جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صفات کیفی » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The Cucurbitaceae family is the second largest horticultural family in terms of economic importance after Solanaceae (1). The genus Cucurbita (2x = 2n = 40), encompasses three economically important crop species such as Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita moschata, and Cucurbita maxima, cultivated throughout temperate, sub-tropical, and tropical regions (3). Cucurbita pepo L. is the most widely grown and polymorphic of the Cucurbita species (2). Roasted summer squash seeds are used as nut in many cultures worldwide. Production of summer squash in Iran is based on local populations that are combined from several genotypes due to their cross-pollination nature. This lack of uniformity affects both the quantity and quality of squash yield and reduces the marketability of nuts. The purpose of this research was to produce various advanced inbred lines of summer squash by using local germplasm and purifying indigenous populations and also to select superior inbred lines in terms of fruit yield and other desirable agricultural traits that can be used in the production of hybrid cultivars with superior quantity and quality of fruit yield attributes.

In order to preserve internal genetic resources and produce advanced summer squash inbred lines, 83 S6 inbred lines were produced by inducing self-pollination from seven local populations. These genetic resources were obtained by planting the lines twice a year (spring planting at Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center and fall planting at Southern Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center) from 2018 to 2021. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used to evaluate fruit yield attributes of selected S6 inbred lines and their parental local populations. The following quantitative traits were considered in this study: fruits/plant, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, seed yield/m2, seed yield/fruit yield ratio, seed length, seed width, percentage of empty seeds and 1000-seeds weight. Also, Panel test was performed to evaluate the suitability of nuts from a consumer perspective for the following traits: separation of skin from the kernel, taste quality and desirability of seeds shape and size from the consumer's point of view, with six testers. The experimental data were statistically analyzed for variance using the R version 3.5.1. Least significant difference (LSD) test at the probability level of 1% was used to compare the means of each trait. The heat map was created by R version 3.5.1.

The results of analysis of variance at the probability level of 1% indicated that the studied genotypes had significant differences in most of the traits including seed yield/m2, mean of fruits weight, fruits/plant, fruit length, fruit width, seed yield/fruit yield ratio, seed length, seed width, percentage of empty seeds and 1000-seeds weight, taste quality and desirability of seeds shape and size. Based on LSD mean comparison of the traits in selected S6 inbred lines and their parental local populations, the highest seed yield/m2 was observed in line#34 and the highest values of other traits with significant difference were as follows: fruits/plant in line#34, both mean of fruit weight and mean of fruit length in line#248 and line#249, fruit diameter in line#84 and Radkan parental genotype, seed yield/fruit yield ratio in Noodijeh parental genotype, seed length in Noodijeh parental genotype, line#24 and line#32, seed diameter in line#222, 1000-seeds weight in line#249, taste quality in line#224, and desirability of seed shape and size from the consumer's point of view in line#222 and line#34. The results of correlation analysis also showed that the seed yield/m2 had a positive and significant correlation with fruits/plant (r=0.73), but there was no significant relationship with fruit weight. The results suggest that populations with larger fruit weight and size produce fewer fruits; as a result, it reduces the seed yield. In fruits, as the length-to-width ratio increased, there was a trend toward decreased seed number, especially in the peduncular end of the fruit. It seems that breeding and selection for a greater number of small fruits is better than selecting plants with larger fruits. Also, managing agricultural operations, which increase the number of fruits, will increase seed yield/m2.

Based on the results lines #32, 34, 59, 195, 222, 224 and 252 were selected to be used in the breeding programs of cultivar production in future researches. Line#34 can be used as a promising line in compatibility and DUS projects.

AbstractThis experiment was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity in some morphological, phenological and qualitative traits in hybrids obtained from the crossing of two breeding populations with 10 new potato varieties in spring cultivation in the Ardabil region in 2019. Twelve genotypes were planted in three replications based on a randomized complete block design. The analysis of variance showed that the cultivars were significantly different in all studied traits. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into three distinct groups. Therefore, the first group would be more appropriate if the selection target is based on yield, tuber weight, and starch percentage. The hybrids derived from Savalan♀ × Caeser♂ and Caeser♀× Savalan♂ crosses as well as cultivars of Liseta and Ribera, had the highest tuber yield (ranging from 36.63 to 39.97 ton.ha-1) among the studied genotypes. But in terms of starch and tuber dry matter percentage, only hybrids derived from the Savalan♀ × Caeser♂ cross were among the top genotypes and appearance characteristics, especially in baking; in group D, the skin and the flesh was yellow, the shape of the tuber was round, the depth of the eye was superficial, stolon's length was short, the harvest time was average early and it had a perfectly floury texture to the chips. The hybrids derived from the Caeser♀× Savalan♂ cross had a flour texture suitable for the slice. Liseta and Ribera varieties had a relatively soft texture and were ideal for multipurpose use.IntroductionIn terms of nutritional importance and production, potato ranks third after wheat and rice, with an annual production of over 3.41 million tons in Iran. It is one of the four main food substances worldwide after wheat, rice, and corn. Thus, 5.2% of the daily energy consumed by the world’s population is supplied by potatoes. Given the increasing trend of the world’s population, which is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, food security will be the most critical challenge for governments. Many potato cultivars are available; however, there is a dire need for new cultivars. New cultivars should have high yields with minimal input and possess characteristics that play a role in nutrition and health. They should also be suitable for the tuber morphology, tuber compounds, and solids. Given the importance and need of our country to identify potato cultivars and introduce high-yielding and adaptable cultivars to the climatic conditions of each region, this study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of some morphological, phenological, and quality traits in hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of two improved populations with ten new potato cultivars in spring cultivation in the Ardabil region. The results can serve as a basis for breeding programs to introduce new cultivars compatible with spring cultivation regions. Materials and methodsTwelve genotypes, including hybrids obtained from the crossbreeding of two improved populations, along with ten new potato cultivars, were examined during the spring cultivation of 2019 in the Ardabil region. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Each genotype was planted in two rows, each 5 m long, with a distance of 75 cm between rows and 25 cm between the plants in the row. The planting depth of the tubers was considered to be 10 cm. Planting, maintenance, and harvesting operations were uniformly applied to all plots. The traits that were examined included the number of main stems per plant, plant height, number of tubers per plant, tuber weight per plant, tuber yield, dry matter percentage, and starch percentage.Results and discussionAccording to the results, the genotypes under investigation had significant differences in all traits which were studied. The Savalan cultivar had the highest plant height, whereas regarding the number of main stems Caruso and Savalan cultivars were noticeably higher. The hybrids resulting from the crossbreeding of the Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caeser♀× Savalan♂, and Liseta and Savalan cultivars had the highest number of tubers and tuber weight per plant, as well as total tuber yield. The hybrids resulting from the Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caruso, Crisps4all, and Savalan cultivars had the highest starch and dry matter percentages of the tuber. Generally, cultivars with higher dry matter content absorb less oil when fried; therefore, they are also better in terms of nutritional health. The heritability of the traits under study was estimated to be 72.66%–98.29%. The heritability of the tuber yield was 89.03%. The hybrids resulting from Savalan♀×Caeser♂, which were superior in yield and other desirable traits compared to other genotypes, had a yellow skin and flesh colour, round tuber shape, superficial eye depth, short stolon length, and medium early maturity time, and were in the D cooking group, which had a mealy texture suitable for chips. ConclusionBased on the results of this study, the hybrids resulting from Savalan♀×Caeser♂, Caeser♀× Savalan♂, and the Liseta and Ribera cultivars, with an average of 36.63 to 39.97 tons per hectare, had the highest tuber yield among the genotypes under study. The hybrids obtained from Savalan♀×Caeser♂ had a mealy texture suitable for chips. The hybrids resulting from Caeser♀× Savalan♂ had a mealy texture suitable for frying, and the Liseta and Ribera cultivars had a relatively soft texture suitable for multi-purpose use.

Today, the use of organic and mineral additives in the soil for better product performance and higher efficiency of water consumption is expanding in the world. Saffron, like other agricultural plants, in order to make maximum use of the potential of the environment, in addition to suitable weather and soil conditions, requires optimal agricultural management to achieve maximum yield and increase the duration of the exploitation period of saffron fields. Considering the importance and value of saffron, the purpose of this research is to investigate the use of Biochar and dehydration stress on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron performance so that it does not have a negative effect on the economic value, food, health and market needs of the product at the global level.

Torbat-Heydarieh city is located at 59 degrees 12 minutes east longitude and 34 degrees 17 minutes north latitude at an altitude of 1333 meters above sea level. research in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors of biological production biochar (without applying biochar B0, applying 10 tons per hectare B1 and applying 15 tons per hectare B2) and dehydration stress (S0 without applying stress, S1 applying stress around irrigation) Done. Statistical analysis of the data was done using DSTAT software and graphs were drawn using EXCEL software. Also, comparison of means was done using Duncan's test at the level of 5 percent probability.

  Based on the results, the highest and lowest quantitative values for the attributes of flower number are 74.7 and 32.7 flowers per square meter, fresh flower weight (it is the simplest measurement parameter of saffron flower among farmers and it is considered the first criterion for farm performance) The amount of 20.8 and 8.8 grams per square meter and the dry weight of the stigma (it is the same as saffron threads and is known as the most important part of the saffron flower) the amount of 0.41 and 0.12 grams per square meter, respectively, for B0S1 And B2S1 treatments resulted. the yield increase between the minimum and maximum yield of the traits of number of flowers, fresh flower weight and stigma dry weight was observed by 130, 120 and 350%, respectively. The results showed that the research treatments had a sinusoidal graph during the flowering period, so that in the treatments of applying 10 tons per hectare of biochar and 15 tons per hectare of biochar, the graphs had different fluctuations from the control treatment (without applying biochar). The mean square results showed that the quantitative traits (number of flowers, fresh flower weight and stigma dry weight) of saffron have a significant relationship at the 1% probability level when comparing two factors, and the mean square results of the qualitative traits (Picrocrocin, crocin, safranal and moisture) of saffron in The comparison of two factors became non-significant. The results showed that the highest values for the qualitative traits of picrocrocin and crocin, the B2S1 treatment was obtained with values of 237 and 82 (maximum absorption), respectively, among the research treatments.

The use of biochar as an active carbon source in the first year of cultivation has had slight changes in yields and better results have been obtained for stressed yields. There have been minor changes for qualitative traits. In general, the stress of water scarcity and the application of biochar did not have a bad effect on the yield of saffron, and it should be checked for the next years as well.

Water plays a very important role in the rice plant. In order to investigate the effects of irrigation methods and foliar application of nutrients on growth, yield, yield components, and quality of rice, an experiment has been conducted as split plots layouts based on a randomized complete block design with three replications and two factors including three irrigation methods (flooding, alternate wetting, drying, and Saturating) in the main plots as well as foliar spray in six levels (normal water, nitrogen, nitrogen+ potassium, nitrogen+ potassium+ zinc, nitrogen+ potassium+ zinc+ boron and nitrogen+ potassium+ zinc+ boron+ molybdenum) in the sub plots during 2018, in rice research institute, the deputy of Mazandaran (Amol), executed on a national cultivar. Results show that among irrigation method, fertilizer, and their interaction, paddy yield and percentage of amylose have been significantly at (p<0.01) percent with other qualitative traits being significant at (p<0.01) percent. The highest number of floret per panicle (198.73) and full grain (167.15), and percentage of amylose (21.67%) are obtained in saturated irrigation. The highest yield of paddy with an average of 6643.07 kg.ha-1 occurs in saturated irrigation under normal water foliar application and drought and moisture. Irrigation under nitrogen + potassium + zinc foliar irrigation with an average of 6163.13 kg.ha-1 compared to the control is obtained as the superior treatment in similar conditions were selected for this study.

The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on quantitative and qualitative growth of two maize cultivars was investigated in a growth chamber experiment at agriculture college of the university of Guilan.   This research was arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications.  In this experiment, two factors were evaluated: cultivar (S.C. 704, 647) and 11 levels of seed inoculation with PGPB (seed uninoculation and without fertilizer, seed uninoculation and super phosphate triple fertilizer, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 168 + Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 41+ Aztobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 168 + Aztobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 41 + Aztobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum sp., Azotobacter chroococcum + Azospirillum sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 168 + Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 41, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 41, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 168, Azospirillum sp., Azotobacter chroococcum).   Seed inoculation with PGPB positively affected plant growth and P adsorption.  In all of investigated characteristics (except soil P), chemical fertilizer treatment was higher than co-inoculated treatments, but this difference was not significant.   Therefore it could be stated, these microorganisms need more time to fix and establishing themselves in soil.  The present finding showed that there is a linear relationship between plant phosphorus and its dry weight, therefore phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can interact positively in promoting plant growth, nutrient uptake especially P of maize plants, root colonization percentage increasing and consequently, plant dry weight increasing.

In order to evaluate the morphological, quantitative and qualitative traits of different fodder beet cultivars (genotypes) under foliar application of methanol and the glycine betaine amino acid, the present study was conducted in 2018 in Hamedan and Qom. The experiment was designed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block with three replications. The studied factors were methanol at three levels of foliar application (control, 15 and 30% by volume of methanol) as the first factor, glycine at two levels (control and 4 gL-1 of methanol consumed) the second factor, and six fodder beet cultivars (SBSI050, SBSI051, SBSI052, Brunium, Jamon, and Kyros) as the third factor. Results showed a significant difference (P<0.01) among locations. The root yield in Hamedan region was 40.59 tha-1 more than Qom region. Methanol foliar application increased root yield by an average of 16.56 t ha-1 and dry matter yield by 2.85 tha-1 compared with control treatment. Glycine foliar application also made a significant difference in quantitative traits thorough the average total yield by 17.47 tha-1. There was no significant difference between different levels of methanol and glycine in qualitative traits including crude protein and root digestibility. A significant difference (P<0.01) was observed among genotypes. Based on the results of interaction between genotype and methanol, kyros treatment in Hamedan with applying 15% methanol concentration recorded 120 tha-1 root yield, 20 tha-1 root dry matter yield, and 142 tha-1 total yield which is recommended as the optimum option.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity and predict the response to selection in different traits of 16 quinoa genotypes, which was done in a randomized complete block design in Karaj and Kermanshah. The genotypes had a statistically significant difference (p ≤0.01) for the majority of the traits, and they were distributed in four biplot regions. Genotypes 14, 15, and 16 had the highest, and genotypes 5 and 6 had the lowest grain yield and grain harvest index. While the main panicle diameter, grain harvest index, day to physiological maturity, day to main panicle color change, 1000-grain weight, and day to flowering had the highest positive alignment with yield component, day to ten leaf trait had a strong but negative connection with it.  The highest genetic distance was observed between the first and third clusters, which can be achieved by crossing the selected genotypes of these two clusters, to create the greatest genetic diversity in the dividing generations. Grain harvest index and diameter of the main panicle with the highest coefficient of genetic diversity, high heritability, and the highest genetic progression were identified as two desirable traits with a high selection response.  Positive selection for these two traits and negative selection for day to ten leaf traits are suggested in future breeding programs of this plant. In general, due to the limitation of direct selection to improve grain yield, also according to the significant correlation (r = 0.994***) between the new parameter of "percentage difference between phenotypic variation coefficient and genotypic variation coefficient" with broad-sense heritability, the use of this new genetic parameter to select desirable agro morphophysiological traits is recommended.

The scientifically named potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world that belongs to the Solanaceae family, an autotetraploid plant (2n=4x=48), with complex inheritance patterns and in terms of nutritional importance, it ranks fourth after wheat, rice and maize and plays an important role in the nutrition and food basket of the global population. This research aims of this study was to investigate the effect of planting date and planting depth on some quality traits, glandular function and water use efficiency of potato cultivars in autumn and spring cultivation of temperate cold region in Araloo Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station farm in Ardabil region for 2 years (2017-2018).

Split-factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design in three replications of planting date at three levels (10 Novomber, 10 December and 10 May)  as the main factor and factor combination of four potato cultivars (Sprite, Marfona, Savalan and Agria) And four planting planting depths (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) were considered as a secondary factor. After performing the normality of the data and the experimental error uniformity of the compound analysis based on the statistical factor design and comparing the mean based on the LSD test at 5% probability level by SAS9.1 software and correlation between traits using Minitab.16 software. And the graphs were drawn with Excel software.

The results of analysis of variance of the evaluated traits showed that the simple effect of planting date (gland function and water use efficiency) and simple effect of planting depth (nitrogen content, fiber percentage and soluble sugars) had a statistically significant difference between 5 and 1% probability. In terms of the quadrilateral effect A×B×C×D, the traits (percentage of dry matter and soluble sugars) had a significant difference. Water Use efficiency was higher in November and December planting at depths of 10, 15 and 25 with the number of sprays with water efficiency of 6 (kg/m3).The average yield of the tuber in Marfona cultivar was 30 tons per hectare in May and 24 tons per hectare in November cultivation and 20 tons per hectare in December cultivation.The difference in glandular function between spring and autumn planting was on average 8 tons per hectare. Meanwhile, in the autumn cultivation, about 4551 cubic meters per hectare (4 irrigations) and in the spring, about 14214 cubic meters per hectare (12 irrigations) were done. In this study, the number of irrigation times in autumn and spring planting was reduced from 12 irrigations to 4 irrigations and the difference in water consumption was 9663 cubic meters per hectare.The gland with the traits of the percentage of glandular starch and the percentage of fiber of the gland was negative and significant and with the percentage of dry matter of the gland was positive and significant.
 

Finally, it can be concluded that autumn cultivation of potato is suitable, especially in areas with water shortages. The highest water use efficiency in autumn cultivation at depths of 10, 15 and 25 cm was related to the Esprit cultivar.

Grain quality in rice is one of the main determinants of marketability and product sales. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of different rice genotypes in different environments and to identify the genotypes with desirable quality. In this trial, qualitative characteristics of 16 rice genotypes, six introduced lines, 8 parental genotypes and 2 genotypes as control in Amol and Sari regions were investigated. In this study, grain yield and some quality traits of rice included: conversion efficient, total rice percentage, fraction of rice, seed length before cooking, grain size before cooking, grain length after cooking, grain elongation ratio after cooking, amylase content, gel consistency and the gelatinization temperature was evaluated. Simple ANOVA results showed a significant difference between genotypes for all traits in both environments. Combined analysis of variance was performed after ensuring the homogeneity of error variances. The results showed a significant effect of genotypes, indicating a genetic difference between different genotypes, genotype in environment interaction was significant as well. The results of the mean comparison showed that most of the studied genotypes had moderate amylose content, low gelatinization temperature and gel consistency range of 40-70. Most of the qualitative traits showed negative correlation with non-meaningful performance. In conclusion, the results of this experiment showed that line 2 (Sepidrood/IR58025A) has a higher quality than the other lines, because it has a moderate amylose (22%), moderate gelatinization temperature (score 3), and high gel consistency (71/5 mm) under two environments. However, yield of these three lines in contrast to the rest of the investigated lines based on two environments had a lowest mean (3925 kha-1). Therefore, when the yield was increasing, the quality has been decrease.

The present study was carried out to investigate the some differences between forage qualities and quantities of four clover species under different irrigation regimes and high input management conditions in 2015 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran. The experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots refer to irrigation regimes in three levels of normal irrigation, medium drought stress, and severe drought stress that were used by the method of increasing the irrigation intervals by time-sensing (TDR), and subplots were four clover species including Red, Crimson, Persian, and Berseem. Results showed that the content of water-soluble carbohydrates was maximum at severe low irrigation levels, compared to other irrigation levels, while other qualitative traits were minimum at this treatment compared to other irrigation levels. In the second irrigation level, all of the qualitative traits were at the medium value between the normal irrigation and severe low irrigation. Crimson species was superior to other species in terms of qualitative. Crimson species at normal irrigation and medium low irrigation levels had the highest dry forage yields of 5517.16 and 2668.36 kg, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested to plant Crimson cultivar under normal irrigation and medium low irrigation to achieve highest yield forage. Also, Persian species had the highest yield of 1814.31 kg at severe low irrigation level. Therefore, in drought conditions and severe low irrigation, in order to have access to higher forage yield, this crop is recommended.

Water and fertilizers are the main determinants of the level of agricultural production in the world. Iran's climate is predominantly dry and semi-arid, and the availability of water is a major problem in these areas. Water stress significantly changes the metabolism of plants and reduces the growth and photosynthesis and ultimately the performance of plants. In such a situation, drought management is an urgent necessity. Plants and cultivars with less water requirements are one of the most effective ways to manage water. Millet can be considered as a cost-effective product (cereals, fodder and oilseed) in the context of water scarcity due to its significant adaptation to a wide range of climatic conditions. In addition, in order to efficiently manage water use in agriculture, the use of agronomic techniques, such as the application of bio-fertilizers or the strengthening of biological conditions in the soil, may reduce the effects of water stress and less use of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and human nutrition be effective.

In order to investigate the effect of deficit water stress and application of growth promoting bacteria on morphological, physiological traits, quantitative and qualitative yield and oil compounds of two millet species, an experiment was conducted as split factorial based on complete randomized block design with four replications in research farm of Fereydunshahr, Esfahan province in 2016. In this experiment, deficit water stress were considered as the main plots with three levels (100, 75 and 50 percent of plant water requirement) while application of growth promoting bacteria (with three levels including control, using 1 or 0.5 L.ha-1 Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilenseas seed inoculation) and two millet species (including Golbaf and Bastan) were arranged as factorial sub plots.

In this experiment, water deficit stress significantly reduced stem diameter, biological yield and seed, protein and oil, and its quality in millet. The application of bio-fertilizers could reduce the adverse effects of water stress on the above characteristics in both millet varieties and improve the quality of the oil in such a way that the use of one and a half bio fertilizers, respectively, increased grain yields (6.66 and 19/19%) in irrigation treatments (12.29% and 28.76%) in mild stresses (31.73% and 45.77%) in severe dehydration treatments. In mild stress (75% water requirement), as well as application of one litter of bio-fertilizer in the ancient cultivar, produced the highest quality (oleic and linoleic) oil content while reducing water consumption Also, ancient cultivar had superiority in terms of biological yield and grain and unsaturated fatty acids in different irrigation regimes, with and without bio-fertilizer application.

Regarding the increase in the amount of oleic acid, indicating the stability to the temperature and quality of the oil for frying food, and the higher percentage of linoleic fatty acid, indicates the improvement in the value of oil in direct feeding, mild water stress treatment (75% water requirement) Along with the application of one liter of biofertilizer in the ancient cultivar, while reducing water use, the highest quality (oleic and linoleic) was produced.

Abstract   Background and Objectives Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most ancient tree crops which has been domesticated in the Middle East for about 6000 years. The romans enlarged its cultivation from the Greek islands throughout the Mediterranean basin, mainly along the African and European coasts as well as in the areas where large volumes of water have improved the climate. In the past, cultivar distinguishing approaches were based on morphological characteristics of leaf, fruit and stone. Recently, morphological traits with isozyme and DNA- based markers have been applied to the classification of cultivars. The aim of this study was the evaluation of morphological and molecular similarities between the new and the known cultivars of olive trees in the Fadak garden in Qom province in Iran.   Materials and Methods In order to analyze genetic variations of olive tree genotypes in Qom province, the olive genotypes (Manzanilla, Sevilana, Mahzam, Arbequina, and Conservalia) and two superior cold resistant genotypes (Fadak and Tooba) were studied using morphological traits based on distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) guideline in the Fadak garden (Qom province, Iran) in 2013. In addition, a total genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves, and the PCR was carried out by a set of six inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers for amplification. Then, amplification products from ISSR primer tests were characterized on 2% agarose gels immersed in 1X TBE buffer. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide. The PCR fragments were scored for the presence or absence as 1 and 0, respectively.   Results In this study, analysis of variance was performed on 12 quantitative traits. Results showed there were significant differences (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) between all the traits and Fadak and Tooba separated from other genotypes by comparing the means of the tests (Duncan multiple range method). According to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by quantitative traits, Arbequina, Manzanilla and Tooba were included in one group, and Fadak and Tooba were distinctly separated from other genotypes. Also, according to the biplot graph (the first two components) in the PCA method by qualitative traits, the distance between Fadak and Tooba was low. In the molecular analysis, all ISSR markers (six primers) showed polymorphism. The total band range was 8-21 (with 14.66 as the average) and the PIC varied from 0.231 to 0.447 (0.309 average). Based on the PCA method, Tooba was utterly separated from other genotypes.   Discussion In this study, Fadak and Tooba were completely different from other varieties using morphological traits and ISSR molecular markers. Fadak was found to be similar to Sevilana and Conservalia. There was a high similarity between Fadak and Tooba. Also, no similarity was observed between the results of morphological and molecular traits.

To investigate genetic diversity using morphological traits and to determine the relationship between seed yield and its components, 40 Trigonella monantha ecotypes collected from different areas in Iran and are preserved in the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran were evaluated. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.01) among ecotypes for all the evaluated traits. Mean comparisons revealed that ecotype No. 1 (Lorestan- Azna1) was superior than the others for seed yield plant-1, sub branch number plant-1, number of leaves to the first flower, number of leaves plant-1, 100-seed weight, petiole length, and leaflet width. There was significant and positive correlation between seed yield and number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, 100-seed weight, and number of pods plant-1, petiole length, seed length, and seed width. Shannon index showed that pod shape, seed color, seed surface ornaments, pod distribution in the plant had high variability. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that 100-seed weight, number of pod plant-1, petiole length and pod length had significant effects on the seed yield. Factor analysis using principle components method could extract nine factors that in total explained 75.66% of the total variance. Cluster analysis for quantitative and qualitative traits classified the ecotypes into four and five different groups, respectively. In conclusion, there is high genetic diversity in the wild ecotypes of T. monantha for the morphological traits which can be used in fenugreek breeding programs.

In order to provide enough products in cereal crops especially wheat, as the main base of human nutriment, enhancing yield of this crop is necessary. Also, role of nutrient elements in increasing yield per unit of area is hugely important. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to assess the effects of humic acid and iron spraying on physiological traits and yield of Sardari wheat ecotypes in Kurdistan University Research Farm at 2012-2013 cultivation season. The experiment was performed as split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three factors and three replications. Experimental factors included: 13 ecotypes of Sardary and Azar2 cultivar were allocated to main plots. Spraying time in two levels was posed in sub plots and foliar application at four levels was considered as sub-sub plots. The results showed that spraying with humic acid and iron had significant effects on the studied traits. Comparison of means indicated that spraying increased seed yield in wheat ecotypes. In general spraying with humic acid and iron and their mixed spraying caused an increase in seed yield by 46.44, 31.42 and 42.74 percent compared to control, respectively. In comparison with the control treatment, spraying with iron increased seed iron content by 21.95 percent.

Apple (Malus Domestica) is one of the most important horticultural crops that each year contributes a lot of the global trade in agricultural productions. Today, the role of different nutrition elements has been identified in increasing the yield and improving the quality of the fruits. Hence, the addition of balanced chemical fertilizers is more effective than other inputs in increasing agricultural production. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigation effects of some organic and micro-macro nutrition elements on yield and fruit characteristics in apple 'Fuji' and Delbar Estival' cultivars. In this study, effects of some organic and micro-macro nutrition elements on yield and fruit characteristics in apple 'Fuji' and Delbar Estival' cultivars was investigated in two separate experiments in randomized complete blocks design with three replicates per block for each cultivar in 2013-2014. Nutrition treatments included (Thiopher, Takamin Max, Oligogrine, Takamin Max + Oligogrine, Boron + Zinc, Oligogrine +Thiopher, Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc, Thiopher + Boron + Zinc, and Control (without fertilizer)). At the end of the experiment was evaluated fruit qualitative and quantitative characteristics and economic evaluations were carried out for each cultivar separately.
Result and The results showed that all treatments except Thiopher were increased initial fruit set, final fruit set, average fruit weight, average yield per tree and average yield per hectare in both 'Fuji' and Delbar Estival' cultivars significantly compare to the control trees. Fruits tissue firmness was increased only in treatment (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc), significantly compare to control trees. In general, the highest yield per hectare in both 'Fuji' and Delbar Estival' cultivars was observed in treated trees with (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc). Fruits quality as well as fruits quantity were increased in this treatment significantly compare to control trees. The highest percentage of TSS and highest rate of fruit tissue firmness and the lowest percentage of acidity (TA) in the both cultivars were observed in treatment (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc). Totally, treatments (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc) and (boron + zinc) were increased the quantity and quality of fruits significantly in compare to control, respectively. On the other hand, the results of economic calculations showed that although the highest gross income per product total sale and farmer gross income per yield increased ratio to control in both cultivars were observed in treatment (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc), But the most of proportion total income to the per-unit cost and income obtained from yield increased ratio to per-unit cost were observed in treatment (boron + zinc). These results indicated that, although in treatment (Takamin Max + Boron + Zinc), gross and net income was increased significantly in compare to treatment (Boron + Zinc), but ratio of income increase per unit of the cost was decreased significantly in compare to treatment (boron + zinc). given that growers in Iran aren’t often willing to pay a great deal of cost at one time, even though their gross and net income increases, Therefore, it can be suggested that they be used treatment of (boron with a concentration of 2/1000 +zinc at a concentration 1/1000) in the balloon stage of flowers for Fuji and Delbar Estival cultivars,.

Grain quality (GQ) in rice is one of the most important factors in the pricing and marketability by consumers. Development and production of rice cultivars with high GQ is also important in the breeding programs. GQ is highly affected by genetic and environmental factors such as temperature (T, °C). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of different local climates on GQ of two different rice cultivars (cvs. ‘Tarom Hashemi’ and ‘Shiroudi’) and also to quantify the relationships between GQ with average air temperatures (AAT) during the reproductive stage of rice (from anthesis stage (50% of flowers opened) to harvesting time) at the paddy fields of Babolsar, Amol and Polesefid cities in Mazandaran province.
Three field experiments were conducted separately based on the randomized complete blocks design with four replications, in the paddy fields of Babolsar (–21 m under sea level, asl), Amol ( m asl) and Polesefid ( m asl) cities in northern Iran in 2014. All agronomic managements were done based on local recommendations in each region. Moreover, all studied traits were measured in the grain quality laboratory at Rice Research Institute of Iran, Deputy of Mazandaran (Amol) three months after harvesting.
The results indicate that the effects of different local climates were statistically significant on the content of amylose, protein, gelatinization temperature, gel consistency and, grain length and width after cooking (P based on our findings in this study, GQ variation depended to T can simply be quantified in both cultivars (‘Tarom Hashemi’ and ‘Shiroudi’) under different local climates conditions of Mazandaran.

To study the effect of corm density on yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under different biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications was done in 2014 at Shahr-e-Rey region (Ghomi Abad). The experimental factors were: corm density in 3 levels (60, 120 and 180 corm per square meter) and biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in 4 levels (without fertilizer application, 150 kg.ha-1 of Urea, 5 L.ha-1 of Nitroxin and 75 kg.ha-1 of Urea L.ha-1 of Nitroxin). The results indicated that the corm density affects number of daughter corm, fresh daughter corm weight, corm diameter, dry stigma and style weight, dry and fresh flower weight significantly. Mean comparisons also indicated that by increasing corm density from 6o to 180, saffron dry yield of saffron improved by 2.7 fold. However, increasing corm density reduced corm diameter, fresh corm daughter weight and their numbers per square meter. It can be concluded that nitroxin as an organic fertilizer, increases vegetative traits and saffron dry yield (stigma style weight) to 2.08 kg.ha-1 and highly improves in qualitative traits like Safranal, Picrocrocin, and Crocin. It can be also said that combined use of nitroxin and urea would be an alternative method to reduce application of urea.

In order to preserving of button mushroom during storage, an experiment was carried out through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design. In this research the effect of calcium ascorbate (0, 0.4 and 0.8 percent) and hot water treatment (45°C) was investigated on qualitative characteristics such as weight loss, firmness, vitamin C, total phenol, polyphenol oxidase activity (PPO) and color parameters. After treatment, mushrooms were kept at 1 ± 0.5°C and 90% relative humidity and then qualitative characteristics were evaluated after 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. The results showed that calcium ascorbate associated with heat treatment had significant effects on weight loss, firmness, color parameters and PPO activity. The effect of time on all parameters in statistical level 1% and the interaction effect of treatment and time on weight loss, color parameters and PPO activity were significant. The best results in preserving mushroom quality appeared to be obtained from 0.8% calcium ascorbate with heat treatment.

In order to assessment of quality traits of durum wheat lines, 18 elite lines selected from advanced regional durum wheat yield trial, ARDYT (2009-10) along with two check {including Dena(durum wheat) and Parsi (Bread wheat)} were studied in an experiment using RCBD with three replications at Isfahan research station in two consecutive crop season. Results showed a significant difference between the two years for all traits (except %protein). In first year lines 15 and 8 had the highest (%12.6) and lowest (%11.3) of protein percentage, respectively. While the highest (%13) and lowest (%11.7) of this character for second year were in control-1 and line 14, respectively. Cluster analysis classified lines in four main groups, that IV group had the highest protein percentage. The most of traits had a significant correlated. Factor analysis revealed that three factors confirmed more than 84% of total variance between the lines. The first factor confirmed 49% of the variation. In conclusion, the results of present study are suitable for crop and breeding programs.