جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صفات مورفولوژیک » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most important cereal after wheat and rice, which accounts for 26% of total cereal cultivated area and 37% of their production. Maize is a valuable raw material for extracting oil, starch, alcohol, glucose, plastic, lactic acid, acetic acid, acetone and paint, and it is possible to made paper, cardboard, and nitrocellulose from its stalks. As an important nutrient, phosphorus plays important role in energy transfer, photosynthetic oxidation-reduction reactions, as well as in biochemical compounds including nucleic acids, structural proteins, enzymes, and signal transmission. Due to the predominance of calcareous soils with high pH in arid and semi-arid agricultural climates, the amount of available phosphorus is limited. In order to increase available phosphorus for plants, large amounts of phosphorus chemical fertilizers are needed regularly. However, a large amount of phosphorus in fertilizers may be converted to insoluble phosphate, immediately by reaction with calcium in the soil after its application. On the other hand, indiscriminate use of phosphorus chemical fertilizers leads to many environmental problems such as surface runoff of phosphorus, eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems, reduction of biodiversity and abnormal changes in soil salt concentration and pH. Breeding cultivars that absorb phosphate or phosphorus more efficiently is one of the solutions to deal with the stress of phosphorus deficiency as a trait with low heredity. The use of selection indices can be an effective method for the indirect selection of traits with complex genetics.

93 maize genotypes prepared from different research centers were evaluated in terms of agro-morphological traits under normal and phosphorus deficit conditions using completely randomized design with three replications in the crop year 2016-2017 in an open area conditions. For this purpose, after analyzing the soil of different regions, soil with low phosphorus content (7.240 mg/kg) was selected and the pots (15 kg) were filled with soil and sand in a ratio of two to one. Usable soil phosphorus was determined by the Olsen method in the soil science laboratory of Urmia University. In both optimal and phosphorus deficit conditions, soil was strengthened with nitrogen fertilizers (in the amount of 9 g/pot (during three stages during the growth period)), potassium sulfate (in the amount of 13.5 g/pot), Sequestrin (1.5 g /pot), manganese sulfate (0.225 g/pot), zinc sulfate (0.99 g/pot), copper sulfate (0.3 g/pot) and boric acid (0.21 g/pot). In optimal conditions, phosphorus fertilizer in the form of triple superphosphate was added to each pot in the amount of 6 g/pot. Phosphorous fertilizer was not added to the soil in the phosphorus deficit conditions. With the beginning of the tasseling stage, various agro-morphological and chemical traits were measured. In the physiological maturity stage, the ears relating to each replication were separated from the plants. Seed yield per plant was determined by separating the seeds on the ears of each plant and weighing it. In order to select the desired genotypes, four selection indexes including Smith-Hazel, Pesek-Baker, Brim and Robinson indices were calculated. In this study, the same weight was considered for the attributes, which is done in this way in most studies. To select the best selection index, different criteria, including the genetic gain of traits (∆G), expected gain (∆H) and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) were calculated.

According to analysis of variance results, the effect of genotype and stress was significant on all studied traits at the probability level of 1%. Also, the interaction effect of genotype × stress was significant on all studied traits except for flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), number of leaves (NL), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), ear length (EL), number of rows per ear (RpE), number of grain per row (GpR), ear diameter (ED) and 100 seeds weight (HGW). In the normal conditions (without stress) in the Smith-Hazel index (optimal index), the highest coefficient (7.21 and 3.98,) was observed in FLW and ear length (EL) traits, respectively, and the lowest ones (-3.03) was observed in RpE trait. In the phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (3.91) was observed in EL and the lowest ones (-5.35) was observed in RpE trait. In the Pesak-Baker index, under normal conditions, the highest coefficient (5.64) was observed in GpR trait and the lowest ones (-9.28) was observed in EL. In phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (8.49) was seen in FLW trait, followed by EL (4.53) and the lowest ones (-2.17) was observed in RpE. The highest coefficient in Robinson's index under normal conditions was 2.21 for LW, which was -5.91 for that under phosphorus deficit conditions. In this index, the lowest coefficient was seen in RpE (-0.92). In Robinson's index, under phosphorus deficit conditions, the highest coefficient (1.46) was seen in EL, and the lowest ones (-5.92) was seen in FLW, followed by RpE with a value of -2.13. The Smith-Hazel index with expected gain (∆H) value of 296.306 and 229.374, and relative efficiency of (RE) of 1.0011 and 1.0839 and the Brim with expected gain (∆H) value of 296.217 and 233.083, and relative efficiency of selection index (RE) of 0.9995 and 1.0836, in normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, respectively, were the best indices. Under both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, biomass yield, seed yield, and plant height had the highest coefficients for these indices. Based on both indices, genotype with cod number 7 and the genotype with cod number 10 are introduced as superior genotypes under normal and phosphorus deficient conditions, respectively.

In general, the results of present investigation showed that in both normal and phosphorus deficit conditions, selection based on the Smith-Hazel and Brim indices will increase the biomass yield, seed yield and plant height due to their highest relative efficiency and expected gain. The selected genotypes after validation at the molecular level with different technologies, such as studying the expression of genes involved in tolerance to phosphorus deficit conditions using Real time PCR, can be used in the production of hybrid varieties as a way to reduce the use of phosphorus fertilizers.

Regarding the importance of nutritional management in saline conditions and the need to investigate the nutritional aspects of the new quinoa crop, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different levels of salinity stress and different nano fertilizers on the morphological characteristics and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of quinoa forage.

This experiment was conducted on factorial experimental based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research field of Urmia University during 2017-2018. The first factor was salinity stress with water of Lake Urmia at three levels (0, 16, 32 dS m-1) and the second factor was nano-fertilizer at five levels (potassium, zinc calcium, silica, and no foliar application (control)).

The results showed that the highest and lowest values of plant height, leaf dry weight and inflorescence dry weight were obtained from the treatment without salinity stress and salinity stress at 32 dS m-1, respectively. Salinity stress at 32 and 16 ds/m, compared to the control, increased crude protein (5% and 3%), soluble carbohydrates (15% and 14%), acid detergent fiber (23% and 7%), neutral detergent fiber (20% and 5%) and crude fiber (10% and 5%), respectively, while it reduced the total ash (27% and 17%) and dry matter digestibility (22% and 8%). Also, foliar application of nano-fertilizers improved forage quality traits such as crude protein, total ash, dry matter digestibility and soluble carbohydrate content and unfavorable qualitative traits such as neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and crude fiber decreased.

Therefore, in order to improve the growth, increase the quality of quinoa forage, and reduce the effects of salinity stress, foliar application with various nano-fertilizers, especially calcium nano-fertilizer, is highly recommended.

Drought stress is one of the environmental factors that affects the growth, yield and yield components of plants. Nitrogen and methanol play a key role in plant structure and metabolism. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the medicinal plants in the family of Ranunculaceae. The seed of Nigella sativa plant has been used since long to protect health and combat different diseases and its frequent application in the pharmaceutical industry. The plant is cultivated in different parts of Europe and Asia including Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of growth indices and yield of the black cumin to nitrogen and methanol under water stress conditions.

Healthy seeds of black cumin were provided from Medicinal Plants Research Center, Shahed University. The experiment was a split split-plots study based on randomized complete block design with three factors and three replicates. The experiments were conducted in the farm of Zanjan University, Faculty of Agriculture (36° 41’ N latitude, 48°27’ E longitude, and altitude of 1620 m) during the year farming in 2019-2020. The factors were drought stress with 4 levels (control irrigation, irrigation at 80% soil capacity, irrigation at 60% soil capacity, irrigation at 40% soil capacity) as the main plots, nitrogen with 4 levels (control, 30, 60 and 90 kg per hectare) as the sub-plots and methanol with 3 levels (0, 10 and 30%) as the sub-sub-plots. In fact, for each level of methanol, two g l-1 glycine and one g l-1 tetrahydrofolate as catalysts and one g l-1 tween80 were added to increase the adhesion of methanol solution. In both areas, soil preparation, including plowing, leveling and paving was performed before planting. Black cumin seeds were weighed in the amount of 4 g and the seed was evenly distributed.
At the time of complete ripening, after removing the marginal effects, a random sample was selected from each plot and the plant height, root length crop growth rate (CGR) were measured.
Also, after the final ripening, sampling was done to determine the grain yield after removing the marginal effects and one square meter was taken from each experimental unit and the number of plants per square meter was counted and then the seeds were separated from the plants and weighed and then reported in kg ha-1. To measure yield components (number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight) at the time of harvest, 5 plants were randomly selected from each experimental unit and the number of capsules was counted and then the seeds were taken out of the capsules. To measure the weight of 1000 seeds from the harvested seeds related to grain yield, three thousand samples of seeds were counted and then weighed and their mean as 1000 seeds weight and were used for data analysis.

The results showed that with increasing irrigation stress, plant growth indices and yield decreased, while with increasing nitrogen and methanol concentrations, growth indices and yield increased. In total, application of 10% methanol and 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen increased root length plant height by 9 and 16% compared to the control treatment. The results showed that the triple interaction of control irrigation, application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen and 10% methanol increased crop growth rate by 17.44% compared to control treatment. The highest grain yield by interaction of without irrigation stress and application of 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen and application of 10 percent methanol in the amount of 715.40 g were observed. Application of high levels of nitrogen and methanol under severe stress reduced grain yield, while application of lower levels of nitrogen (30 kg ha-1) and methanol (10%) increased grain yield, and the triple interaction of non-stress irrigation, application of 90 kg ha-1 nitrogen and 10% methanol caused a significant increase in grain yield (3.6%).

The results showed that severe drought stress by reducing plant height, root length, crop growth rate, number of seeds per capsule and number of capsules per plant could reduce grain yield in black cumin and methanol application, especially at the level of 30%, with a positive effect on source strength (leaf area index) and reservoir strength (number and size of seeds) as well as root length, was able to increase black seed grain yield under water stress. The maximum crop growth length was obtained by triple interaction of control irrigation, application of 30 kg ha-1 nitrogen and 10% methanol foliar application at 35.31 g m-2 day and according to the importance and economic value of black cumin plant in the pharmaceutical industry The use of this treatment is recommended for producers of this plant.

In order to investigate the morphophysiological response of soybean (Glysin max L.) to drought stress as second crop, an experiment was conducted in Lorestan Agricultural Research Center in the summer of 2017 and 2018 in two environments including normal and drought stress condition. In each environment, 19 soybean genotypes were studied in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that all traits except leaf temperature decreased due to drought stress. Mean comparison showed that the highest leaf temperature was obtained from genotype No. 9 in stress environment and the lowest was obtained from genotypes No. 4 and 15 in normal environment (27.5 and 13.2 ° C, respectively). The highest grain yield was obtained from genotype No. 7 in normal environment and the lowest from genotype No. 19 in stress environment (4894 and 275 kg/ha, respectively). The analysis of biochemical traits of shoots showed that the amount of unstructured soluble sugars and free proline increased with drought stress from (1.87 and 0.0028 mg, respectively) in normal environment to (3.77 and 0.0054 mg/g fresh weight, respectively) in stress environment. Among the genotypes, the highest and the lowest amount of shoot proline were obtained from genotype No. 4 (mg/g fresh weight) and genotype No. 1 (0.043 and 0.03777 mg/g fresh weight, respectively), respectively. In addition, genotypes No. 7 and 9 can be recommended for normal and stress conditions in moderate region such as Khorramabad.

In order to study the genetic diversity and selection of superior durum wheat lines, 120 pure lines in Augmented non-repetition design, with two checks Shabrang and Hanna, in the farm of Darab Agricultural Research Station in the period of 2017-18, Were evaluated using SIIG method. SIIG was used to select the best lines in terms of morphological traits. The results of the correlation showed that grain yield (YLD) and thousand kernel weight (TKW) had the significant correlation with SIIG (0.850** and 0.626**), respectively. These findings showed that YLD and TKW have the most impact in the value of SIIG method, respectively. Therefore, selected genotypes with SIIG method will have high YLD and TKW. The studied lines were grouped into 7 categories based on this index. Lines of groups 1, 2 and 3 were the best lines with the SIIG highest value , respectively, and the possibility of obtaining top lines from this group is very high. The results of SIIG index showed that lines 137, 19, 20, 136 and 143 with SIIG values 0.819, 0.808, 0.796, 0.796 and 0.794, respectively were the best lines, but lines number 20 and 143 were recognized as the top lines due to its earlier. Genotypes of group 4 were the middle lines. Lines of groups 5, 6 and 7 with the lowest SIIG values were the weak lines. Finally, the results showed that SIIG method was able to group the studied lines simultaneously based on YLD, TKW and DHA and distinguish their distance.

Maize, or corn, as one of the staple food products and forage crop, in addition to having a high grain and biomass yield, is of particular importance in the supply of carbohydrates, edible oils, and renewable energy. The plant is grown under a wide range of climatic conditions and is relatively sensitive to salinity. The development of salt-tolerant varieties of plants is inevitable policy in response to the growing demand for food in sustainable agriculture system. In the present study, the genetic diversity of 86 maize lines was investigated using morphological traits in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under normal and NaCl salinity stress (EC 8 dS/m) in potted conditions. The results showed that salinity stress led to a significant decrease in mean of grain yield (GY), flag leaf length (FLL), flag leaf width (FLW), flag leaf area (FLA), ear height (EH), leaf angle (LA), stem diameter (SD), potassium to sodium ratio (K/Na), relative leaf water content (RWC), and number of rows per ear (RPE). In contrast, salinity stress caused a significant increase in the mean of days to tasseling (DTT) and days to silking (DTS) compared to normal conditions. Grain yield showed a very high positive correlation with biomass yield (BY), number of grains per row (GPR), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), grain depth (GDE), and cob weight (CD) under both normal and salinity stress conditions. The results obtained from stepwise regression analysis using Mallows’ Cp, and path analysis showed that, traits include number of grains per row (GPR), hundred grain weight (HGW), grain width (GW), and total leaves (TL) under normal conditions and traits include number of grains per row (GPR), grain depth (GDE), cob weight (CD), and ear diameter (ED) under salinity stress conditions were the most important traits affecting grain yield (GY). The great amount of h2 communality of mentioned traits in factor analysis was in order to confirm these results. According to the results of factor analysis using parallel analysis and very simple structure criterion (VSS), four hidden factors were determined in both normal and salinity stress conditions, which explained 60% and 65% of the variability among the maize lines, respectively. Before conducting the cluster analysis, three clusters were determined as the optimal number of clusters by elbow, silhouette and Gap statistics methods in each of normal and salinity stress conditions. Then, hierarchical cluster analysis of the studied maize lines was performed based on measured traits using Ward’s minimum variance method. Therefore, in case of need for hybridization to achieve salt-tolerant maize hybrids and improvement of important agronomic traits, suitable parents can be selected from the first and third clusters using comparisons of mean of the traits in clusters under salinity stress conditions and also with the help of the biplot obtained from principal component analysis (PCA). Targeted crossbreeding between selected parental lines allows for further exploitation of phenomena such as heterosis and aggressive segregation.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) is a perennial medicinal plant which its root and rhizome extract broadly use for food and pharmaceutical industries. Considering the necessity of its domestication as an alternative approach for its wild collection, this experiment was counducted to investigate the effect of electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution on growth and yield of three licorice ecotypes under hydroponic culture.

the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Greenhouse of Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, University of Tehran in 2018. Treatments were included four levels of electrical conductivity (EC) of nutrient solution (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 dS.m-1) and three licorice ecotypes (Baft and Lalehzar from Kerman province and Eqlid from Fars province). In this study, some morphophysiological traits such as plant height and diameter, main stem diameter, number of lateral branches per plant, internode length, leaf area, root length and diameter, root and shoot fresh and dry weight and some biochemical traits such as Chlorophyll index, total phenol content and total antioxidant activity were measured.

the results showed that there was a significant difference between ecotypes on all studied traits except total phenol and total antioxidant activity. Also, different levels of electrical conductivity significantly affected the studied traits, except for root dry weight and total phenol. The interaction effect of both treatments was significant in terms of the morphophysiological and biochemical traits. In each of the three ecotypes studied, with increasing the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution, plant height and diameter, internode length, leaf area and root diameter showed a decreasing trend. The highest dry weight of shoots was observed in Baft ecotype from Kerman with electrical conductivity levels of 1.5 and 2 dS.m-1 (4.51 and 4.91 g.plant-1, respectively) and Eghlid ecotype from Fars with electrical conductivity of 2.5 dS.m-1 (4.91 g.plant-1). Also, Baft ecotype from Kerman showed the highest dry weight of root (16.02 g.plant-1) in electrical conductivity of 3 dS.m-1. In terms of biochemical traits, the highest amount of chlorophyll index was observed in Lalehzar ecotype from Kerman and electrical conductivity level of 2.5 dS.m-1. The highest amount of total phenol and percentage of antioxidant activity was related to Lalehzar ecotype at the electrical conductivity level of 3 dS.m-1.

according to the results, Baft ecotype from Kerman province and then Eqlid from Fars province in range of electrical conductivity level of 1.5-2 dS.m-1 performed better while in terms of quality criteria, Lalehzar ecotype from Kerman showed the highest amount in electrical conductivity of 3 dS.m-1 compared to other treatments.

The most basic step in fruit tree breeding programs is the collection and evaluation of internal and external germplasm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and grouping of the studied pear species based on 48 important quality traits of leaves, shoots, blossoms and fruits and to determine the genetic distance between them with identify cultivars suitable for cultivation and use them in breeding programs. Iran with more than ten species of pear and genetic diversity proximity centers to the product as an important source of genetic product is well-known in the world. Despite this privileged geographical location for pears in the country, so far, there is no accurate information about the genetic relationship between different pear genotypes in Iran, for the proper use of native genotypes for pear breeding purposes.

This study was conducted in 2018, with the evaluation of 13 pear species from eastern and western species in Karaj research institute for seed and seedling improvement and preparation of Lorestan university of horticultural sciences. In this study, three general traits of the tree, five traits of branches, 13 traits of leaves and petioles, six traits of blossoms and 20 traits of fruit were evaluated according to the national descriptor of differentiation, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests, which is a localized version of the international union for conservation of pear (UPOV) examination, uniformity and stability test instructions. In this study, cluster analysis was performed by Ward method.

The results of the evaluation of the studied traits showed that there was a high diversity in the characteristics of fruit size, the position of the largest fruit diameter, fruit shape, tip shape and leaf base among the studied species. In this study, cluster analysis was performed by Ward method using all the studied traits. The studied species were divided into three main groups at a distance of 400, so that Asian, native and European species were included in a separate group. The results of simple correlation of traits showed that leaf related traits such as length and width of the leaf had a positive correlation with the amount of fruit traits. Also, the highest negative and significant correlation was observed between the position traits of the largest fruit diameter and petal shape. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed, that the 11 main factors justify 97.99% of the total variance. Among the components, the first and second factors, which were mostly related to trunk strength, fruit and leaf traits, justified nearly 50% of the variance.

Based on the results, among the studied traits of fruit shape and size, leaf traits were the most important traits for detecting the diversity of pear species. This study showed that eastern and western pear species have significant diversity and are a valuable resource for plant breeding research.

Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea L.) is a winter season vegetable crop grown in many countries. Broccoli contains all the essential vitamins, mineral nutrients, amino acids and it has antioxidant and anticancer activity. Vegetables play a major role in daily human diet and they are required for maintaining of good health. Broccoli is one of the leading vegetables in the world. The selection of suitable planting dates and varieties is crucial for successful cultivation during rainy season. Fore this reasone, this experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of transplanting dates and broccoli varieties on their growth and yield.

This experiment carried out in 2017 - 2019 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht (Guilan province) climatic condition, Iran. Three transplanting dates (August 29, October 7 and November 15), four broccoli cultivars (Agassi RZ, Heraklion, Aquiles and Romanesco) comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively.

In this experiment, the effect of variety, transplanting date and the interaction effect between transplanting dates and variety was significant for all measured characteristics such as cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter. Results of this study showed that the highest cordon weight (800.82 g), cordon yield (33.36 t/ha), cordon diameter (31.42 cm), leaf length (57.06 cm) and diameter (26/69 cm) and stem diameter (6.30 cm) were obtained in Heraklion cultivar in response to August 29 transplanting date. But, greatest plant height (47.70 cm) and leaf number per plant (27.41) were observed in Aquiles cultivar and August 29 transplanting date. In addition, Romanesco broccoli after Heraklion cultivar showed superiority to other cultivars for all studied agronomic traits. There were positive and significant correlation between cordon yield and all measured characteristics including cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter.

In this experiment, delayed transplanting date, related to broccoli variety caused to a sever decrease in cordon yield. It seems that, delayed transplanting date could reduce cordon yield due to the decrease of plant photosynthesis capacity in broccoli plants. Hence, based on results of this experiment, early transplanting (August 29) after harvesting of rice crop and land preparation (second cropping) and Heraklion broccoli cultivar could be recommendable in order to enhance cordon yield per unit area under Guilan climatic condition.

Optimum use of fertilizer plays a key role in enhancing the yield of rice and other crops. The use of nano-fertilizers can be an effective strategy in optimizing fertilizer use in croping systems and achieving sustainable agriculture. This research was carried out to study the effect of nano-fertilizers spraying compared with common chemical N.P.K fertilizers use on morphological traits, yield and yield components of rice in Sari, Mazandaran province for two years (2016 and 2017). A split plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted. The main factors were two rice cultivars (Tarom and Shiroudi) and a sub plots including fertilizer treatments in 10 levels, consisting of control (without fertilizer), common fertilizers of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and NPK, and nano-fertilizers of nitrogen (Nano-N; chelated nitrogen 17%), phosphorus (Nano-P; chelated phosphorus 17%), potassium (Nano-K; chelated potassium 27%) and NPK (Nano-NPK), plus simultaneous application of NPK and Nano-NPK (NPK+Nano-NPK). The results showed that, use of conventional fertilizers and nano-fertilizers, including the use of NPK and Nano-NPK, increased the yield and yield components of both rice cultivars. Most of the fertilizer levels (N, K, NPK fertilizers in Tarom and P, K and NPK fertilizers in Shiroudi), the use of nano-fertilizers was more affective than conventional fertilizer and increased seed yield. Application of Nano-NPK increase yield of Tarom and Shirodi cultivars by 22.54% and 12.12%, respectively as compared to the use of NPK. Since the application of chemical fertilizers is indispensable for obtaining proper yield in plants, the use of nano-fertilizers, especially Nano-NPK treatments, can be a good strategy to optimize the use of fertilizers in rice fields.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application different nano-fertilizers on modulating negativeeffectsof salt stress on quinoa, in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the research farm of Urmia University in the pot during 2018. The first factor was salinity of irrigation water using (Lake Urmia water at three levels: 0, 16 and 32 dS/m and the second factor was nano-fertilizers at five levels: calcium, silicon, zinc, potassium and control (no foliar application). The results showed that salinity stress caused negative effects on all traits affecting quinoa growth. The highest decrease in traits was observed in salinity stress of 32 dS/m. Salinity stress of 32 and 16 dS/m compared to control decreased plant height (20 and 17%), inflorescence number (48 and 36%), root volume (44 and 40%), main root length (41 and 23%), root dry weight (68 and 30%), relative leaf water content (26 and 13%), chlorophyll index (15 and 7%) and 1000-seed weight (31 and 23%), respectively; but increased ionic leakage by 14 and 6%, respectively. Foliar application with nano-fertilizer compared to control increased the yield, yield components and morphological traits. The highest seed yield was obtained under optimum conditions and severe salinity stress (32 dS/m) by foliar application with nano-fertilizer of zinc and silicon, respectively. Under severe salinity stress, foliar application with nano-fertilizer of silicon compared to non-foliar application increased the dry weight of inflorescences, total dry weight and seed yield by 35%, 16% and 43%, respectively, and moderated the effects of salinity stress. Foliar application with nano-fertilizer via enhancing chlorophyll index, relative leaf water content and improving root characteristics, led to increase yield and seed yield components of quinoa. Therefore, it seems that foliar application of nano-fertilizers is suitable to improve the yield of quinoa especially in salinity stress conditions.

To estimate genetic parameters of yield and yield component of chickpea, six chickpea genotypes were crossed in complete diallel crossing scheme in glass houses of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2007. Parents, direct and reciprocal crosses (36 entries) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with four replications at Grizeh station, Sanandaj, Iran in spring of 2017 growing season. Plant traits including day to flowering, day to maturity, plant height, seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score, 100 seed weight and seed yield were measured and recorded during the growing season. Statistical analysis for F1 hybrids and parents as well as diallel analysis were performed using Griffingchr('39')s model 2 of method 1. The results showed that there were significant differences between parents and F1 hybrids, which indicated a wide genetic variability for traits of interest. It was revealed that it would be possible to improve the agronomic traits of chickpea using this genetic resources. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant for plant height, 100 seed weight and seed yield and the important role of non-additive component in inheritance of these traits was identified. Maternal inheritance had important role in heritability of seed no.pod-1, pod no.plant-1, drought tolerance score and seed yield. Samin" and FLIP 96-154C parents had the highest general combining ability for seed yield, respectively. The effects of specific combining ability revealed that, under conditions similar of this study, Azad × FLIP 96-154C cross was the best specific combiner for seed yield and seed no.pod-1. Considering the results of this study, there was considerable variation in cytoplasmic genes carried by these chickpea genotypes that can be used in breeding for dvelopment of high yielding, with yield stability and early maturity, chickpea cultivars.

This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of bread wheat, durum wheat and triticale using agronomic and physiological traits. Genetic diversity of 24 genotypes was evaluated in 2 locations (Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, located at Lavark, Najaf-Abad and Asheghabad farm), Isfahan, Iran, using a randomized complete block design with two replications in each location during 2016-217. In this study 20 bread wheat, 2 durum wheat and 2 triticale genotypes were examined. Results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotype for all traits, except for maximum fluorescence, was significant. In the studied traits, phenotypic and genetic variation coefficients did not considerably differ for most of the traits, indicating the prominent genetic effects on these traits. The correlation coefficients showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between grain yield with number of spike per plant, biological yield and harvest index. Factor analysis revealed four hidden factors that justified a total of 66.47 percent of the variation in the experimental materials. These factors were introduced as maturity period, grain, yield and photosynthesis, respectively. The cluster analysis of genotypes based on the studied traits divided the genotypes into four groups, some of which have desirable traits and are relevant for the breeding program.

Salinity stress is one of the factors reducing yield and production in crops, horticulture and medicinal plants in the world. One of the suitable solutions for improving salinity tolerance in horticultural products is the use of arbuscular mycorrhiza. They have the stimulant effect of plant growth. They increase resistance to drought stress, salinity, pathogenic agents, soil contamination and heavy metals by increasing the absorption of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen and some elements of low consumption, increasing water absorption and production of hormones.

In order to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta) under salinity stress, a pot factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed in the horticulture greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2017. The first factor using mycorrhizal fungi at three levels (without inoculation, Rhizophagus intradices and Funnetiformis mosseae) and the second factor included four levels of irrigation with salinity water (0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl. The inoculum of mycorrhiza was mixed before planting the seedlings. Afterwards, the seedlings were transferred to the pot. Saline treatment was started at the four-leaf stage and performed three days a week. Saline treatment was done forty days. Measurement of the traits was performed forty days after beginning stress on the plant. The plant height, number of lateral branches, number of nodes, stem diameter were measured. Also, at the end of the experiment, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, calcium and chlorine were measured.

The results showed that all of the growth characteristics significantly decreased under salinity and application of mycorrhiza cause to adjustment harmful effects of salinity and tolerance of plant to salinity. The highest nodule number (12.89), stem diameter (7.49 mm), height (65.75 cm) and lateral branches number (23.33) were obtained at the treatment without salinity with using mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus intradices. Salinity increased the amount of phosphorus, calcium, sodium, chlorine and nitrogen in the leaf and decreased the amount of potassium, manganese, zinc and leaf iron. The highest amount of phosphorus of leaf (8.5 mg / g of leaf dry weight) was observed in the highest salinity stress and application of Funnetiformis mosseae, the highest sodium content (12.33 mg/g leaf dry weight) and chlorine (63.09 mg Kg dry weight of leaves) was observed in 120 mM salinity without mycorrhizal. However, the highest amount of potassium (6.23 mg /g leaf dry weight) was observed in the treatment without salinity and without mycorrhizal application, the highest amount of manganese (143.91 mg/kg dry weight) in 40 mM salinity and application of Funnetiformis mosseae and the highest amount of zinc (7.12 mg/kg dry leaf) were recorded in salt free treatment and application of Funnetiformis mosseae. Salinity stress reduces cell growth through restrictions on the absorption of nutrients, plant nutrient deficiency and toxicity of food elements. In addition, salt stress reduces the production of carbohydrates and thus reduces the growth of various plant components. The higher the salt concentration, the more significant the growth is. Mycorrhizal plants have better growth compared to non-microscopic plants in soil salinity conditions. Mycorrhiza fungus stimulates plant growth by increasing the absorption of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen, and some elements of low consumption, increasing water absorption and production of plant hormones and increasing plant resistance under stress conditions.

The results showed that all vegetative traits reduced due to salt stress and mycorrhizal application reduce the harmful effects of salinity and increase the resistance of the plant to salinity. Mycorrhizal has an irritating effect on plant growth. Increases plant resistance to salinity by increasing the absorption of nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen and some elements of low consumption, increasing water absorption and production of plant hormones. According to the results of this study, the use of mycorrhizal is an appropriate strategy to increase the resistance to salinity in plants.

Salinity is one of the abiotic stresses that severely curtails the growth and production of agricultural products. Water scarcity makes the use of salty waters for agricultural products not only inevitable but also economically efficient. Salvia nemorosa is a perennial plant that belongs to Lamiaceae family. Given the medicinal value Salvia of plants, this study was performed to assess the effects of sodium chloride salinity on the physiological and morphological properties of Salvia nemorosa.

The study was a randomized block design and was conducted in 2018 using pots at the greenhouse of the Research Center no.1 of the City of Isfahan’s Parks Department. The randomized block design had 4 levels of salinity: 12(control), 50, 75, and 100 mM of sodium chloride and was repeated 5 times. The morphological properties of the plants such as the length and width of the leaves, the plants’ height and the length of the corymbs were measured by a ruler. The number of leaves and corymbs in each bush and the number of flower and seed in each corymb was measured manually. Aerial parts of the plants, under both wet and dry conditions, were measured by a digital scale. In order to measure chlorophyll the method of Li et al. was used. Measuring Prolin leaf was done by the method of Bates et al. and the total phenol was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu. Statistical analysis was done by SAS and the means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) with alpha levels of 1% and 5%.

The ANOVA results showed significant effect of salinity on the height, the number and the width and length of leaves, the length of corymbs and their number in each bush, the number of flowers in corymbs, the wet and dry weight of the root, the level of chlorophyll a and b and the total chlorophyll and these properties at the level of salinity of 100mM were respectively: 20.56% , 68.95%, 54.41%, 27.97%, 9.19%, 82.85%, 41.45%, 62.31%, 60.47%, 53.84%, 23.13%, 34.09%, 66.66%, 62.5% and 64.7% reduction in comparison with the control sample. Salinity had also a significant effect on the level of Prolin and total phenol and in the sample of 100mM sodium chloride, it showed an increase of 62.5% and 96.17% respectively in comparison with the control sample.  Since the dry weight is an appropriate measure for photosynthesis and growth in plants, the decreasing of the dry weight of the aerial parts and the root of the plant as salinity stresses increase, shows that the plants photosynthesis and growth have decreased in the plants. Accumulation of harmful ions like sodium chloride leads to a decrease in the wet weights of the aerial parts and causes disorder in the metabolism of nutarians.  Reduction of the leaves chlorophyll in salinity stresses is caused by decomposing enzymes. Decreasing of the leaf area can be considered as a defense mechanism in the plant in order for it to reduce the level of transpiration and avoid salinity. Increasing the level of salinity also increases the rate of falling of leaves and decreases the rate of the production of new leaves. Meanwhile, higher salinity causes a decrease in the level of calcium and potassium in the plant, which in turn, results in a decline in growth.  Salinity stress decreases the number of corymbs through disturbing the photosynthesis process in the plant, which in turn, reduces the production of photosynthetic material that is supposed to feed the growing parts of the plants. This reduction will eventually cause the plant to not to achieve its genetic potentials with respect to the number of corymbs. The reduction in the rate of germination leads to a lower number of flowers. Phenolic combinations are parts of the non-enzymatic and antioxidant defense system which inhibit the free radicals. Soil salinity increases the total phenol in some plants which is an advantage in medicinal plants. These plants use Prolin to keep the osmotic pressure and protect the plant against salinity.

Salvia nemorosa combats salinity by osmotic adjustment via increasing of Prolin amino acid and by increasing total phenol and oxidative stress.Therefore it can be concluded that the this plant on salinity levlels up to 50 mM (6.5 ds/m) can tolerate sodium choloride and is sensitive to higher levels of salinity.

Due to decreasing annual rainfall and increasing drought and temperature, creating tolerant and high yield potential cultivars in sugar beet is very important for breeders. For this purpose, to investigate the effect of drought stress on functional and morphological traits of sugar beet and to investigate the relationship between these traits with yield in greenhouse conditions, 140 sugar beet genotypes under greenhouse conditions in Karaj Sugar Beet center in 2015 were evaluated for yield traits. The results showed that the effect of genotype was significant for traits except of leaf area and relative water content, indicating that there was variation among genotypes and selection of superior genotypes. Drought stress decreased all traits but this effect was not significant on root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total dry weight. Also, petiole length had a positive and significant correlation with root and shoot dry weight and root length in drought condition but under normal condition, no significant correlation was observed. And it seems that this trait may be a criterion for selection of resistant genotypes under drought stress.

Achillea is an important medicinal plant with many properties and applications which has distributed in different geographical regions of Iran. In this study, the characteristics of growth, essential oil percentage and ecological factors of four different Yarrow species included (A. setacea), (A. biebersteinii), (A. tenuifolia) and (A. wilhelmsii) were evaluated in order to better understanding the characteristics of different Yarrow species. Plant sampling was done at flowering time and 13 morphological traits of the species with ecological characteristics were evaluated. The essential oil was extracted from dried plants by using Klevenger's apparatus for four hours. Analysis of variance showed that there was variation among studied species in terms of traits studied. The species of A. setacea was superior and difference in terms of height, main stem circumference, leaf length, leaf width; the species of A. wilhelmsii was superior in terms of stem number, inflorescent number, leaf number. According to the cluster analysis the species were divided into two distinct groups. Correlation between traits showed that there was a significant correlation between some morphological traits and morphological traits with soil. Essential oil yields varied from 0.52 to 0.82%. Based on these results, the species of (A. setacea) and (A. wilhelmsii) were better in terms of growth and yield characteristics; also (A. wilhelmsii) was better in essential oils yield. Introduced plants of this research can be used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries and introduced for breeding programs.

In order to study the effects of urea fertilizer regime on the differential gene expression of nitrate reductase and agronomic traits in two wheat cultivars, the experiment was carried out in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in 2012 at research field of Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. Experimental treatment included factorial combination of two wheat genotypes (Morvarid cultivar and N8019 line) and two different urea regime (150 kg/ha, by splitting 50 kg at sowing time, and 100 kg at stem elongation, and control (no fertilizer). Root tissue samples were collected at three times including one day and seven days after using fertilizer and at physiologic maturity stage. Nitrate reductase gene expression was measured using Q-PCR technique. Results showed there was significant difference on gene expression using urea in two genotypes. Urea usage has improved all agronomic traits except grain weight. Increases of grain yield were mostly due to more grain number per spike. There was positive significant correlation between gene expression and some traits, such as root length, root dry weight, spike length, grain weight and shoots dry weight. This could be important to introduce a selection index in breeding projects.

Almond (Prunus dulcis) is one of the most important crops consumed as dry fruit and mainly adaptable to arid and semiarid regions mostly suffering from salinity stress (8).use of rootstocks and cultivars tolerance to salinity as one of the influence factors tolerance to salinity of planted fruit trees including almond (8 and 11). Temperate fruit trees are generally rated and sensitive to soluble salts and particularly sensitive to chloride, and irrigation with saline water may significantly reduce their yields (10 and 26). Also, most of the stone fruit trees and almond are sensitive to salt stresses and their productivity gradually reduces at salt concentrations above 1.5 ds/m and down to 50% of normal yield at the salt concentration of 4 ds/m (6 and 16). However, as plant species and different cultivars within the same plant species vary considerably in their tolerance to salinity (10), selecting plants and/or cultivars that can be grown well under adverse conditions, created in the root zone by salinization, is the most efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural practice for a more permanent solving of the problem of salinity (10). Despite the presence of information on the effect of salinity on morphological, physiological and concentration of nutrition elements in almond genotypes leaves, should be investigated more rootstocks and cultivars for tolerance to salinity, finality, the most tolerant rootstocks and cultivars to salinity to be introduced. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl stress on growth characteristics and concentration of nutrition elements in selected almond genotypes leaves introducing most tolerant genotypes to it. To evaluate the effect of salinity stress on morphological and physiological traits as well as concentration of nutrition elements of almond leaves, an experiment was carried out based on completely randomized design (CRD), with two factors; genotype and irrigation water salinity with three replications. Studied Genotypes were Rabie, Perless, Super Nova, D99, 1-16 and 8-24 and irrigation water salinity were 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 ds/m, respectively). Morphological traits such branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, percentage of green leaves, percentage of necrotic leaves, percentage of downfall leaves, aerial organs fresh and dry weight, aerial organs dry weight to aerial organs fresh weight ratio and physiological traits such SPAD, relative humidity content, relative ionic percentage, minimum fluorescence (FO), maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and Fv to Fm ratio and nutrition elements such as K+, Na+ and Na+ to K+ ratio, was investigated in selected almond genotypes leaves then perform salinity stress. The results showed that type of genotype and level of salinity were affected on growth characteristics and concentration of leaves element nutrient. In all of the studied genotypes, with increasing levels of salinity, branch height, branch diameter, number of total leaves, green leaves percentage, aerial organs fresh and dry weight, relative humidity percentage, SPAD, maximum fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv) and K+ percentage were reduced. But, necrotic leaves percentage, downfall leaves percentage, aerial organs dry weight to aerial organs fresh weight ratio, relative ionic percentage Na+ percentage, Na+ to K+ ratio, minimum fluorescence (FO), and Fv to Fm ratio were increased. Overall, The results showed that type of genotype were effective in tolerance to salinity. D99 cultivar was recognized as the most tolerant cultivar to salinity stress. This cultivar could with keeping growth traits and the more absorption K+ against Na+ was tolerated salinity 4.5 ds/m