جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سود" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Background and Goal:

 Cotton is one of the industrial crops whose product is used and exploited in various industries and provides many products for human life. Cotton fibers are used in the textile industry, its grains in the lubricant industry, and its additives, including flour and pulp, in animal feed. The area under cotton cultivation in 2018 is about 31.8 million hectares in the world and 36 thousand hectares in Afghanistan, 1440 hectares in Baghlan Afghanistan province. Cotton in Baghlan province ranks sixth among irrigated crops and first among industrial crops in terms of cultivated area. Since 1978, the area of this crop in Baghlan province has decreased by about 80%. Therefore, an economic investigation of cotton production in Baghlan province of Afghanistan was conducted in this study.

The statistical population of this study was cotton growers in Baghlan province of Afghanistan. 132 samples were selected using stratified random sampling method. In this study, in order to economically evaluate cotton production, economic evaluation indicators including total income, total cost, gross return, profit, return on investment, profit to cost ratio and cost of the product were examined, as well as the optimal amount of input consumption. Production lines were also specified through the production function.

The results of the economic survey indicators of cotton production in Baghlan province of Afghanistan show that the average cotton yield is 3917 kg / ha, the average income is 213055 AFN, the average cost of production is 118075 AFN and the average profit is 94980 AFN. And the return on investment is 81.9% per hectare. The results of cost-benefit (B/C) analysis of cotton production also show that the average income per Afghan spent on cotton production is 1.8 AFN. The production function estimation results also show that the transcendental production function form is the superior form and most of the coefficients are significant. And insecticides have a negative effect on production.

In general, it can be said that cotton cultivation in Baghlan province of Afghanistan is a profitable activity and the consumption of all production inputs except insecticides and herbicides is optimal. Therefore, in order to increase the income of farmers in Baghlan province, it is suggested appropriate planning and policy to develop the area under cotton and the optimal use of insecticides and herbicides through price policies as well as through promotional activities.

In order to investigate the possibility of decreasing forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. var speedfeed) water requirements applying of superabsorbent (SAP), without decreasing the dry matter yield and increasing the water use efficiency, and also to investigate the economic efficiency of applying superabsorbent (SAP), this experiment was conducted in Dashtak region of Zahedan during 2013 and 2014 seasons in a split-split plot with four irrigation regimes, providing 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the water requirements of sorghum, calculated from pan evaporation as main plots, four amounts of SAP )0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1( as subplots and cutting as sub-subplots based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated that the effect of irrigation regimes, SAP levels and their interaction effects of the two factors on dry matter yield, water use efficiency, and economic efficiency were significant. The regression models estimated showed that applying SAP in 100% ETc treatment had no effect on this trait but in the other irrigation treatments caused an increased the dry matter yield and water use efficiency. Therefore, applying 75 kg SAP per hectare along with 20% decrease in the sorghum’s water requirement in arid regions, the dry matter yield and water use efficiency is maintained similar to 100% sorghum’s water requirement. Also the greatest economic efficiency of applying SAP was secured at 75 kg SAP per hectare SAP level and 80% of sorghum’s water requirement.

The objectives of this study were to determine the energy use efficiency and economical potential of sugar beet production in Miandoab city, West Azerbaijan province in 2011-12. Fields were classified into three groups as group I (less than 1 ha), group II (1-2 ha), and group III (more than 2 ha). Inputs and outputs data were collected from growers using questionnaire and interview methods. Results showed that the total energy input for the groups I, II and III was 40700, 46868, and 48646 MJ ha-1, respectively and the total energy output was 565488, 857657, and 1081920 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency for the groups I, II and III was 13.89, 18.30 and 22.24%, respectively. The total cost of sugar beet production for the groups I, II and III was 40570, 42315 and 47996 thousands Rials ha-1, respectively. The benefit-to-cost ratio for the groups I, II and III was 1.02, 1.42 and 1.56, respectively. Results of this study showed that larger farms had better energy use efficiency and economic performance.

The objective of this study was to investigate the socio-economic effects of accepting the second culture after rice in Fouman township، Guilan province، in 2014. Therefore، twenty two social indices in seven major factors including participation، safety، education، youth and women attend، current status satisfaction، unemployment and immigration and three economic indices in qualitative and quantitative scales based on the Likert’s six-point scale were assessed. This research was carried out by casual-descriptive method with random sampling assortment from the studied villages and data were collected from 202 paddy farmers (101 accepters and 101 non-accepters of second culture) using the questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was assessed and revised by the University Staffs and Agricultural experts. To evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire the test-retest method was used. Data was analyzed using the t-test، effect size and cost-benefit analysis. Results indicated that income and profits rate derived from the main (rice) and second culture in one cropping year was higher in the acceptors than the second culture non-accepters and its economic terms advantageous. The most important social impact was reducing in immigration and unemployment in the families of second culture acceptors. Furthermore، the social indices such as participation، current status satisfaction، safety، education and youth and women attend improved respectively with the implementation of the second culture.

In order to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi and different irrigation regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) and zone profit on mungbean NM92, an experiment was conducted under field conditions at two seasons of 2009-10. A split plot experiment was based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications carried out at research field of Urmia University. Four levels of irrigation (50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from class A pan) and mycorrhiza species (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculation) were arranged at main and sub plots, respectively. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of mycorrhiza and water stress on all traits; root colonization, grain yield, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, water use efficiency, net profit and zone profit were significant differences (P≤0.01). Also, interaction between water stress and mycorrhiza showed significant differences(P≤0.01) on colonization percentage. With increasing water stress, colonization percentage was the most in G. intraradices compared with G. mosseae. The highest and lowest grain yield obtained from 50 and 200 mm evaporation with 1833.51 and 1139.56 kg/ha. In mycorrhiza treatments,maximum and minimum grain yield obtained in G. intraradices andnon-inoculation with 1612.72 and 1307.92 kg/ha. Although, water stress decreased grain yield, but two species of mycorrhiza strongly reduced its effect. Mycorrhiza with increasing of nitrogen, phosphorus and water use efficiency caused high grain yield under well watered and water stress. With reducing of water consumption decreased WUE; hence maximum (0.60 kg/m3) and minimum (0.32 kg/m3) WUE obtained from 200 and 50 mm evaporation from pan. G. intraradices had the highest (0.49 kg/m3) WUE. With reducing of water consumption decreased net profits, but zone profit increased due to use of water saving. Therefore, for increasing grain yield is recommended the use of G. intraradices as a biological fertilizer.