جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "درآمد خالص" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

After soybean and oil palm, rapeseed has the third place in supplying vegetable oil in the world, so that it accounts for 14.7% of the total production of vegetable oil. The current research was carried out using modeling approach in order to simulate the replacement of wheat cultivation with rapeseed cultivation in terms of water and economic productivity in four locations (Aleshtar, Khorramabad, Pol-e Dokhtar, and Kuhdasht) in Lorestan province. APSIM model was used to simulate the growth and yield of wheat and rapeseed crops. The model validation results showed that it accurately simulates wheat and rapeseed grain yield with nRMSE of 8.6%. The results showed that wheat cultivation (3524.4 kg) had a higher grain yield than rapeseed cultivation (2750.2 kg). In addition, wheat cultivation system (1.45 kg m-3) compared with rapeseed cultivation (1.15 kg m-3) had higher water productivity. However, the difference between these two cultivation systems in terms of irrigation productivity was not considerable (0.11 kg m3). Also, economic productivity and net income of rapeseed cultivation system were 0.220 million tomans per cubic meter and 59.9 million tomans per hectare, respectively, while they were 0.014 million tomans per cubic meter and 41.1 million tomans per hectare, respectively, for wheat cultivation system. In general, the results approved that moving from wheat cultivation to rapeseed cultivation can be environmentally and economically sustainable in the agro-ecosystems of Lorestan province, especially in Khorramabad county.

To evaluate the effect of planting management on forage production in hybrid and open-pollinated sorghum cultivars, a two-year experiment based on split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Planting date at four levels (July 1, 10 and 23, and August 1), was considered as the main factor and the factorial combination of planting method at three levels (without priming as control, seed hydropriming, and transplanting) and genotype at two levels (Pegah cultivar and Speedfeed hybrid) as the sub-factor. The results showed that delayed planting on July 10th and 23rd, and August 1st reduced forage yield by 15.1, 32.7, and 48.7%, respectively, compared to the July 1st planting date. The highest silage yield in the first and second harvests (106.21 and 62.78 ton.ha-1, respectively) were obtained by the transplanting Pegah and Speedfeed on the July 1st, respectively, whereas the seed hydropriming of Speedfeed produced the highest total forage yield (147.80 ton ha-1). The results of the economic evaluation showed that the highest net income (99.11 million Rials.ha-1) and the maximum benefit-to-cost ratio and sales return (2.52 and 60.35%, respectively) were obtained by planting the hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid on the July 1st. The transplanting of Pegah cultivar was uneconomical in all the studied planting dates, whereas transplanting Speedfeed hybrid from July 1st to July 23rd was superior to the conventional sowing method. In total, the results of this study showed that to produce the maximum yield and economic profit, it is recommended to carry out the planting operation at the earliest possible time with hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid.

To investigate the effect of planting date and planting pattern on yield and quality characteristics of forage maize cv. KSC703 in transplanting method, split plot factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was employed at Ekbatan research station of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Hamedan, Iran, in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. Planting date at four levels; 05 May, 31 May, 26 June and 21 July with planting pattern at two levels; one-row with row spacing of 70 cm (conventional planting pattern) and two-rows with row spacing of 140 cm assigned to main plots and planting method at three levels; direct seeding, single and two seedlings were randomized in sub-plots. Plant density was 102,000 plants per hectare for all treatments. The highest fresh forage and protein yield obtained in the second planting date (65430 and 2437 kg.ha-1, respectively). In two-rows pattern, the fresh forage and protein yield were 20% and 14.5% higher than one-row pattern, respectively. Fresh forage and protein yield in single transplant were 11.5% and 10.8% higher than direct seeding and 6.6% and 7.4% higher than two seedlings, respectively. In early and late planting dates, single transplant had the highest fresh forage and protein yield (first planting date: 62883 and 2412 kg.ha-1 and third planting date: 57515 and 2115 kg.ha-1 and fourth planting date: 4755 and 1308 kg.ha-1, respectively). The rates of physical water productivity, net income and economic water productivity based on net income in two-rows pattern were 167.6%, 53.6% and 237% higher than in conventional one-row pattern, respectively. The rates of the above traits to replace direct seeding with single seedling increased by 42%, 12.1% and 33.8%, and to replace with two seedlings increased by 32.8%, 4.5% and 24.7% increase, respectively. Due to the significant increase in forage yield and water productivity as well as with 50% reduction in costs of irrigation tape under transplanting in two-rows pattern, this method (preferably as two seedlings for reducing production costs) is recommended as a suitable alternative method for direct seeding of forage maize production.

To study effects of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer levels on grain yield and its components of maize (cv. SC704) and to evaluate economic efficiency of experimental treatments a filed experiment was carried out as split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons at experimental field of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Four irrigation water levels (60, 80, 100 and 120% of maize water requirement) were assigned to main plots, and four nitrogen fertilizer levels (40, 70, 100 and 140% of recommended levels based on soil test) were randomized in sub-plots. Results showed that regardless of nitrogen fertilizer levels, application of 120% of the maize water requirement, 8760 kg.ha-1 grain was produced and with reducing water requirements to 20, 40 and 60%, grain yield decreased by 10, 37 and 65%, respectively. Irrigation water and nitrogen supply simultaneously increased the total dry weight, grain yield and grain protein. At lower levels of irrigation water, there was no significant difference in grain yield between nitrogen fertilizer levels. However, application of 100 and 120% of the maize water requirement, nitrogen fertilizer up to recommended levels increased grain yield by its affect on ear size and yield components. Therefore, by application of 120% of maize water requirement and 100 and 140% of nitrogen requirement, 9340 and 9280 kg.ha-1 maize grain yield was achieved. Grain yield in these nitrogen levels and 100% of maize water requirement were 8770 and 8300 kg.ha-1. The highest gross and net return per hectare (82.94 and 48.99 million Rials in 2014 and 86.70 and 45.04 million Rials in 2015, respectively) were obtained by application of 120% of maize water requirement and 100% of nitrogen requirement. Optimum level of water economic efficiency (4200 and 3670 Rials.m3 in 2014 and 2015) and nitrogen (71060 and 48650 Rials.kg-1 in 2014 and 2015) were obtained by application of 100% of maize water requirement. The results also showed that with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application, economic efficiency of nitrogen decreased and nitrogen application up to 70% of recommended level improved economic efficiency of maize. Although the highest grain yield and net income were obtained by application of 120% of maize water requirement and 100% of nitrogen requirement, but appropriate combination of irrigation water and nitrogen levels is recommended considering the importance, price changes, economic productivity and environmental constraints of each inputs.

To investigatr the effect of different tillage methods and crop residues on yield, yield components and economic efficiency of wheat, an experiment was carried out as split-plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research station of Gonabad during 2012-13 growing season. Three tillage methods including conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no tillage (NT) were allocated to main plots and three crop residues containing without residue (R0), 30% (R1) and 60% (R2) of residues retention were assigned in sub plots. Results showed that different tillage methods and rate of residue management had not significantly effects on dry matter accumulation in different developmental stages, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Tillage methods had only significantly effect on number of spike per m2. The highest level of biological yield was obtained from RT treatment. With increasing crop residues from zero to 60%, biological and grain yield were increased, so that the highest amount of biological yield was obtained from retention of 60% residues. The highest level of grain yield was related to CT R2 treatment. However, CT R1 and RT R2 treatments were the best treatments in view point of economic and had the highest rate of net income and rate of return.

The water deficit is the most important limiting non-biological factor to achieve the potential yield of crops. To evaluate the effect of silicon application on yield of millet under drought stress in field an experimental was carried out. Treatments were included three irrigation regimes after 60 (non-stress), 90 (moderate stress) and 120 (severe stress) mm evaporation from evaporation pan, class A and four methods of silicon application including non-spray (control), spray, spray and using with irrigation water and using silicon with irrigation water in 2012 growing season in split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCDB) with three replications in Hamedan. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and silicon on all traits, except water use efficiency under drought stress and number of grains per spike after silicon application were significant. The biological yield and grain yield were decreased by 15 and 22 percent in the moderate stress and 33 and 42 percent in the severe stress, respectively. Interaction between drought and silicon application on 1000 seed weight, grain yield and water use efficiency were significant. The use of integrated silicon as spray and irrigation water had the highest positive effects on grain weight, water use efficiency, harvest index and benefit-cost ratio. Economic analysis of different treatments showed higher benefit-cost ratio of all silicon applications. But maximum benefit-cost ratio was recorded from spray and using with irrigation water. Therefore applications of silicon in combination of both methods are recommended.

To investigate the effect of rotation on wheat yield and to determine the economic value of crop rotations، eight rotation treatments that had conducted in Jolge-e-Rokh Agricultural Research Station during 2006 - 2010، were evaluated economically، using partial budgeting and marginal analysis. Experimental design was، complete randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of eight crop rotation T1: wheat continuous culture، T2: wheat، wheat، wheat، canola، wheat، T3: wheat، sugar beet، wheat، sugar beet، wheat، T4: wheat، potato، wheat، potato، wheat، T5: wheat، potato، wheat، canola، wheat، T6: wheat، sugar beet، wheat، potato، wheat، T7: wheat، forage corn، wheat، potato، wheat and T8: wheat، forage corn، wheat، sugar beet، wheat. Results indicated that pre plant and kind of crop rotation had significant effects on wheat yield in the final year. Comparing mean test indicated that wheat in rotation had significantly better yield than continuous planting (between 21 to 37 percent). In fixed price، T6 rotation (wheat، sugar beet، wheat، potato، wheat) with relative rate of return 90 % and net income 112. 99 million rails had the maximum rate of return and profit respectively، and T3 rotation (wheat، sugar beet، wheat، sugar beet، wheat) with 104 million rails net income followed it. Although change in prices led to change in selected treatment، but treatments in this study had the economical replacements and therefore، farm manager will be faced with flexible options.