to 125 and 99 kg ha-1, respectively in studied cultivars. Biofertilization could increase harvest index of wheat from 37% to 39.8%. In experiment environmental conditionusing seed biofertilization before planting we can improve yield of wheat, reduce urea application up to 33% of recommended dose and improve nitrogen use efficiency.

To evaluate the effect of drought stress, biofertilizer and chemical phosphorus fertilizer on yield and seed protein percentage of two lentil cultivars, an experiment was conducted in split factorial based on CRBD design with 4 replications in research farm of University of Tehran (Karaj-Iran) during 2009-10. The main factor including three irrigation levels (irrigation after 70, 90 and 130 mm evaporation from open pan class A) and sub treatments were the different kind of fertilizer (100% super phosphate triple; seed inoculation with biofertilizer; 50% super phosphate triple+inoculation with biofertilizer; no fertilizer & inoculation or check) along with two lentil varieties (namely; ILL6039 & Ziba, susceptible and tolerant cultivars, respectively). The biofertilizer contained pseudomonas (strains number 93 & 187) and azotobactor. The characteristics recorded were plant height, pods number per plant, seed yield, seed protein content (%) and harvest index. The results indicated that irrigation levels had significant effects on all plant traits (p≤0.01). The interaction effects between irrigation and fertilizer, irrigation×variety, fertilizer×variety and the triple interactions had significant effects on all plant traits (p≤0.01). Amongst the triple interactions, the variety×fertilizer under irrigation after 70 mm evapotranspiration from open pan (check) produced the highest seed yield. The effect of integrated fertilizer treatment on seed yield in comparison with 100% phosphorus fertilizer at different irrigation levels was better. Therefore, one can conclude from the view point of fertilizer reduction that the combination of 50% phosphorus fertilizer + inoculation with bio-fertilizer can be recommended.

To evaluate the effect of different application methods of different strains of PGPR on sorghum forage production, a field experiment was conducted in Research Farm of College of Agriculture of University of Tehran in Karaj during 2009. The treatments were arranged factorially and the data was analyzed based on a complete block design with three replications. The treatments comprised of three Pseudomonas putida (strains:34, 53 and 100) and three Pseudomonas fluorescence (strains: 82, 162 and 169) which were applied either by seed inoculation, foliar spray application or integrated application (inoculation and foliar spray). The results showed that the integrated application over yielded the forage production over other application methods for all different bacteria strains. The results supported the synergistic effects of integrated application method on forage yield as well as leaf area, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight. The highest forage yield was obtained by bacteria strains of 87, 100 and 162 in integrated application method.

In order to evaluate nitrogen fixation and nodulation ratio in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Iranian cultivars with different strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli with Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria to determine the best bacteria×cultivar’s combination، a spilt plot experiment in randomized complete block design was conducted in the field at Shahrekord، Iran in 2006 and 2007. The factors were six bacterial strains Rb-133، Rb-133×Azospirillum، Rb-133×Pseudomonas، Rb-136، Rb-136×Azospirillum، Rb-136×Pseudomonas and non-inoculated controls including application of nitrogen fertilizer treatment (100 kg N ha-1) and without application of nitrogen fertilizer in main plots. Three bean cultivars Sayad، Akhtar and Goli were assigned as factor B to subplots. The results revealed that there were significant differences among levels of factor A in shoot nitrogen content، nitrogen fixation، number nod، dry weight and fresh weight of nod at early flowering (45-50 days after emergence). Treatment of inoculated seeds with strain bacteria×Pseudomonas and non-inoculated control (without N–fertilizer application) demonstrated the highest and lowest nitrogen fixation and nodulation، respectively. The results showed that all treatments of bacteria are capable of nodulation; however، strains Rb-133 gave highest nodule dry weight، N total (shoot) and percent of fixed N2.

A field study was conducted at Karaj Soil and Water Research Station to evaluate the effects of bean nodulating rhizobia on the growth and yield of two bean cultivars. The experiment was carried out using two cultivars of bean, Faculty white and Naz red as well as four strains of rhizobia, one nitrogen (100 kg N/ha) as urea and a control treatment in a randomized complete block (RCBD) split plot design in four replicates. The strains were grown in YMB to obtian population density of 2108 cfu/ml and then packed following the injection to 25 g of powdered perlite. Seeds of bean were moistened with a 20% solution of Arabic gum and treated with the inocula before planting. N-fertilizer as urea was used in three equal applications at planting, flowering and pod filling. Control treatment included no inoculation or N- fertilization. Plants were sampled at flowering and physiological maturing stages. The leaf area, plant height, nodule dry weight and N-uptake of the shoots were measured at the first sampling time. With the second sampling, number and weight of the pods per plant, number of the seed per plant, 100-seeds weight, biological yield and protein content of the seeds were measured. Results showed that the inoculation increased is significant in the noduledry weight, leaf area, plant height, N- uptake of the Shoots, number and weight of poods per plant, number of the seed per plant, biologic yield, seed yield and protein content of the seeds than Control and one nitrogen (100 kgN/ha), and so L-100 strong of rhizobia has most seed yield. The cultivars had significant differences and the cultivar Naz red was superior in the measured indices.