جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خاکستر » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

AbstractThis research was done in the form of random complete block statistical design using split-factorial method with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in the year 2022-2023. Three controltreatment, interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering until 50% of podding and interruption of irrigation at the podding stage until harvest were compared in the main plots.Two genotypes of Hyola 4815 and Aram and three densities of 80, 110 and 140 plants.m-2 were investigated in sub-plots. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation*genotype*density on the number of ranches, insoluble content in acidic detergent, ash, digestible dry matter, lactation specific energy and metabolizable energy was significant. The highest and lowest content of insoluble fibers was obtained from the control treatment, density of 140 plants and Hyola4815 genotype, and interruption of irrigation, density of 80 plants per square meter and Aram genotype, which showed a significant difference with other treatments. gave In general, the highest dry forage yield was obtained in the full irrigation treatment (3722 kg.ha-1), which showed a significant difference with the other levels of irrigation. Also, the Aram genotype showed a significant superiority with fodder yield equal to 3482 kg.ha-1 compared to Hyola 4815 genotype. The highest and lowest yield of dry fodder (respectively 3471 and 3226 kg.ha-1) was related to the density of 140 and 80 plants, respectively, which had significant differences with each other, but did not show significant difference with the density level of 110 plants.m-2. Based on this, in addition to the Aram genotype as the superior genotype, the plant density of 110 plants per square meter can be considered as the superior density in this experiment, which, in addition to the higher forage quality, also has a lower seed consumption cost compared to the density of 140 plants per square meter.IntroductionIrrigation is one of the most important factors affecting the quality and quantity of fodder plants. Also, the digestibility of fodder depends on the chemical composition of fodder. Plant density is a factor that affects the distribution of plant dry matter. In the study of Nasirpour and Zakirnejad (2018), the effect of four densities of 20, 30, 40 and 50 plants per square meter on the yield of pearl millet fodder was investigated and the results showed that the highest yield of millet fodder was obtained at a density of 50 plants per square meter and the lowest at a density of 20 The plant was obtained in square meters. Also, the research findings of Eskandari et al. (2017) increased the yield of dry fodder and the amount of hemicellulose-free cell wall with the increase in corn plant density, and then the forage quality was estimated to be higher. The presence of water-rich and profitable plants such as corn, whose cultivation has been developed regardless of water resource limitations in all provinces, is one of the reasons for the lack of attention to plants such as canola, which can be used as grazing, storage and silage for livestock. On the other hand, the scientific investigation of the fodder aspects of rapeseed has remained far away, and in Khuzestan province, livestock are facing a shortage of fodder in the winter season. Rapeseed cultivation can be one of the basic solutions to provide the fodder needed by livestock in this season.Materials and MethodsThe research was carried out with the aim of investigating the qualitative characteristics and performance of canola genotypes under the treatment of irrigation interruption and plant density in the agricultural year 2022-2023 at Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the form of a split factorial design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors include (1. control without interruption of irrigation, 2. interruption of irrigation at the beginning of flowering (phenology code 60) to 50% of fruiting (phenology code 75) and interruption of irrigation in the phase of fruiting until harvest (phenology code 71-99)), canola genotypes (Hyola 4815 and Aram) and plant density (80, 110 and 140 plants per square meter) were considered as secondary factors.Results and DiscussionThe results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction between the treatments of irrigation interruption, and genotype in plant density on the traits of the number of branches, insoluble content in acidic detergent, ash content, total digestible nutrients, digestible dry matter, lactation specific energy and metabolizable energy was significant. The highest amount of total digestible nutrients, amount of metabolizable energy, digestible dry matter and milking specific energy were assigned to Aram genotype and the density of 80 plants per square meter and the treatment of irrigation interruption from seeding to harvest. The highest and lowest content of insoluble fibers in acidic detergent was obtained from the control treatment combination (optimal irrigation), density of 140 plants per square meter and Hyola 4815 genotype, and interruption of irrigation in the third stage, density of 80 plants per square meter and Aram genotype.ConclusionThe results of this experiment showed that between the experimental treatments in terms of performance of fresh fodder, dry fodder and quantitative and qualitative indicators including morphological traits, insoluble fibers in neutral and acidic detergent, total digestible nutrient, dry matter consumption, specific energy of lactation, there was a significant difference in metabolic energy and relative nutritional energy. The highest yield of dry fodder was observed from the treatment with the density of 140 plants per square meter and the Aram genotype, and the lowest amount was from the Hyola 4815 genotype and the density of 140 plants per square meter. Also, the highest total digestible nutrient, amount of metabolizable energy, digestible dry matter and lactation specific energy were observed according to the Aram genotype and the density of 80 plants per square meter and the conditions of stress from tillering to harvest.

Salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most basic agricultural problems, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Identifying and domesticating salinity-resistant plant (halophytes) species with economic value is an important strategy for these regions.

This research aimed to investigate the amount of elements and the quality of fodder in several Salicornia species under the influence of water salinity in a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design in pot culture conditions in Bojnourd (North Khorasan province) in 2018. Irrigation treatment was applied at two levels (brackish water and normal water), and Salicornia species treatment included four species (Salicornia persica, S. sinus persica, S. europaea, and S. bigelovii) and Salicornia var Markazi. The source of salty water was the Kal-Shoor river in Esfrain and the source of normal water was the well located in Research and Education of Agriculture and Natural Resurces Center in Bojnourd. Due to the high salinity of Kal-Shoor river, normal water was used to adjust the salinity to the treatment limit of 45 dSm-1. To produce seedlings, Salicornia seeds were planted in plastic combs for seedling production in April 2018. After 60 days, seedlings (10-15 cm) were transferred to pots. The irrigation circuit varied in different growth stages according to weather conditions, and irrigation was done by the weight method with the 80% moisture index of the pots.

The results showed that the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine increased with the increase in irrigation water salinity in all species. The highest accumulations of sodium (11%) and chlorine (23.5%) were observed in S. sinus persica and the lowest amount of sodium (8.6%) and chlorine (21%) were observed in S. persica. Among the Salicornia species, the lowest amount of elements is related to potassium and phosphorus ions, which is mostly due to the limitation of the absorption of these elements under the influence of sodium ions, and as mentioned in the sources, the process of absorption of these elements increases gradually with the growth stages. Maintaining a more negative potential of the membrane is an important factor for salinity tolerance, considering that in saline soils, chlorine and sodium are the most common solutes, the absorption of sodium and chlorine ions is important for regulating osmotic pressure and cytoplasmic concentration. In this experiment, in both irrigation treatments, the most elements in all species were related to chlorine and sodium ions. Based on the measurement of quality variables of fodder, the percentages of protein, crude fat, and ash in salty water treatment were higher than those in normal water. The highest percentage of crude fat (1.32%) in S. var. Markazi was affected by saltwater treatment, which was significantly different from the other species. The highest percentages of protein in S. bigelovii and S. europaea under the influence of saltwater treatment were 6.06% and 6.31%, respectively, which were significantly different from the other species. The highest amounts of ash belonged to S. europaea (63%) and S. bigelovii (62%) in saltwater treatment, and S. sinus persica contained the least ash (49%) in normal water treatment. Although the increase in protein increases the quality of fodder, the increase in the amount of ash and crude fat causes limitations in animal nutrition and digestibility. Therefore, the increase of water salinity has a negative effect on the quality of fodder.

Brackish water treatment increased the amount of ash in all species to different proportions, which is a limiting factor for the pure consumption of salicornia in animal feed. Therefore, the relative reduction of water salinity and the selection of suitable species are effective in increasing the quality of fodder.On the other hand, the great ability of Salicornia species to absorb and store salts in their aerial parts provides the basis for the exploitation of their vegetative organs for the production of vegetable salt. Moreover, it is economically important along with other applications of Salicornia (production of fodder, oil, medicines, and protection).

The agricultural systems are facing numerous challenges in maintaining and providing food security. Achieving this goal, considering the growing global population is possible through the application of sustainable agricultural principles to increase crop yield and reduce environmental costs. The widespread use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogen fertilizers, by farmers globally to enhance yields has resulted in numerous environmental hazards, including soil and groundwater pollution. Intercropping systems emerge as a viable strategy to augment yield, curtail reliance on chemical fertilizers, and safeguard the environment. Enhancing the yield and quality of forage has become a paramount concern in the agricultural sector in recent times. Various approaches exist to achieve this objective, among which intercropping cereals and legumes stands out as a promising solution. One of the most sustainable farming methods in saline and arid lands is drying livestock products using salt-tolerant plants, which can also be beneficial for farmers.

This experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute of Zabol University using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include different patterns of intercropping kochia and cowpea, namely: 100% Kochia (K100), 50% kochia: 50% cowpea (K50:C50), 75% kochia: 25% cowpea (K75:C25), 25% kochia: 75% cowpea (K25:C75), 100% kochia: 50% cowpea (K100:C50), 50% kochia: 100% cowpea (K50:C100), 100% kochia:100% cowpea (K100:C100), and 100% cowpea (C100). Dry forage yield, yield components, percentage of crude protein (CP), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and dry matter digestibility (DMD) were measured in Kochia plants. Additionally, in cowpea, economic and biological yield, the number of pods per plant, and the 1000-grain weight were measured. To assess the profitability of intercropping, the land equivalent ratio (LER) was utilized.

According to the obtained results, the planting pattern had a significant effect on the yield of kochia and cowpea, as well as the morphological characteristics of cowpea, including height, lateral branch, stem weight, and leaf weight. Additionally, the planting pattern had a significant effect on the quality parameters of forage, including the percentage of protein, ash, ADF, and DMD of Kochia. The highest yield was obtained for kochia (22,788 kg.ha-1) in the cropping pattern of K100:C100, and for cowpea (3590.3 kg.ha-1) in pure cowpea. The highest percentages of protein (19.90) and ash (14.83) were achieved in the additive intercropping pattern of K100:C100. It also achieved the highest and lowest percentage of DMD (41%) and, ADF (41.30%), respectively, in the pattern of K100:C50. The research results indicated that the highest LER (1.80) was achieved from the treatment of K50:C50.

The yield and quality of forage in dry areas have significant importance, considering the prevailing climatic conditions. Therefore, intercropping is considered a practical solution to achieve the mentioned goals. or Despite the numerous benefits of intercropping, the selection of compatible forage and companion plants that are suitable for specific regional conditions, combined with the design of an appropriate cropping pattern, can greatly enhance the yield and efficiency of this cultivation system. According to the results, intercropping demonstrates higher forage quality compared to the sole crop of Kochia. High-quality forage has higher percentages of CP, ash, and DMD while having lower levels of ADF. Based on these findings, the additive patterns K100:C100 and K100:C50 are recommended. The research results indicate an increase in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of both kochia and cowpea in intercropping. The LER in all replacement patterns was greater than one, indicating an increase in land efficiency compared to the sole crop. As a result, the natural potential of Kochia, a salt-tolerant plant, can be used as a suitable strategy for using saline soil and water resources and feeding livestock in the Zabol region.

The experiment was completed to evaluate the responses of forage yield and silage quality of dual-purpose corn hybrids to urea fertigation. For this purpose, two studies were conducted each as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two locations in research farms of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, in 2016.  Two levels of nitrogen fertigation including 150 and 200 kg ha-1 in Lavark Research Field -Najafabad city; 200 and 250 kg ha-1 in Shervedan Research Field- Flavarjan city with urea fertilizer, N= 45%, and 20 forage-grain corn hybrids were designed as main and sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the increased application of nitrogen fertilizer improved biological yield in Shervedan field and dry matter percentage and silage yield in both locations, but had no effect on the ratio of forage components including leaves, stems and ears to total forage weight. The protein concentrations of silage hybrids increased significantly as a result of increasing nitrogen application in Shervedan. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, the amount of ash in both locations increased, but insoluble fibers in neutral detergent and insoluble fibers in acidic detergent decreased. The interaction effects of nitrogen × hybrid on silage acidity was significant in Shervedan. At Shervedan field, the highest biological yield (298,000 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (29.8%) were observed in AGN591 and Whichita with application of 250 kg/ha N-fertilizer. AGN756 had the highest biological yield (27,200 kg/ha) and silage dry matter percentage (28.6%) upon application of 200 kg/ha N-fertilizer in Lavark field station. It seems that in each region, by using the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer and selecting high-potential yield hybrids, both acceptable quantitative and qualitative yields of corn silage can be achieved.

One of the most important elements in forage crop production and management is high forage qualitative. In order to evaluation the effect of urea foliar application and vermicompost fertilizer on forage qualitative in corn (Zea mays L.) – cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) mix cropping, an experiment was lay out in RCBD as strip- split plot with four replications in Khorramabad temperate region during 2011- 2012. Urea foliar application and control, using vermicompost fertilizer and control, and corn + cowpea mix cropping (sole corn and sole cowpea, and %75:%25, %50: %50, %25: %75, corn:cowpea) were the factors. Urea foliar application and using vermicompost fertilizer had better performance than controls. The lowest pure fibers and the highest ash, pure protein, amount of forage energy, digestible dry matter, and protein yield were achieved from Urea foliar application and using vermicompost fertilizer and %75:%25 and %50: %50, corn:cowpea mix cropping rates. Results showed that foliar application significantly affected forage quality.

Integrated weed management in corn (Cordona Variety) was studied in an experiment conducted in 2016-2017 growing season in Dehloran region, Ilam provice, Iran. The experiment was performed in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was tillage systems with two levels (tillage (cultivator) and no-tillage), corn density at three levels (65, 75 and 85 thousand plants per hectare) assigned to sub plots, and herbicide applications at two levels (herbicide and no- herbicide) in sub-sub plots. Frequency and density of weeds, dry weight grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight, grain number per ear, protein percent, fiber and ash were measured. Small-flowered nutsedge (5.2 plant m-2), Ground cherry (4.4 plant m-2), and redroot pigweed (6.8 plant m-2) were dominant. Increasing the maize density from 65 to 85 thousand plant m-2 led to reducing 102% and 129% weed density and biomass, respectively. Results showed that weed density and biomass reduced by inter-row tillage system. The highest grain yield (5720 kg ha-1) was assigned to the highest maize density + herbicide + tillage treatments. Inter-row tillage increased 17% biological yield of maize than non-tillage. The highest protein content of grain (9.78%) was obtained at 75000 plant m-2 density using herbicide. Fiber and ash percentage were higher at higher densities and application of tillage and herbicide. Integrated weed management in corn (Cordona Variety) was studied in an experiment conducted in 2016-2017 growing season in Dehloran region, Ilam provice, Iran. The experiment was performed in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was tillage systems with two levels (tillage (cultivator) and no-tillage), corn density at three levels (65, 75 and 85 thousand plants per hectare) assigned to sub plots, and herbicide applications at two levels (herbicide and no- herbicide) in sub-sub plots. Frequency and density of weeds, dry weight grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, 100 seed weight, grain number per ear, protein percent, fiber and ash were measured. Small-flowered nutsedge (5.2 plant m-2), Ground cherry (4.4 plant m-2), and redroot pigweed (6.8 plant m-2) were dominant. Increasing the maize density from 65 to 85 thousand plant m-2 led to reducing 102% and 129% weed density and biomass, respectively. Results showed that weed density and biomass reduced by inter-row tillage system. The highest grain yield (5720 kg ha-1) was assigned to the highest maize density + herbicide + tillage treatments. Inter-row tillage increased 17% biological yield of maize than non-tillage. The highest protein content of grain (9.78%) was obtained at 75000 plant m-2 density using herbicide. Fiber and ash percentage were higher at higher densities and application of tillage and herbicide.

In order to study the effect of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and zeolite on chlorophyll content, forage yield and quality of amaranth, a split plot factorial experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replicates at Research farm of Tarbiat Modarres University during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Main factor was three irrigation regimes, irrigation after depleting 40, 60 and 75 percent of soil available water and sub factor was the combination of the two factors: nitrogen levels 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg.h-1 and zeolite levels 0 and 10 ton.h-1. Results showed that increasing irrigation intervals, especially irrigation after depleting 75% of available water, decreased chlorophyll (37%), forage yield (40%), digestible dry matter (18%), crude protein (17%) and ash (16%) but increased neutral detergent fiber (16%) and acid detergent fiber (7%) compared to control irrigation treatments. Zeolite application under water deficit stress conditions resulted in increased chlorophyll, forage yield, digestible dry matter, crude protein and ash, and reduced NDF and ADF. Under soil water deficit conditions, also in application of zeolite, nitrogen consumption of more than 80 kg.h-1 had no significant effect on forage dry yield and quality. Therefore, in the case of zeolite application, 80 kg.h-1 nitrogen application is sufficient to obtain suitable forage yield and quality of the amaranth.

Intercropping, the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time, is an old and commonly used cropping practice which aims to match efficiently crop demands to the available growth resources. Usually in intercropping treatments forage dry matter, percentage of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre content and water-soluble carbohydrates compared with sole crop. The aim of this study was determining of quantity and quality of produced forage in sole and intercropping of barley and pea and also Land Equivalent Ratio.
Matherials and This experiment was arranged as factorial based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications at research field, Gonbad Kavous University during growing season of 2012- 2013. Five intercropping levels were included sole crop of barley and pea, one row of barley one row of pea, two rows of barley two rows of pea and three rows of barley three rows of pea and four levels of nitrogen was 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg/ha. Sowing date was 6 December 2011 and harvest date was 26 April 2012. The traits was forage dry yield, percentage of crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber, ash and protein yield. For analysis variance of data software of SAS Ver.9.1.3. were used and treatment mean differences were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.
The results showed that the effect of intercropping, nitrogen and interaction of intercropping × nitrogen on forage dry yield were significant (α= 1%). Effect of intercropping on percentage of crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber, ash and protein yield was significant (α= 1%). percentage of crude protein and ash and so protein yield were affected by nitrogen. Forage yield in sole crop of barley with consumption of 75 and 50 kg N ha-1 with 14.51 and 14.3 t ha-1 was the highest and in sole crop of pea without consumption of nitrogen with 3.76 t ha-1 was less than other treatmentst. Treatment of sole crop of pea had the highest amounts of crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates and ash and the lowest of acid detergent fiber. Protein yield in sole crop of barley was higher than other treatments. Nitrogen increased percentage of crude protein, percentage of ash and protein yield. Land Equivalent Ratio in intercropping treatments was less than 1.
Forage dry matte in sole crop of barley with consumption of nitrogen was better than other treatments whereas sole crop of pea without nitrogen consumption produced the minimum yield. All quality traits except percentage of ash in sole crop of pea was higher than sole crop of barley and intercropping treatments. Land Eqivalent Ratio in all intercropping treatments was less than 1 so, intercropping was not superior than sole crops.

In order to study the effect of planting pattern and nitrogen application on barley and faba bean yield and quality of forage in intercropping, an experiment was conducted on farm of agricultural and natural resources faculty of Gonbad Kavous University as factorial based on RCBD with three replications in 2012-2013. Planting pattern consisted of five levels, i.e. sole barley, intercropping of barley with faba bean at 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 rations and sole faba bean and nitrogen fertilizer factor was comprised of four levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg N ha-1. The results showed that effect of planting pattern on forage yield, height, percentage of dry matter digestibility, crude protein and acid detergent fiber at 1% probability level were significant. Nitrogen fertilizer had additive effect on forage yield, height, percentage of dry matter digestibility and crude protein. Sole barley produced the highest yield with13.38 ton ha-1 and sole faba bean produced the lowest forage yield with 7.4 ton ha-1. With increasing of faba bean in intercropping treatments, total yield decreased compared to sole barley. The highest and lowest crude protein percentage with 25.37 and 8.81 and dry matter digestibility with 69.96 and 58.96 percent was obtained from sole faba bean and sole barley, respectively. Although forage yield in sole crop of barley was high but its quality was low.

A field experiment was conducted in order to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on yield and quality of Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar, MV500 silage as second crop. This study was conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Kurdistan University during 2012 growing season. The experiment was laid out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was three levels of nitrogen (115, 184 and 253 kg N. ha-1). Four plant densities (8, 10, 12 and 14 plants.m-2) assigned to subplots. The results showed that as nitrogen rate increased forage yield, and crude protein content increased but NDF and ADF percentage decreased. However, ash percentage did not change by nitrogen rate. Increasing in nitrogen rate more than 184Kg N/ha had no significant effect on forage yield, protein content and NDF. Although, forage yield increased and both protein content and NDF decreased as plant density increased but ADF and Ash percentage did not affect by plant density. In conclusion, nitrogen rate more than 184 Kg N/ha and plant density more than 12 pl.m-2 had no effects on forage yield and quality. Therefore, in order to avoid environmental pollutions and reduce production costs, more nitrogen rates and plant populations not recommended.

Increase salinity in soil and water resourses in agricultural lands has created major challenges in crops production. Kochia can grow under saline conditions and used as fodder in dry and saline areas. Therefore, three experiments was conducted in complete randomize design with four replication, to study effects of different levels of salinity (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 dS m-1) at different growth stages (planting and early seedling) and salinity appllication intervally. Results of applying saline water at the beginning of growth showed that kochia seedling was able to survive up to 30 dS m-1 sodium chloride. The results showed that increasing salinity at planting and early seedling satge reduced plant height, branches number, shoot fresh and dry weight, and increased digestible dry matter, digestive value, and crude protein yield. On the other hand with increasing salinity digestibility of dry matter, organic matter digestibility, crude protein and ash percentage were increased. Total phenol was not significantly affected by salinity in all treatments. Application of salinity intermittently at early seedling except of digestive value and ash percentage had no significant affect on other treats. Generally, results showed that the kochia seedlings are sensitive to salinity higher than 30 dS m-1 and also kochia be able to keep biomass production with salinity appllication intervally.

In order to investigate the effect of urban sewage and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield quantity and quality forage of sweet corn, an experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Yasouj Research Field Station at 2009. The main factor consisted of irrigation in five levels: common irrigation water without urban sewage in entire growing season (I1), the first half of plant growing season irrigation with urban sewage and continues growing season whith common irrigation water (I2), inverse of treatment I2 (I3), alternate irrigation with common irrigation water and urban sewage (I4), urban sewage in entire growing season (I5), and the sub factor was including nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (N0=0, N80=80 and N160=160 kg N ha-1) The effects of irrigation treatment, nitrogen fertilizer levels and interaction of irrigation treatments and nitrogen fertilizer levels were significant on fresh forage yield. The highest fresh forage yield was obtained in I4N80 treatment equal 2897 gr m-2 and Minimum fresh forage yield in I1N0 treatment equal 1863 gr m-2. The results show that application of urban sewage led to reduced nitrogen fertilizer consumption in production forage sweet corn. Also effect of irrigation treatments was significant on protein content and ash forage sweet corn. According to results of means comparison, maximum and minimum of crud protein content was obtained in irrigation levels I5 and I1 equal 13.6 and 5.9 percent respectively, and also, maximum and minimum of ash forage in irrigation levels I5 and in I1 equal 16.2 and 12.5 percent, respectively. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on crud fiber content. Maximum and minimum crud fiber content was obtained in N0 and N160 levels, equal 36.1 and 33.9 percent, respectively.

Use poor quality resources of water and soil for food production in developing countries must be considered. Therefore, three experiments were conduct in complete randomize design with four replications, to study effects of gradually application of different salinity levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 dS.m-1) at different growth stages (planting and early seedling) and gradually application salinity at the end of growth stage on kochia. The results showed that increasing salinity at gradually in planting and early seedling and the end of growth, plant height, branches number, shoot fresh and dry weight, digestible dry matter, digestive value, and crude protein yield were increased. On the other hand with increasing salinity digestibility of dry matter, organic matter digestibility, crude protein and ash percentage in applying salinity, gradually at planting and early seedling, and gradually at the end of growth were increased. Generally, kochia be able to tolerate salinity up to 128 dS.m-1 gradually with increase salinity.