جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عملکرد پروتئین » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

AbstractIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased due to its high forage production potential and drought tolerance in many regions of the world. Since the yield and quality of this plant's forage are influenced by the growth stage, this study was conducted to examine the effect of harvest time on the quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement within a randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj. The experimental factors included harvest time at four levels (milk stage, soft dough stage, hard dough stage, and grain physiological maturity) and promising sorghum lines at seven levels. The maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (22.64 and 17.98 ton.ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal.ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity stage, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2% and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal.kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, while the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the genotypes studied, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the minimum prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. As maturity progressed from the milk stage to physiological maturity, the quantitative yield increased while forage quality decreased. Overall, to achieve suitable quantitative and qualitative yields, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 is recommended as the superior genotype.IntroductionIn recent years, attention to sorghum has increased in many regions of the world due to its high potential for forage production and drought tolerance. In the domain of forage production, the significance of forage quality extends beyond dry matter considerations. The quality of forage holds paramount importance, as it serves as an indicator of its nutritional value and energy content, directly influencing the quantity of nutrients that animals can efficiently acquire from the forage within the most efficient timeframe. Since the forage yield and quality of this crop is affected by the growth stage, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of harvesting time on quantitative and qualitative traits of sorghum forage.Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran (35°47'N, 50°54'E; 1248 m a.m.s.l.) with a semi-arid environment. The experimental factors included the harvesting time at four levels (milk, soft dough, hard dough, and grain physiological maturity) and the sorghum promising lines at seven levels (KDFGS4, KDFGS6, KDFGS9, KDFGS16, KDFGS26, MDFGS1, and MDFGS2. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM (general linear model) of SAS 9.1 software. The means comparison was conducted utilizing Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%.Results and DiscussionThe maximum protein and digestible organic matter yields (2.64 and 17.98 ton ha-1, respectively) and the highest production of metabolizable energy (65.44 Gcal ha-1) were obtained at the grain physiological maturity, whereas the highest protein content and organic matter digestibility (9.2 and 62.9%, respectively) and the maximum metabolizable energy content (2.35 Mcal kg-1) were recorded at the grain milk stage. Furthermore, with increasing plant age, the amount of prussic acid, water-soluble carbohydrates, ash, and ether extract decreased, and the contents of fiber and organic matter increased. Among the studied genotypes, the highest quantitative and qualitative yield and the lowest prussic acid content were observed in the promising line MDFGS1. With progress toward maturity from the milk stage to physiological maturity, quantitative yield increased and forage quality decreased.ConclusionsOverall, it is recommended to harvest sorghum forage at the soft dough stage to achieve a suitable quantitative and qualitative yield. Furthermore, the promising line MDFGS1 could be introduced as the superior genotype.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran [Project number 03-03-0313-043-960461]. The authors are thankful for providing laboratory facilities and all technical support in the experimental field.

Selection of soybean cultivars that have a higher grain yield under water deficit conditions, reduces the damage to soybean producers.

The response of soybean genotypes to water deficit stress was investigated in terms of agricultural characteristics and grain yield in Karaj (Iran), during two years. The experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replications, with three irrigation levels (control, mild stress, and severe stress)  based on 50, 100, and 150 mm evaporation from a  Class A evaporation pan as the main plot and 10 soybean genotypes as the sub-plot.

The results showed that mild and severe stress caused the node number and inter-node to decrease in comparison with control irrigation. Under control irrigation, the highest grain yield (2585 kg/ha) was obtained from the early-maturing Saba cultivar, with the highest seed number per unit area. The early-maturing genotypes had the highest grain yield under control irrigation, and their grain yield decreased significantly with increasing stress intensity. The grain yield of the Saba cultivar reduced under mild and severe stress by 32 and 59% compared to control irrigation, respectively. Under stress conditions, the late-maturing genotypes had the highest grain yield and water deficit stress caused a slight decrease in their grain yield. Under mild and severe stress, the late-maturing Williams×A3935 line had the highest grain yield and protein yield, respectively.

Under control irrigation, the Saba cultivar, and under stress conditions (mild and severe) the Williams×A3935 line is recommended in Karaj and similar climates (moderately cold region).

The combined use of animal and chemical fertilizers and the use of zeolite in bean farming can have an effective role in reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and helping to provide balanced nutrients. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating some biochemical responses and performance of two varieties of red bean with the combination of chemical fertilizer and zeolite.

A factorial experiment with three factors based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented in climatic conditions of Azna city in Lorestan province in the spring 2016 and 2017. Cultivar factor includes two cultivars Goli (creeping) and Akhtar (standing); nutritional systems operating at five levels including 100% manure fertilizer, 100% urea, 75% manure with 25% urea, 50% manure with 50% urea, and 25% manure with 75% of urea; and zeolite factor in four levels including non-use of zeolite and consumption of 3, 6 and 9 tons per hectare. Based on the soil test, 100 kg/ha of nitrogen from the source of urea fertilizer and 20 tons/ha of animal manure (rotted sheep manure) were used.

Meanwhile, the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates as well as peroxidase and catalase in shoot was observed from the consumption of manure. By increasing the consumption of zeolite, the plant height and the height of the first pod, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seeds, and the yield of seeds, the harvest index and protein yield increased, but the amount of soluble carbohydrates, peroxidase and catalase of shoot decreased. In the levels of triple interaction of cultivar × fertilizer × zeolite, comparison of means showed that the maximum plant height and the height of the first pod from the ground, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seedsو and the yield of seeds were obtained in both Goli (79.7 cm, 9.5 cm, 37.8 seeds, 38.4 grams and 2341 kg per hectare, respectively) and Akhtar (70.4 cm, 7.3 cm, 44.3 seeds, 52.4 grams and 2630 kg per hectare, respectively) cultivars from the 50:50 manure:urea treatment and six tons per hectare Zeolite. In Goli cultivar, The highest number of sub-stems (31.5 stems) and number of pods per plant (10.2 pods) from 75:25 manure:urea treatment and six tons per hectare of zeolite;The highest shoot catalase (OD 2.72 micrograms of protein per minute) was obtained from 0: 100 manure:urea treatment and no zeolite consumption; while in Akhtar cultivar, the highest maximum number of sub-stems (26.7 stems) from 100 manure treatment: chemical and nine tons per hectare of zeolite; and the highest shoot catalase (2.12 OD micrograms of protein per minute) from urea treatment and three tons per hectare of zeolite.The results showed that the highest plant height, the first pod height from the ground, the number of seeds per plant, the weight of one hundred seeds and the seed yield in both Goli (respectively 79.7 and 9.5 cm, 37.8 seeds, 38.4 grams and 2341 kg per hectare) and Akhtar (respectively 70.4 and 7.3 cm, 44.3 seeds, 52.4 grams and 2630 kg per hectare) was obtained from the treatment of 50:50 manure:urea and six tons per hectare of zeolite.

In total, the Akhtar cultivar is recommended with the use of 50:50 manure:urea and six tons per hectare of zeolite to achieve the maximum grain and protein yield.

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the breeding center of buffalo in the northwest of Iran in 2020-2021 growing season. Experimental treatments included different irrigation conditions at three levels (irrigation after depleting of 40, 60, and 80% of available water) as the first factor and application of different fertilizer sources at five levels (chemical, biological, organic, nano fertilizer, and control) as the second factor. Crude protein, dry matter digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrates, and protein yield were improved under different fertilizer sources and different irrigation conditions compared to the control treatment. With delay in irrigation, dry matter, forage ash and relative feed value decreased, while water stress increased the amount of ADF and NDF. Also, the highest amount of dry matter, ash and the relative feed value were obtained in the nano fertilizer. Irrigation after depleting of 40% caused 24, 14, and 18% increase in dry weight of leaves, stems and forage yield, respectively, compared to 80% of available water. The highest dry weight of leaves, stems, and forage yield were obtained with 11738, 16764, and 27938 kg/ha in nano fertilizer, respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that nano-fertilizers and organic fertilizers were more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fodder sorghum under water stress conditions compared to other fertilizer sources.

This research was conducted at the research field of West-Azerbaijan (Saatloo station, 45° 10′ 53˝ E/ 37° 44′ 18˝ N and 1338 m above sea level), located 25 km from Urmia city (Iran) during 2019-2020 cropping seasons, as a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was irrigation regime at three levels (supplying 100, 75 and 50% of net irrigation requirement) and the second factor was planting method of wheat at four levels (plot planting, planting three lines on the ridges (ridges width=30 cm), planting four lines on the ridges (ridges width=45 cm) and planting five lines on the ridges (ridges width=60 cm)). The results showed that the highest grain-yield’s water use efficiency (1.38 kg m-3), dry mass water use efficiency (3.22 kg m-3), carotenoid content (1.02 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll ratio a to b (3.52) and grain protein percentage (9.89%) were obtained from supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement. But the maximum grain yield (7093.30 kg ha-1) and dry mass (15282 kg ha-1), chlorophyll a (1.59 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight), chlorophyll b (0.56 mg/g fresh leaf weight), total chlorophyll a and b (2.15 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight) and protein yield (806.85 kg ha-1) were obtained from supplying of 100% of net irrigation water requirement. Planting three lines on the ridge increased grain yield, dry mass, flag leaf area, grain-yield’s water use efficiency, dry mass water use efficiency, carotenoid content, photosynthetic pigments and protein yield by 29, 33, 31, 29, 33, 38, 7 and 35%, respectively. In general, based on our findings in this study, planting the wheat on the ridge was superior to the traditional method in terms of grain yield and water use efficiency. Also, reducing irrigation water consumption by up to 50% of net requirement did not cause a significant difference in grain yield and dry mass. Therefore, in order to save water consumption and improve water use efficiency, supplying of 50% of net irrigation water requirement along with planting three lines on the ridge is recommended.

An experiment in the form of split-plot design with randomized complete blocks was performedin three replications in Pyrmosi village of Khoi city during 1400 in order to evaluate theresponse of yield and physiological properties of red beans to the application of growthpromoters under different irrigation levels. Irrigation was considered as the main factor in threeirrigation levels, i.e., once in 8, 11 and 14 days, and the growth promoting compounds wereviewed as the secondary factors in 5 levels, i.e., the use of humic acid mixed with irrigationwater, amino acid foliar spraying, rooting stimulant, potassium and non-use of growthpromoters was (control). The results of analysis of variance indicated that irrigation had asignificant impact on all the traits studied, and the growth promoters affected the leaf relativewater content, chlorophyll a, protein percentage, number of lateral branches, seed yield, andharvest index significantly. The interaction of the two factors had significant effects on thenumber of lateral branches, seed yield, harvest index, and seed protein percentage. Theapplication of humic acid resulted in increased seed yield, and as the water deficit increased, theeffect of humic acid on increasing seed yield became significant. The highest seed yield was3076.12 kg per hectare observed in the irrigation level of once every 8 days and under thehumic acid treatment, and the lowest level of this trait was 1220.96 kg observed in the irrigationlevel of once 14 days and under the control treatment. It seems that increased irrigation intervalduring the growing season led to yield loss and degradation of physiological properties such asleaf area index, chlorophyll, and leaf relative water content, and the use of compounds such ashumic acid moderated the decreasing drought stress effects to some extent.

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza inoculation and zeolite-enriched manure compost on photosynthetic pigments content and qualitative properties of triticale grain, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized complete block design with four replications were conducted at Research Field of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan during 2016-2017 growing season. The experimental factors included mycorrhiza application at two levels (application and non-application of mycorrhiza), and mixing of zeolite to manure in six levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% w/w of zeolite/manure). According to the results, under conditions of mycorrhiza application with increasing zeolite up to 15% leaf greenness index (SPAD) increased but decreased afterwards. The highest chlorophyll a (2.68 mg g-1) was obtained from 15% zeolite treatment and the lowest (1.82 mg g-1) was detected in control. Mycorrhiza inoculation caused a 14% increase in carotenoid content compared to non-inoculation. Grain phosphorus content (0.43 mg kg-1) was increased in mycorrhiza inoculation condition compared to non-inoculation (0.37 mg kg-1). Under inoculation conditions, the highest grain yield (3510.7 kg ha-1) belonged to application of 10% zeolite. Under non-inoculation condition more zeolite was needed (in compare to inoculation treatment) to obtain the highest grain yield. The highest protein yield (329.97 kg ha-1) was obtained from mycorrhiza inoculation treatment with 15% zeolite and the lowest protein yield (1152 kg ha-1) was obtained from mycorrhiza inoculation treatment with 25% zeolite. Finally, the results of this study showed that the application of zeolite in manure and inoculation of mycorrhiza fungi can increase the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and grain quality of triticale.

Sustainable agriculture is the act of farming based on an understanding of ecosystem services, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. One of the key strategies in sustainable agriculture is diversity restoration to agricultural environments and its effective management. Intercropping is an effective way of sustainable agriculture. Intercropping, which is defined as growing two or more species simultaneously in the same field during a growing season, is considered as one important strategy in developing sustainable production systems, particularly systems that aim to limit external inputs such as chemical fertilizer and herbicide. Compared to sole crops, intercropping system have higher utilization of resource i.e., nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, and land use efficiency.

In order to comparison of quantity and quality of sunflower yield in sole cropping and intercropping with bean / soybean, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatment were different planting patterns including sunflower, bean and soybean sole cropping with and without weeding, additive intercropping of 30, 60 and 90% bean, as well as 30, 60 and 90% soybean with sunflower. Evaluated traits of crops including grain yield, protein and oil percent and yield and grain phosphor and potassium. Intercropping systems was evaluated by using land equivalent ratio (LER) index.

Experimental results showed that all three crops' grain yield has were affected by planting patterns. The highest sunflower, bean and soybean grain yield (3480, 3025 and 3158 Kg Ha-1, respectively) was achieved at sole cropping with weeding. Results also indicated that intercropping decreased grain yield. Moreover, the highest sunflower, bean and soybean protein and oil yield and grain phosphor and potassium were belonged to sole cropping with weeding of this crops. However, land equivalent ratio at intercropping patterns with 60 and 90% bean and soybean were more than 1 that showed advantage of intercropping. Totally, the findings of this study demonstrated that according to land equivalent ratio index, intercropping of sunflower and legumes (bean and soybean) in most treatments were more beneficial than sole cropping.

The results of this study showed that, intercropping systems decreased sunflower, bean and soybean grain yield in comparison with sole cropping with weeding treatment but, in general, in the most of the treatments, sunflower-legume (bean and soybean) intercropping was better than their sole cropping and associated with improving economic yield and land use efficiency.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oily seeds that can be planted under different climatic conditions of Iran (Koocheki & Khajehossini, 2008). One of the factors affecting the performance of rapeseed is planting date. Determining the response of different varieties of crops to environmental variables from planting to harvest is one of the basic principles of agricultural planning in order to achieve maximum yield and quality. Delay in planting results in prolonged grain filling period and high temperature. These conditions result in a decrease in grain yield (Ehshamami et al., 2016). Saberi and Arazmjo (2015) in the study of the effect of planting date on yield and some of agronomic traits of five rapeseed cultivars in Birjand region observed that the cultivars that flowered at the right time produced more pods per plant and had higher seed weight than other cultivars.

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft (latitude: 28°40´ N; longitude: 57°44´ E; elevation: 650 m) in the growing season of 2016-2017. A split plot layout with a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plots were sowing date at six levels of November 1st, 15th and 29th, December 15th and 27th and January 10th, Rapeseed cultivars were Hyola, Agamax, Traper and Delgan as the sub plot. Each plot was 3×6 m2 and the cultivars were sown in 30 cm intra-rows and 6 cm inter-rows. During the growing season, hand weeding was performed for several times. Drip system was used for irrigation. After harvest, the following traits were measured; number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biomass yield, harvest index, protein yield and oil yield. Soxhlet method was used to measure oil content and Kjeldahl method was used to measure protein.

The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on all traits (p < 0.05). Interaction effect of planting date × cultivar was significant in the studied traits except for pod length and harvest index. The highest number of pods per plant (52.42), number of seeds per pod (30.96), grain yield (1613.3 kg ha-1), protein yield (234.3 kg / ha-1) and oil yield (68 / 826 kg ha-1) was achieved at the planting date of November 29th with Agamax cultivar. The planting dates of November 1st and 29th produced the highest pod weight per plant of 3.1 g and 1.34 g in Agamax cultivar and of 1.28 g in Teraper cultivar, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in Delgan cultivar (5.58 g) at the planting date of November 29th which was followed by Agamax cultivar (3.6 g) at the planting date of November 1st. The highest seed and biomass yield at the planting dates of November 1st, 15th and 29th was recorded with Agamax cultivar, which averaged 6500, 6463.3 and 7043.3 kg/ha, respectively. The highest oil and protein yield was related to Agamax cultivar on November 29th and the lowest protein yield was observed with Dalgan on December 13th. The results of this study were similar to Ehshamami et al., 2016.

In general, the results of this study showed that planting date had a significant effect on phenological and morphological attributes, oil and protein yields of the rapeseed cultivars. Changes in rapeseed planting date made the plant developmental stages encounter different ecological factors that consequently affected the production of this crop. Delay in planting resulted in the loss of suitable growing conditions and the failure of the crop to reach its potential. Also, delay in planting caused the grain filling period and the accumulation of oil to coincide with higher temperatures, which led to a decrease in seed, oil, and protein yields. Also, according to the climatic conditions of the region during the 2016-2017 growing season, the most appropriate date for sowing of rapeseed in Jiroft was November 29th. The planting dates of December 27th and January 10th were considered inappropriate as the cultivars failed to enter reproductive phase. Based on our results, the most suitable cultivar for cultivation in the region was Agamax.

The cowpea (vigna unguiculata L.) as a grain, grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries, especially in the countries of Asia, Africa and South America, is considered an important source of nutrition. Among beans, in terms of cultivars and economic value, the first place belongs to beans. Good climate (warm to moderate summer) and adequate water in the areas under beans, high quality soils and high depth of clay are the main reasons for increasing its cultivation area. Water is a key factor in the production of crops. The yield of crops in many areas is limited by living or non-living environmental stresses, and therefore, there is a significant difference between actual yield and yield potential of crops. Low moisture content in each of the different stages of growth reduces water absorption, nutrients, decreases the transfer of elements within the plant, and ultimately reduces the yield of the grain or the final product. Optimal use of water is of great importance, especially in areas where dry climatic conditions and Semi-dry is dominant. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of vermicompost and superabsorbent on the quantitative and qualitative yield of bean under drought stress in Khorramshahr area.

This research was carried out in 2017 in a farm located in Khorramshahr with a longitude of 48 degrees and 12 minutes east and 30 degrees and 22 degrees north latitude and 3 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments consisted of drought stress in two levels (65 and 130) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and the combined effect of biological fertilizer of vermicompost and superabsorbent at four levels (non-application of fertilizer (control), 5 t/ha vermicompost Compost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent, 5t/ha vermicompost + 100 kg/ha superabsorbent, 5 t/ha vermicompost) in sub plots.

The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and protein yield. Also, the combined effect of biological fertilizer of vermicompost and superabsorbent had a significant effect on grain yield and protein yield. The highest grain yield (202.22 g/m2) was obtained from treatment with 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 100 kg/ha superabsorbent (which did not have a significant difference with 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent) and lowest with mean 174.26 g/m2 was obtained from non-application of fertilizer treatment. The interaction of drought stress and combined effect of biological fertilizer on vermicompost had a significant effect on grain yield. The highest grain yield was obtained with an average of 29.225 kg/ha of irrigation after 65 mm evaporation from the pan and 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost + 75 kg/ha superabsorbent.

Due to the fact that in the field of crop production, the true value depends on the quality of the crop, in this research it was determined that the use of vermicompost manure plays an important role in the development of the bean plant, Also, considering that the highest amounts of grain and protein yield were obtained as a quantitative and qualitative yield of vermicompost and superabsorbent fertilizer, it can be concluded that using these treatments without the slightest environmental damage and maintaining sustainability and health the agricultural system can meet the nutritional needs of the plant to a large extent. In order to achieve maximum yield and quality, in terms of humidity planting cowpea consumption of 5 tons per hectare and 75 kg ha super vermicompost fertilizer to increase the yield of cowpea is recommended for plants.

To determine the traits affecting oil and protein yield and selection of suitable sesame cultivars under inoculum conditions and lack of inoculation with mycorhizal fungi and different levels of irrigation, an experiment was conducted as factorial-split plot design with three replications in research farm of Agricultural Research Center (Saatloo station of Urmia) during 2015 -2016 cropping seasons. The main plots consisted of factor A: three different levels of irrigations (normal irrigation: irrigation after 70 mm evaporation of crop or ETc, moderate drought stress: irrigation after 90 mm ETc and severe drought stress: irrigation after 110 mm ETc) and factor B: three levels of inoculation: two kinds of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight commercial cultivars of sesame. In stepwise regression analysis, regarding oil and protein yield as response variables, in addition to grain yield and oil percentage and protein percentage, different traits were introduced under different conditions of mycorrhiza and water stress conditions. In path analysis (traits entered on the model included seed yield, oil percentage, seeds per square, protein percentage, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, biological yield, protein yield, 1000-seed weight, oil yield, number of branches, plant height, stem diameter and root colonization) under different experimental conditions, the highest direct effect on oil and protein yield was obtained from oil percentage and protein percentage, respectively. Based on cluster analysis results, the "Darab 2" and "Darab 14" cultivars are suitable for cultivation in different conditions. Also, it sems that seed yield and oil percentage traits to achieve high oil yield and seed yield and protein percentage traits as selective indices to achieve high protein yield suitable.

One of the oil seeds that has attracted a lot of attention in these years in the country and is also considered as a major contributor to the plan to reduce the import of vegetable oil. This product is among the world's most oil-bearing grains It has the highest production in recent decades, and nowadays it has achieved the third place after the soybean and palm oil in vegetable oil products. Water is a key factor in the production of crops. The yield of crops in many areas is limited by living or non-living environmental stresses, and therefore, there is a significant difference between actual yield and yield potential of crops. Low moisture content in each of the different stages of growth reduces the absorption of water, nutrients, decreases the transfer of elements within the plant, and ultimately reduces the yield of the grain or the final product. Optimal water use is of great importance, especially in areas where dry climatic conditions And semi-arid dominant that covers about two thirds of Iran's territory. In order to increase yield per unit area, farmers use one of the common fertilization methods including soil utilization through irrigation, seed mixing and solubility. Leaf solubility is one of the fastest ways to meet the needs. The fertilizer is also used in this method to save fertilizer and in addition to the positive economic aspect, the environment is protected from chemical pollution, which is very effective in achieving sustainable agriculture.

In order to investigate the effect of micronutrients application on qualitative and quantitative yield of rapeseed plants in condition drought stress, a field experiment was carried out to in Hamidieh city in 2017-18 in a split plot is an experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental treatments included drought stress in two levels (I1: optimal irrigation, I2: Irrigation off in pod stage) as the main plot and spraying of complete fertilizer in four levels (M0: non-spraying (control), Spraying with concentrations M1: 2 in thousand, M2: 4 per thousand, M3: 6 per thousand) was implemented as a subplot in the region.

The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on leaf area index, grain yield, grain protein, protein yield, iron and zinc percentage. The highest grain yield in optimal irrigation treatment (with an average of 3110.7 kg /ha) and the lowest grain yield (with an average of 2280.22 kg /ha) was attributed to irrigation cut off treatment at slaughtering stage. Also, with increasing micronutrient levels, leaf area index, grain yield, protein content, protein yield, percentage of iron and zinc increase. The most of these traits were obtained from optimal irrigation and spraying of six to a thousand, which did not have significant difference with treatment of four. In explaining the reason for the increase in the protein content of seeds by the application of micronutrients on zinc and iron, it should be noted that these elements directly contribute to both the process of gene expression and protein synthesis. The deficiency of zinc prevents the activation of a number of antioxidant enzymes, which results in oxidative damage to protein molecules, which also reduces protein function in the plant. The highest grain yield (with a mean of 3290.4 kg /ha) was obtained in irrigation treatment and spray application of four per thousand. In this experiment, micronutrient spraying reduced the damage caused by drought stress to grain yield and also increased the percentage of iron and zinc seeds.

The results of this experiment showed that using micronutrients such as iron and zinc can play an important role in improving grain yield, seed protein content and enrichment of zinc and iron in drought stress conditions. Regarding the drought and depletion crisis in Khuzestan province, nutrient poverty in the province's soils, especially in terms of micronutrients such as zinc and iron, is a foliar application of fertilizer to increase the amount of elemental elements in the plant. Therefore, in general, the results of this research can be argued that in order to achieve maximum quality yield and agronomic traits, rapeseed cultivation with micronutrient foliar application of four thousand in moisture conditions is recommended.

Population growth and low protein content of cereals has attracted the attention of peoples to pulse crops. Pulses has important role in contributing to food and nutritional security and replenishing soil nutrients having a huge potential in addressing needs like future global food security, nutrition and environmental sustainability needs. These plants can fix nitrogen in their roots and are effectiveness in soil fertility. After harvesting of these plants, large amounts of nitrogen will be added to the soil that next plant can use them. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual plant with indeterminate growth habit. It is one of the most important food legumes. Generally, legumes are highly sensitive to water deficit stress in flowering stage. In different crops as well as chickpea, differential genotypic response to drought stress as a result of variation in physiological parameters has been reported. Drought stress is the most important challenges in production of chickpea in Golestan province. On time using of water in the most sensitive stage of plant growth will result in higher production of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on some quantity and quality traits of Adel chickpea cultivar in Gonbad Kavous conditions.
 

 In order to study the effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on quality and quantity of Adel variety of chickpea, an experiment as factorial based on RCBD in three replications was carried out in farm of Gonbad Kavous University in 2015-2016. Two factors was nitrogen in 3 levels of none consumption, consumption of 25 and 50 Kg nitrogen/ha and supplemental irrigation in 3 levels of none irrigation, irrigation in flowering stage and irrigation in flowering+seed filling stage. Traits that were measured included number of lateral branch, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant dry weight, seeds weight per plant, harvest index, grain yield, protein percent and protein yield. Seed planting was done during the third week of December 2015. Row spacing was 25 cm. 50% of urea was applied during sowing and the rest was side banded when the chickpea plants were at seed filling stage. Weed control was performed manually. Harvesting date was first week of June. Data were analyzed by using of SAS Ver. 9.1 software. For comparison of means, LSD at level of 5% was used.
 

The results showed that effects of nitrogen and supplemental irrigation on all traits except 100-seed weight and protein content were significant. Number of pods per plant in the treatment of 50 and 25 Kg N/ha with 29.36 and 27.76 were more than treatment of non consumption of nitrogen with 21.13. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced the maximum of pods per plant that was not significantly different from irrigation at flowering stage. The maximum grain yield was obtained from consumption of 50 Kg N/ha with 3287 Kg/ha. Seed yield in none application of nitrogen was 2243 Kg/ha. The maximum grain yield was obtained from treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stage with 3218 Kg/ha. The maximum and minimum protein yield belonged to consumption of 50 Kg N/ha and non consumption of nitrogen, respectively. The maximum protein yield with 743 Kg/ha belonged to treatment of irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages and the minimum protein yield with 581 Kg/ha was obtained from non irrigation treatment.
 

Based on this experiment results, nitrogen and supplemental irrigation was affected all traits except 100-seed weight and protein percent. The maximum amounts of traits were obtained from consumption of 50 and then 25 Kg N/ha. Irrigation in flowering and seed filling stages produced maximum seed yield that has not significant different with irrigation in flowering stage. In general, it seems that for suitable production of chickpea, it is necessary to irrigate it for two times and applicate 25 Kg N /ha

The corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the tropical cereals and one of the family of grasses (Gramineae) belongs to monocotyledonous plants. Corn is considered to be the most widely-used corn in the world, and it is in terms of production after wheat and rice. Corn is one of the strategic cultivars due to the high importance of human and livestock feed and has a high adaptability to temperate and tropical climatic zones (Normohamadi et al., 2010). Although water is the most composition the earth of the plant. One of the main causes of decline in crop yields around the world is water constraints and its lack of proper distribution during the growing season. In other words, for optimal water allocation in crop production, there should be an appropriate correlation between the amount of water used and the amount of production. Among the abiotic stresses in nature, water scarcity is the most important factor in reducing the growth and production of crops. Corn is susceptible to dryness at all stages of development, but the pollination stage has been introduced as the most sensitive plant growth stage to drought stress. Due to drought stress, the leaf area of the plant decreases more than the final leaf number and the biological function and its components decrease (Ma et al., 2012). This research was carried out in Ahwaz in 2016 with a longitude of 48 degrees and 40 minutes east and a latitude of 31 degrees and 20 minutes north with a height of 22.5 meters above sea level. This experiment was carried out as split split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included irrigation stresses at three levels (60, 90 and 120) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and spraying of complete fertilizer in three levels (non-spraying, spraying two in a thousand and spraying five in a thousand) were in sub plots. The results showed that irrigation stress and micronutrient spraying had a significant effect on yield, kernels/ear, chlorophyll index, protein yield, percentage of iron and zinc. The results showed that the highest grain yield (575.85 g/m2) was obtained from 60 mm evaporation from the pan and the lowest (414.4 g/m2) from 120 mm evaporation from the pan. The main cause of grain yield reduction in drought stress treatments was the reduction in the number of seeds per ear. On the other hand, micronutrient spray application caused a significant increase in grain yield. The highest grain yield (562.51 g/m²) was obtained from 5% seedling application and the lowest grain yield (455.65 g/m2) was obtained from non-spraying (control). Also, the results showed that zinc and iron micronutrients played a positive role in grain yield and corn grain protein, especially in water deficit conditions (Ghotavi et al., 2011). Since in the field of crop production, the true value depends on the quality of the crop, this study found that the micronutrient spray application plays an important role in the growth of corn, and also, considering that the highest grain yield and protein yields quantitative and qualitative applications of zinc and iron fertilizers that are considered as micronutrient elements were obtained, it can be concluded that by using such fertilizers, we can provide the best conditions for obtaining the maximum yield and yield in corn. On the other hand, soluble micronutrient elements reduced the damage caused by stress on grain yield. Due to the restriction of iron and zinc intake in iron and zinc in arid and semi-arid soils, spraying of elements to increase the amount of micronutrient elements in the plant is a logical method of application of fertilizer. Therefore, in general, the results of this research can be argued that in order to achieve maximum quantitative and qualitative yield, corn plant cultivation with micronutrient foliar application of two liters per thousand is recommended in appropriate moisture conditions.

In order to effect of mycorrhiza fungi on the quantitative and qualitative traits of cowpea in different irrigation intervals, this research was carried out in 2017 in Khorramshahr as split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of different irrigation intervals at four levels of 55, 80, 105 and 130 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plots and mycorrhiza fungi in two levels including non-application of mycorrhiza (control) and mycorrhizal application in sub plots. The results showed that the effects of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza fungi on seed yield, number of seeds per pod, 1000 grain weight and protein yield were significant. The highest grain yield to 80 mm pan evaporation treatment (with an average 233.3 g/m2), and the lowest yield (with an average 168.7 g/m2) to 130 mm pan evaporation treatment was given. The results showed that using mycorrhizal fungus, grain yield and protein yield increased. The interaction of irrigation intervals and mycorrhiza had a significant effect on grain yield and the highest grain yield (with an average of 240.97 g/m2) was obtained from 80 mm evaporation pan treatment from and the application of mycorrhiza. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield, planting of cowpea plant with irrigation intervals 80 mm evaporation from pan and application of mycorrhiza in areas where plants with drought stress are recommended.

  The cowpea (vigna unguiculata L.) including grains, grown in tropical and sub-tropical countries, especially in the countries of Asia, Africa and South America, and it is considered an important source of nutrition. Among legums, in terms of cultivars and economic value, the first place belongs to beans. Good climate (warm to moderate summer) and adequate water in the areas under beans, high quality soils and high depth of clay are the main reasons for increasing its cultivation area. Water is a key factor in the production of crops. The yield of crops in many areas is limited by living or non-living environmental stresses, and therefore, there is a significant difference between actual yield and yield potential of crops. Low moisture content in each of the different stages of growth reduces water absorption, nutrients, decreases the transfer of elements within the plant, and ultimately reduces the yield of the grain or the final product. Optimal use of water is of great importance, especially in areas where dry climatic conditions and Semi-dry is dominant. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of humic acid spraying on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of bean-eyed beans under irrigation regimes in Hamidieh region. This research was carried out in 2016 in a farm located in Hamidieh with a longitude of 48 degrees and 10 minutes east and 31 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 13 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included irrigation regimes at three levels (60, 90 and 120) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots and different times of humic acid spraying at three levels (no spraying, spraying at vegetative stage, Spraying at flowering stage) in sub plots. The results showed that irrigation regimes had a significant effect on grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and protein yield. The highest grain yield (205.42 g/m2) was obtained from 60 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan and the lowest with an average of 160.2 g/m2, with 120 mm evaporation from evaporation pan. Also, the application of humic acid spraying dates significantly affected seed yield and protein function. Humic acid increases the amount of nutrients (seed storage compositions) by increasing the activity of the rosicose enzymes and increasing the photosynthesis activity of the plant, possibly by improving the production of sugar, protein and vitamin in the plant, and the positive effect on the various aspects of photosynthesis.The highest grain yield (200.77 g/m2) was obtained from spray application during vegetative time and the lowest (152.52 g/m2) was obtained from non-spray application. The interaction of irrigation regimes and spraying periods of humic acid had a significant effect on grain yield. The highest grain yield was assigned to 60 mm evaporation from evaporation pan and humic acid spraying treatment at a vegetative stage of 213.88 g/m2. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of humic acid due to different physiological effects, in addition to increasing yield, can play a positive role in decreasing the use of chemical fertilizers as well as environmental pollution. Therefore, as a natural source material, To sustain and increase the production of crops. Drought stress increased protein percentage, but irrigation at flowering and podding stage reduced the protein percentage. Despite the high percentage of protein in 120 mm evaporation from the pan, the protein function in this treatment was less than the other two treatments due to low grain yield. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum grain yield, 60-millimeter water irrigation with evapotranspiration from the pan is recommended by application of humic acid spraying at the vegetative stage.

Terminal heat stress in hot and dry conditions like Ahwaz reduces the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat. In order to study the effect of terminal heat stress on grain filling period duration, grain filling rate and quantitative and qualitative yield of 20 spring bread wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran in 2008-2009 as stripe block design and included four sowing dates (6 Nov., 6 Dec., 5 Jan. and 4 Feb.) in horizontal plots and 20 spring bread wheat cultivars in vertical plots with three replications. The analysis of variance showed that sowing date, genotypes and their interaction had a significant effect on measured traits. The mean comparison of interaction effect showed that in sowing date of 6 Dec. the highest grain yield (7254 kg/ha) was related to Chamran cultivar and the lowest grain yield (5445 kg/ha) belonged to Maroon cultivar. In terminal heat stress condition (sowing date of 4 Feb.), the highest grain yield (2323 kg/ha) was related to Maroon cultivar and the lowest grain yield (1258 kg/ha) belonged to Hamoon cultivar. Generally, in early (6 Nov.), timely (6 Dec.) and late (5 Jan) seeding, Chamran cultivar was suitable and in very late (4 Feb.) sowing, cultivars of Maroon, Virinak, Arvand and Atrak were suitable.

To evaluate agronomic characteristics, seed yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties in Sistan region, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 in agricultural research station of Zahak, Sistan, Iran. Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.01) among varieties for all studied traits. Seed yield, green pod yield and seed protein yield were higher in the second year among the cultivars. The highest seed yield (1947 kg ha-1), and green pod yield (20557 kg ha-1) belonged to Saraziri cultivar. The highest (33%) protein content belonged to Shakhbozee cultivar. Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationship between seed yield, pod length, number of pod per plant, green pod weight plant-1, green pod yield and seed protein yield. Cluster analysis grouped faba bean varities into two main groups of high yielding and lower yielding cultivars. Shakhbozi and Saraziri had the highest seed and protein yields. Therefore, considering results of this research and important economic traits in faba bean (seed yield and green pods yield), Saraziri and Shakhbozi were identified as superior cultivars and suitable for Sistan conditions.

Pulse crops have a huge role in Agriculture and daily life. The mung bean (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) is one of the most important pulse crops in the world. It is a protein rich staple food and contains about 25 percent protein. Producing higher potential yield in comparison with other crops, is one of the greatest feature of the mung bean crop. Also, it improves the soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. Water deficit affects different growth and development stages of mung bean. In this regard, choosing the landraces and suitable cultivars and nutrition and irrigation management, play an important role in increasing of quantity and quality of pulses and reduce of negative effects of various environmental stresses on plants. The present research aimed to study the effect of water deficit stress on quantity and quality mung bean traits, Parto variety under applied and non-applied of foliar application of nano-iron and manganese chelates.
In order to study the effects of water deficit stress on reduction of quality traits of Vigna Radiata (Parto variety) under iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application, an experiment was conducted as split-plot management in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2013-2014 in the research farm of agricultural college, Tarbiat Modares University. To determine the nature of soil, the amount of mineral elements (nitrogen, iron and manganese), the percent of organic carbon and soil acidity were sampled from zero depth to 30 centimeter and from 30 to 60 centimeters of soil in the zigzag pattern. Experimental treatments in main plots were three levels of irrigation regime (optimum irrigation, water deficit at reproductive stage and water deficit at vegetative stage) and in subplots were 10 levels of foliar application (without foliar application, foliar application pure water, one in a thousand a nano-Fe chelate, three in thousand a nano-Fe chelate, 1.5 in thousand a nano-Mn chelate, three in thousand a nano-Mn chelate, one in thousand a nano-Fe 1.5 in thousand a nano-Mn chelate, one in thousand a nano-Fe three in thousand a nano-Mn chelate, three in thousand a nano-Fe 1.5 in thousand a nano-Mn chelate, three in thousand a nano-Fe three in thousand a nano-Mn chelate) at withholding irrigation stage. SAS software has been used to analysis data, the analyses parameters were including variance and means comparison have been compared by using the LSD Test at probability level of 5%.
The results showed that water deficit stress and iron and manganese nano-chelate foliar application were significant for the most of plant traits at 1% probability level. Among of water deficit stress levels, the lowest yield and yield components for most traits, stress at reproductive stage and the highest amount in control (optimum irrigation). Also, the highest yield and yield component was achieved from different levels of iron and manganese nano-chelate spraying at the vegetative and reproductive stage, especially in the vegetative growth stage, while control spraying (no spray) led to decreasing yield and yield components in plant. Also, interaction between two main treatments were significant for the most of the traits at 1% probability level.
It can be concluded that water deficit stress at the reproductive stage had the most effect on reducing grain yield, protein yield and yield components, and using nanoparticles had the highest rates of grain yield, yield component and protein yield. The effects of water deficit can be reduced by spraying of nano-Fe and nano-Mn chelated. Also, it was observed that reproductive stage is the most vulnerable stage of the plant to the water deficit stress. Stress in this stage causes protein reduction by the plant and seed filling period. Regarding the effects resulted from water deficit stress, it is possible that spraying nano-chelated iron and manganese can make the seed a rich source by stimulating growth and cell division and as a result, more amount of dry material is preserved within the seed by adopting more photosynthetic materials. Among nano-chelated elements, iron and also mixed with manganese had the most effect on the seed yield and other studied traits in this test. Thus, it is suggested that these elements can be utilized as a factor for removing or decreasing stress and also increasing the production efficiency in the plants.