جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مورفولوژی » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

This research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of Biofertilizers on some characteristics of guar in the crop year of 2018-2019 in Iranshahr city.

The research was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included 1- Nitroxin (1 liter per hectare), 2- Mycorrhiza (200 kg per hectare), 3- Azotobacter (1 liter of fertilizer per 100 kg of seeds), 4- Rhizobium (1 liter of fertilizer per hectare), 5- Phosphate Barvar 2 (100 grams per hectare), 6- Phosphate Barvar 3 (100 grams per hectare), 7- Biosulfur (6 kg per hectare), and 8- control.

The results demonstrated that the effect of fertilizer type on most of the investigated characteristics was significant at the probability level of 1%. The effect of the treatments on the percentage of mucilage was significant at the five percent probability level. The highest biological yield (14.66), number of lateral branches (11.78), harvest index (31.79), plant height (166.53 cm), number of seeds per plant (52.47), seed yield (kg 4438/13 ha), seed nitrogen percentage (5.475), seed protein percentage (32.71), ash percentage (0.173), mucilage percentage (25.860) and swelling factor (1.83 ml) were obtained under the influence of the Nitroxin biofertilizer. The highest number of seeds in pod (5.17) and 1000-seed weight (35.67 g) were obtained under the effect of the biosulfur biofertilizer.

  Among the investigated treatments, the nitroxin biofertilizer and then the biosulfur exerted a relatively greater effect on most of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the guar plant.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with a high amount of protein and valuable minerals, is considered one of the important items in the Iranian food basket. Due to its adaptability to the harsh climatic conditions of the country's drylands, it is grown in 500,000 ha of rain-fed and dry areas of Iran.  It is considered as the most important county’s rainfed legume crop and because of its rotation cultivation with cereals, plays an important role in the sustainability of agriculture in these areas. Yellowing and wilting disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris is one of the most important diseases of the plant worldwide. The disease causes a quantitative and qualitative decrease in the production of the crop in all areas of the country. The most effective and economical method of managing and controlling the disease is the production and use of resistant cultivars.

In this study, 92 infested farms with suspected plants showing symptoms of yellowing and wilting were visited in the northwest and west of the country. The detailed characters of the samples were recorded. Subsequently, they were transferred to the laboratory and the pathogen was isolated from the host, purified and their pathogenicity on a susceptible chickpea variety was verified. For identification, in the first step, classical methods based on morphological characteristics and taxonomic keys were used, while in the second step, molecular techniques were applied.

Based on classical methods, all samples were characterized as a species of Fusarium genus (Fusarium spp.). Based on taxonomic and morphological methods, 39 isolates were identified as F.oxysporum. Subsequently, by using a molecular marker, the belonging of 32 isolates to the special form (forma specialis) of chickpea was confirmed. In the final step, using specific markers, 15 isolates were identified as races 1B/C, 2, 4 and 6. These results indicate the existence of races 2 and 4 among the collected samples, which is the first report of their presence in Iran. These findings can be used in the production of disease-resistant cultivars for the infested areas of the country.

Soybean (Glycine max) belongs to Leguminous and is one of the legumes that provides food to millions of people and plays a major role in the preparation of chemicals. The Fabaceae family includes legumes, which are the second most important crop family after the poace family. Soybeans are an important thermophilic food product that contains important proteins that support human health.

In order to investigate the response of two soybean cultivars to the hormone at different stages of growth and the effect of hormones on yield and yield components, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the research greenhouse of Graduate University of Advanced Technology in 2020. Soybean plants were treated with salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate and with two hormones simultaneously, and control pots were treated distilled water. During the growing period, fertilization was performed with complete Hoagland fertilizer and after a proper growth period, the samples were harvested at physiological maturity. After sowing, the seeds of Rhizobium were given in two stages in order to induce soybean roots.

The results of this study showed a significant difference between cultivars in terms of different hormone application: In control plants that did not receive any hormones, these morphological features are minimum The results showed that there were significant differences in the number of nodules per root, pod weight per plant, leaf area, and harvest index under the interaction of cultivar and hormone. The results of comparing the means showed that the simultaneous application of salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate increased the growth and yield of the cultivars.

Among morphological traits (shoot height, root length and width, number of lateral roots, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and pod weight) in hormone treatment conditions for Williams cultivar showed more increase than L17 cultivar. The results of this study can be used in research for the practical use of such compounds and to enhance performance and important traits in performance.

In order to study existing genetic variation within populations and within the Nepeta racemosa species the research was performed on two populations of the species to investigate genetic architecture of existing variation of the two populations. In this regard, at full maturity, seed was collected based on single plants from two habitats of the species, during 2018, to be investigated as half-sib families. Field experiment was performed based on a three times replicated randomized complete block design, in which eight morphologic characters were recorded on 277 single plants from 20 half-sib families of the two populations. Genetic variance components were estimated using biometrical variance components of the two populations, based on which heritability of the characters were also estimated. Results of analysis of variance showed that family effect component was highly significant for majority of the studied traits on the two populations. Based on the genetic variance components, the family component of variance was more effective than progeny component for the first population. Almost the same situation with minor differences was observed on the second population. In spite of small size of the studied populations, high heritability values of several traits indicated their suitable genetic potential. Although significant genetic variation and high heritability values were observed on most of the studied traits, Constituting artificial gene pools, using the families with high performances could be a dual purposes strategy, in order to conserve the valuable gene pool as well as utilizing their potentials in breeding programs.

Verticillium wilt disease is one of the most important damaging and limiting factors of cotton cultivation worldwide. This disease reduces the quantity and quality of the product. Due to the economic importance of Verticillium wilt cotton disease, the best way to control this disease is to use tolerant cultivars. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of disease on morphological and physiological characteristics of cotton cultivars in order to identify tolerant genotypes.

The experiment was conducted in 2020 in the greenhouse of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Research Center (Mashhad Plant Protection Department). Ten commercial Iranian cotton cultivars belonging to Gossypium hirsutum including Varamin, Sahel, Bakhtegan, Khorshid, Armaghan, Mehr, Koker, Khordad, Kashmar and Deltapine were planted in factories in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The first factor was cotton cultivars and the second factor was the contamination of cotton cultivars with fungal isolates.

The results of analysis of variance of the measured traits on the studied genotypes showed that the tested cultivars in terms of leaf number, crown diameter, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll index, disease severity, relative leaf water content and electrolyte leakage membranes were significantly different at the 1% probability level. This difference was not observed in terms of plant height. Comparison of the mean of the above traits (except plant height) in the treatment of contamination levels, indicated that the cotton plants  inoculated with the pathogenic fungus Verticillium wilt compared to control plants (no fungal infection) had lower number of leaves, number of branches , leaf area and crown diameter. Mean comparisons of the above traits were performed between genotypes. Some genotypes can be selected for field experiments in terms of superior study traits. The results of comparing the mean interaction of infection × cultivar for all traits (except plant height) were significant at 1% level. Under the conditions of infection, the highest severity of the disease was related to Varamin and Cocker-handard cultivars. While the lowest severity of the disease was related to Bakhtegan cultivar.

The results showed that Verticillium wilt disease reduces the number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, crown diameter, chlorophyll index and relative water content. While this disease increases the electrolyte leakage of cell membrane. In this regard, a negative and significant phenotypic correlation was observed between disease severity and number of leaves, branch, crown diameter and chlorophyll index. There was a positive and significant phenotypic correlation between disease severity and membrane electrolyte leakage. Therefore, plants with more leaves, higher chlorophyll index and relative water content and lower electrolyte leakage are more resistant to infection.

The traits and morphological characteristics of plants have a great impact on plant taxonomy and classification, so it is important to study these changes due to the impact of climatic factors. Climate factors can have impact on vegetative growth and the morphology of plants. One of the climatic factors is light, which will have a different effect on plant growth and morphology, based on the amount of light intensity and plant type. Investigating the effect of light with different intensities in a plant can help determine the proper light for that plant. Our goal in this paper was investigate the effect of light with different frequencies on growth of the plant Artemisia aucheri Boiss.Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Or Artemisia is a plant that is of family Asteraceae that has a large dispersal in northern Iran. This plant has different healing properties and thus it´s necessary examining and performing various experimental activities on the plant. As mentioned, the aim of this study was to investigate the changes in growth, against different light irradiation and UV radiation on this plant thus the effect of light with different frequencies on vegetative growth of Artemisia(Artemisia aucheri Boiss.), as well as the effect of UV rays with a wavelength of 320 nm, was investigated.

For culture, Murashing and Skoog solid culture was used, without growth regulators. Culture medium was under sterile conditions, the temperature of 2 ±25 and different light conditions with different treatments. Lighting conditions was used of optical radiation 1000, 2000 and 3000 lux. In addition it was assumed radiation treatments UV and treatment of darkness. This experiment was repeated several times over a period of five months, with repeated repetitions, to prevent the possibility of a possible error. Each time the experiment was repeated, with three replicates of the treatments, and in addition, the apparent variation of plant changes, fresh and dry weight of the plants harvested, recorded and compared. For analyzing data of software SPSS version 20 and Excel programs were used. During the experiment, the resulting data, the average of three replicates ± SD and results based on one-way ANOVA test, Tukey test and a significant difference on the P ≤ 0.05, were investigated.

The results of the effect of light on fresh and dry weeds of seedlings showed that light radiation with different intensities caused a significant difference also UV rays can affect the fresh and dry weight of the plant. According to statistical analysis results between wet and dry weights of all samples, there was a direct relationship. However, the largest amount of fresh and dry weight of the seedlings was observed in treatment 3, the irradiation of 3000 lux treatments with all treatments and control treatments showed significant differences. Morphological changes were observed by UV treatment. Changes in the apparent symptoms of the plant due to the use of radiation can be expressed as deformation and color of leaves, leaf drying, cholorosis and necrosis in leaves (decreasing chlorophyll content), increasing leaf and stem thickness, decreasing stem elongation and root. The absence of light affects the outer shape of the plant, and its longitudinal growth rate. Plants that were in an environment without light usually had long, narrow stalks. However, the stems were yellow, but much longer and thinner than other treatments. The leaves did not spread much and were yellow. The plants that grew in the dark have a formidable appearance. Their shoots were longer and their diameter was smaller and pale. Increasing fresh and dry calluses in this treatment showed a significant difference with all treatments, and the weight gain was higher than the rest, except for 3000 lux. On the other hand, the colors of the calluses were creamy to the color of the coffee, and more were slim and sticky. Some parts of the callus were purple.

One of the most important environmental conditions affecting plant growth and how it affects is light conditions. According to the information obtained, the intensity of light irradiation increases, the growth rate and plant density are improved and the plant weight is increased. The best lighting conditions in this experiment is 300 lux, the longitudinal growth and transverse growth of the plant, the better and even on root growth the impact a lot. Ray of UV the shape plant and root growth and stem of the plant was effective. With regard to the study of the irradiation of more than 3,000 lux in this experiment, it is suggested that higher radiation for this plant should be investigated in subsequent studies.

Introduction:

 Cotton (G.hirsutum L.) is an important cash crop in Iran, which plays a vital role in the economy of the country. The yield of cotton cultivars depends on their genotypic performance and adaptability. The most significant objectives of cotton variety improvement for dry agro systems include high yield, fair stability, better fiber quality and also special importance are given on suitability of different maturity groups for early, mid and late planting dates. A variety or genotype is considered to be the most adaptive or stable one if it has a high mean yield but a low degree of fluctuation over diverse environments (Said, 2016; Mudata et al., 2017). The association among yield related traits play a significant role toward improvement and to produce promising genotypes with high yield and quality (Nawaz et al, 2019). Low economic outcome of cotton due to low yields is one of the reasons for diminishing cotton production areas. To increase cotton economic profitability, it is necessary to first determine what critical farm management factors pose limitation to cotton production and then devise suitable plans to address these limitations. Variety selection is an example of these limitations. Cotton planting in Garmsar region begins from mid-April and continues to mid-June which lasts a span of 60 days. Evidently, the responses of cultivars to climatic conditions at each planting date are different. In spite of accomplished efforts, the majority of corn cultivation areas are still limited to Varamin and Khordad cultivars. The present research was carried out to select the best adaptable cotton variety among ten promising new genotypes for yield improvement in second planting in the dry and warm region of Garmsar.

This experiment was conducted in a RCBD experimental design with three replications under Garmsar climatic condition for three years (2014, 2015 and 2016). In this study, 10 cotton genotypes including advanced hybrids and new commercial varieties were planted in May11th, 4th and 10th in the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The studied genotypes were: GKTB-113, Kashmar, Khorshid, SKT133, SKSH249, BC244, SKN2739, NSK847, Sahel and Varamin.

The combined analysis of three years of the study showed that the genotype BC244 produced the highest number of monopodial branches. Also, the number of nodes and plant height of this genotype was higher than the others. Genotype SKT133 was superior to others in number of sympodial branches and was placed in same statistical group as Varamin in terms of vegetative traits. Seed yield, mean of boll weight and boll number in the genotype GKTB113 were the highest among the all genotypes. Plant height and height to node ratio of this genotype was similar to Varamin and Sahel, which placed it in the same statistical group. The genotypes were classified into three groups based on Ward's method of clustering for all the investigated traits. Because of climatic and management conditions, early maturing is not the priority for some farmers in the region. Therefore, the genotype GKTB113 with producing the highest yield was found to be superior and adaptable to Garmsar conditions.

Results displayed considerable differences among hopeful cotton genotypes for the studied characters. Boll number plant-1 and boll weight were found as major yield components to have positive correlation with seed cotton yield. However, plant height was noticed negatively correlated with yield. Due to the higher yield and good vegetative characteristics of GKTB113, its introduction as a new variety will expand cotton farmer’s variety choice options. For late cropping, genotypes GKTB113, Khorshid and Kashmar are recommendable (respectively) because of their proportional earliness, seed cotton yield and yield stability. 

Black berries (Rubus fruticosis aggr.) with more than 700 species are from worldwide and Iran small fruits. In addition of its wild relatives, there are breeded thorny and thornless cultivars which are under cultivation in the south region of Caspian Sea.Using chemical fertilizers is fastest method to compensate plants requirement to nutritional elements. Based on literature review, application of NPK will change the length of primocane, number and length of auxillary buds and flower number of inflorescence in blackberry, its yield component and antioxidant chracteristics, positively. The goal of this research was to evaluate the effect of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on three thorny blackberry cultivars.

This experiment performed in pots at Quancet greenhouse as completely random design in factorial. First factor included cultivar with three levels (Slivan, Marion and Tupy as early, mid and late ripening, respectivly) and second factor as fertilization in six rates (N0P0K0،N50P0K0، N50P0K25، N50P0K50، N50P25K50 &N50P12.5K25) in three replications. The measured traits included fruit quantitative charactristics like as weight, length and diameter (size), fruit qualitative traits like as Brix and titrable acidity, druplet traits as weight and precent of druplet material, number and weight of seed and antioxidant traits of juice (Antioxidant activity from Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, phenol, flavenoiid and vitamin C).

Results showed that early ripen cultivar included the highest fruit weight, TSS and seed dry weight of 5 fruits (7.8g, 12.9% and 0.598g, respectively) in N50P0K25 which resulted the highest fresh and dry weight in seeds of fruits for late ripening cultivar as 2.528 & 0.607g. The most titrable acidity observed in late ripen cultivar and N50P0K0 treatment. The maximum weight of druplet, highest druplet matter precent achieved in early and mid ripening cultivars for N50P0K25 treatment which have been resulted highest anthocyanin rate in mid and late ripen cultivars. In oxidant stop precent and phenol rate of late ripen cultivar was higher than others. The most vitamin C was observed in N50P25K50 tretment and increase in nutrient affected this parameter and other phytochemical traits like as anthocyanin, negatively.

In the traits whihc related to reproductive growth and fruit, early ripen cultivar showed effectiveness than others significantly. However, in nutritional value (antioxidant traits) late ripen cultivar was better. Treatment with N50P0K25 in early ripen cultivar improved TSS, druplet weight, druplet matter and taste in compare to other treatments, significantly. late ripen cultivar was better. Treatment with N50P0K25 in early ripen cultivar improved TSS, druplet weight, druplet matter and taste in compare to other treatments, significantly.

The need for improving heat tolerance of plants is increasing because of global warming. In order to investigate of foliar-applied salicylic acid (SA) on the growth and ornamental traits of common marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under heat stress, a pot experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications in 2015. Experimental treatments were consisted of two cultivars of calendula (‘Candyman’ and ‘Zen’) and four concentrations of SA (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM, and control). The results showed that foliar application of SA under heat stress, improved most characteristics of all studied morphological characteristics with the exception of plant height, leaf number, days to first flower and flower dry weight. According to the results, among all concentrations, the highest mean in most of traits was obtained from foliar application of 0.25 mM SA. Compared to the control conditions, application of 0.25 mM solution of salicylic acid increased leaf area (21%), fresh and dry shoot weight (15% and 16%, respectively), flower number (42%), flower longevity (19%) and flower fresh weight (43%). The interaction effect between cultivar and concentration of treatment was not significant for all measured traits.

The purpose of this experiment was study on genetic variation of wheat mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) and its parent (Tabasi cultivar) using RAPD molecular marker and also compare some biochemical parameters of salinity tolerance between the mutant lines and the parent in response to salt stress in the seedling stage.In this study, two mutant lines of wheat (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) with its parent (Tabasi cultivar), cultured in the Yoshida hydroponics at 30 °C and lighting condition (16 hours of light). Then salinity stress induced on wheat seedling at electrical conductivity 6 dS m-1 and leaf samples were collected for DNA extraction and evaluation of biochemical parameters (proline, protein and chlorophyll content).The pattern of RAPD marker showed more similarity of line mutant T-67-60 with parent (Tabasi cultivar).The results of biochemical parameters showed that mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) were higher tolerance than parent (Tabasi cultivar) under salinity stress.Variability of mutations induced by gamma radiation in wheat revealed and verified with molecular RAPD primers. In addition, differences in biochemical characteristics under salinity condition in the mutant lines (T-67-60 and T-65-7-1) and the parent (Tabasi) implies genetic variation for these traits.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's largest cultivated plants and one of the most important aspects in wheat breeding is the stability of cultivars under various environmental conditions. The stability of a product is, in fact, its ability to survive in a particular environment. In other words, a plant must be able to tolerate cold, heat, shortage or excess water, changes in the length of the day, the intensity of light, and a wide range of chemical and physical conditions of the soil.
 

In order to study the response of rainfed wheat cultivars in semi-arid and semi-humid regions of Golestan province, an experiment was conducted at the research farm of Gonbad Kavous University (semi-arid area) and a field in Gorgan (semi-humid area) based on the randomized complete block design with four replications and with seven wheat cultivars (Aftab, Azar 2, Sardari, Qaboos, Karim, Koohdasht and Line 17) in 2015-2016. In this experiment, the phenological traits (days from planting to anthesis, physiological maturity), morphological traits (grain filling period, grain filling rate, maximum leaf area index), yield and yield components (number of tillers per square meter, grain per spike, spikelet per spike, grain per square meter, mean grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index) of cultivars were evaluated in two regions. To compare the means, LSD test was used at the 5% probability level. All analytical steps were performed in SAS software version 9.4.
 

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of cultivar in Gonbad and Gorgan regions on all traits except grain filling rate in Gorgan and number of tillers per m2 in Gonbad-Kavous was significant at 1% and 5% levels. The average period of examination in Gonbad-Kavous was 178 days and in Gorgan 195 days after planting. In Gonbad-Kavous, Sardari cultivar (33 days) had the highest and Line 17 (27 days) had the least grain filling period. But in Gorgan, the Qaboos cultivar (41 days) was the highest and the Koohdasht cultivar (38 days) had the least grain filling period. The results also showed that there was a significant difference between the cultivars in both locations in terms of grain filling rate. In Gonbad-Kavous, Azar 2 had the lowest grain filling rate (5.8 g.day.m-2), and Line 17 had the highest grain filling rate (14.2 g.day.m-2). But in Gorgan, Sardari cultivar had the lowest (5.5 g.day.m-2) and Koohdasht cultivar had the highest (14.37 g.day.m-2) grain filling rate. Correlation coefficient between grain filling period and grain yield (r= 0.359**) and grain yield and grain filling rate (r= 0.847**) were positive and significant. Grain yield and harvest index were higher in Gorgan than Gonbad-Kavous. In Gonbad-Kavous, there was no significant difference between grain yield per unit area, biological yield per unit area and harvest index in most of the cultivars. In Gorgan, there was a significant difference between cultivars for grain yield, but there was no significant difference between biological yield and harvest index among more cultivars. In Gorgan, Koohdasht and Sardari cultivars had the highest and lowest grain yield per unit area (564.2 and 218.3 g.m-2) and harvest index (50.32 and 32.2%) respectively. There was a significant correlation between grain yield and harvest index (r= 0.907**) and biological yield (r= 0.665**) in the level of 1%.

In general, due to the fact that other than cultivars Sardari and Azar 2, which are special for cold regions, other cultivars are compatible with tropical and semi-arid conditions. According to the climatic conditions (rainfall and temperature), two regions of Gorgan and Gonbad-Kavous were observed during the experimental period which were more in line with the tropical conditions. In most traits, there was a slight difference between the cultivars. Different cultivars achieved high grain yield in Gonbad and Gorgan. In Gorgan region, Koohdasht cultivar had a shorter time from planting to maturity and this cultivar had higher grain yield. In Gonbad Kavoos region, although the Qaboos cultivar had no superiority in most traits than other cultivars, it had the highest yield and shorter time from planting to maturity and harvest.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between morphophysiological and phenology traits with grain yield to determine the best indices of direct and indirect selection in the field of genetic improvement of aerobic rice grain yield in Khuzestan province with 12 aerobic rice genotypes. The traits such as include the grain yield as the dependent variable and total dry matter, panicle weight, stem weight, LAI, CGR, NAR, LAR, SLA, ALW, LWR, L/S, SWR, PWR, LAD and BMD as independent variables, which were analyzed by stepwise regression at different growth stages to determine their effect on grain yield. The results showed that on 25 days after planting traits of L/S, SLA, LAI and leaf weight, on 50 days after planting traits of NAR, L/S, SWR, stem weight and BMD, on 75 days after planting traits of NAR, SLA, stem and LAR, on 100 days after planting traits of CGR, stem, L/S, LAR and PWR and on 125 days after planting traits of CGR, NAR, SLA, L/S and leaf affected the grain yield. In order from the beginning to the end of the growth, traits of L/S, NAR, panicle weight, CGR and CGR had caused the greatest changes in the grain yield. According to the critical period of growth, CGR was the most effective trait on the grain yield because of allocation of more assimilates in the reproductive growth instead of vegetative growth during grain filling period, thus it can be an important objective in the breeding researches.

Salinity is a multidimensional stress affecting crop yield and productivity at various levels of plant organization. The plant response to salinity consists of numerous processes that must function in coordination to alleviate both cellular hyper osmolarity and ion disequilibrium. In addition, crop plants must be capable of satisfactory biomass production in a saline environment (yield stability). Excess of salt concentrations causes enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. In contrast, plants are equipped with a diverse array of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) against oxidative damages by reactive oxygen species. Turnip (Brassica rapa L. subsp. Rapifera) as a source of strong health food, contain a variety of antioxidants and Iran is one of the main centers of diversity. Indigenous accessions has a set of morphological, physiological and phenologycal that increase water use efficiency in the soil in saline and dry environments. Study of physiological and biochemical changes made in understanding the mechanisms of resistance to salinity stress conditions and access to genetic resources for breeding programs is essential. According to the limited information available in the field of physiological and biochemical reactions turnip cultivars to salinity, especially in indigenous accessions, in order to determine the response of morphological, biochemical and enzymatic turnip indigenous masses to salinity, the research carried out was.
This study aimed to assess the response of Iranian indigenous turnip accessions to salinity stress in terms of biochemical traits and antioxidant enzymes activity, to further understanding of salinity resistance mechanisms in plants and access to better genetic resources. The indigenous turnip accessions including Ardakan, Shiraz and Kermanshah evaluated at four levels of soil salinity (0, 60, 120 and 180 mM) as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications at Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, during 2013. Twenty days after the first germination as salinity treatments were done gradually. Eight weeks after salt treatment, the sampling for biochemical traits (proline, total phenols, malondialdehyde, catalase and superoxide dismutase) from the youngest mature leaves were separated from each other and then shoot and root traits morphology (root and shoot dry weight) were measured. SAS data analysis was used to compare the means and the Duncan´s (P ≤ 0.5) test.
The results showed that morphological traits such as shoot and root biomass, were mainly affected by severe salinity stress, but salinity stress (120 and 180 mM) had no significant effect on these traits. In this study, increased salinity stress increases the leaf proline and malondialdehyde content and reduced total phenolic in all accessions. The highest proline obtained in sensitive indigenous accessions (kermanshah) at severe salinity stress. Enzymes activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in salinity resistant accession kermanshah than other accessions. Existence or poor performance of salinity tolerance or avoidance mechanisms in kermanshah accession possibly caused induction of oxidative stress and produced antioxidant enzymes. In terms of salinity, plant to reduce the effects of oxidative stress antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase activity increases. The activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase and catalase negative correlation with leaf malondialdehyde (-0.88**,-0.91**) there. Also, a significant positive correlation (0.9**) between activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase indicates a close relationship between these two enzymes in removing free radicals.
Shoot and root biomass were mainly affected by high salt stress and accession Ardakan shoot biomass was highest, maybe the accessions to fight the salinity of sodium and chloride ions into the cell vacuole leaves the store. In this study, increase of salinity, proline and malondialdehyde increased in all accessions. Accession kermanshah were the most proline in extreme conditions of salinity, which indicates the ability of the accessions to accumulate proline, malondialdehyde and other organic solute to prevent oxidative stress and maintain inflammation plant cells. The effect of salinity stress, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activity were sustained in the accession production of these enzymes, a sign of oxidative stress caused by salinity.

Mullein (Verbascum sp.) is a biennial herbaceous member of the Scrophulariaceae family. Verbascum flowers are highly valued herbal drugs used in the treatment of inflammation, asthma, spasmodic coughs and other respiratory tract diseases. In this study, preliminary evaluation of morphological and phytochemical diversity of different Mullein species from West Azerbaijan province for its domestication was investigated.
West Azerbaijan as the centers of origin for many species of Mullein in Iran was selected for sampling. For assessment of morphological diversity, different species of Mullein were evaluated in full flowering stage based on 12 qualitative and 20 quantitative morphological traits. After species identification, leaf and flower samples were extracted using ultrasonic device. For evaluation of phytochemical diversity among different species of Mullein, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of leaves and flowers were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu assay and DPPH method, respectively.
Based on the evaluation of collected samples from different regions 9 species (V. erianthum, V. songaricum, V. speciosum, V. szovitsianum, V. stachydiforme, V. sinuatum, V. haussknechtianum,V. cherirantifolium and V. saccatum) were identified. The results showed that species has significant effect on the plant height, inflorescence length, number of flowers per bunch, number of flowering stems, basal leaves length and length and width of capsule (p The findings of this study showed that there is a wide diversity of Mullein species in West Azerbaijan province. V. sinuatum has unique morphological and phytochemical traits that can be used for breeding strategies and economic production.

In order to study the effects of Salicylic acid levels and bio-fertilizers on growth characteristics, essential oil yield and elements concentration of Rosmarinus officinalis, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during growing season of 2015- 16. The treatments were Salicylic acid including three levels: (0, 5 and 10 mlg/l), two concentrations of bio-fertilizers (nitroxin, biophosphor) and four levels of irrigation regimes: (40, 60, 80 and 100 percent FC). The results showed that irrigation regimes had significant effect on shoot height, wet and dry weight, number of shoot, essential oil yield and N and P. Salicylicacid with 10 mlg/l had significant effect on all of traits and this effect was increased of salicylicacid. Nitroxin increased all of the traits except of P and salicylicacid was caused to decrease negative effects of low irrigation regimes. The highest of shoot height, plant wet and dry weight, shoot number, nitrogen and essential oil yield were obtained with nitroxin and 100percent FC irrigation regime and highest of essential oil yield and P were observed in 40percent FC irrigation regime. Also the highest of P was obtained with biophosphor and 100percent FC irrigation regimes. The results of this research shows that use of bio-fertilizers and salicylicacid will be useful for reducing drought stress.

IntroductionThere is an increasing pressure to apply low quality brackish water for irrigation in the arid and semi- arid areas of the world. Consequently, there is a demand to identify the salt tolerant of conventional crops and varieties.
Materials and methodsIn order to investigate the effect of four salinity levels of irrigation water (including 1.15, 4, 7 and 10 dS.m-1) on phonology, morphology, yield component, yield, oil and water use efficiency of different cultivar of canola (Hyola 4815, 308 and 401 and RGS 003), an experiment was designed as factorial based on complete randomized blocks with 3 replications. Pot experiment was conducted in a semi- controlled environment. In order to avoid toxic effects of some ions, different levels of salinity were prepared with equal weight ratios composition of different salts.
Results and discussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the canola cultivar significantly affected days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, height of the first secondary branch, height of the first silique, stem diameter, secondary branch number, silique length, silique number per plant, seed number per silique, 1000 seed weight and harvest index. Means comparison test indicated that the RGS cultivar had the highest value in aspect of days to flowering, plant height, height of the first secondary branch, height of the first silique and stem diameter. Given the significant positive correlation (r=0.58**) between the number of days to flowering and days to maturity, cultivars differences from the pattern of change of these traits were similar. The RGS and Hyola 401 cultivars had an average of 2.25 secondary branches less than other cultivars and this difference was significant. Significant negative correlation between number of secondary branches and days to flowering (r=-0.51**) showed that shortening the length of vegetative growth resulted to reduce the number of secondary branches. The RGS and Hyola 4815 cultivars had the highest and lowest stem diameter with 0.629 and 0.381 cm, respectively. Means comparison showed that cultivars differences of silique length and seed number per silique because of positive correlation between them(r=0.60**) were followed the same trend. Highest value of silique length, seed number per silique and 1000 seed weight were found in Hyola 401 cultivar. However, maximum values of silique number per plant, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and seed water use efficiency have been seen in Hyola 308 cultivar. Regarding to positive correlation between seed yield with number of silique per plant and number of secondary branches on the one hand and remarkable advantage of Hyola 308 compared with other cultivars in aspect of these traits on the other hands, significant superiority of seed yield of Hyola 308 can be attributed to its more ability for production of silique and secondary branch. On the base of analysis of variance results, the salinity effect was significant on days to flowering, plant height, the height of the first secondary branch, height of the first silique and seed number per silique. Increase of salinity from 1.15 up to 10 dS.m-1 led to significant increase of days to flowering (6 days) in all cultivars and significant reduction of days to maturity in all cultivars except RGS. Results of means comparison showed that increase of irrigation water salinity from 7 up to 10 dS.m-1 led to significant reduction of plant height traits. The salinity significantly decreased number of seeds per silique, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index and oil yield. However, reduction of stem diameter and number of silique per plant and increase of 1000 seed weight and number of secondary branches were not significant. Increasing the salinity from 1.15 (control treatment) up to 10 dS.m-1 resulted in significant reduction of seed and oil water use efficiencies about 50 and 25 gr.m-3, respectively. Interaction effect between salinity and cultivar was significant on number of days to maturity, silique length, oil yield and oil water use efficiency that shows responsibility of rapeseed cultivars to different levels of salinity in terms of these traits is different. Accordingly, while increasing salinity resulted reduction in number of days to maturity in different varieties of Hyola, it was increased in the RGS cultivar. Hyola 4815 and 401 cultivars had lowest oil yield and oil water use efficiency in low (1.15 and 4 dS.m-1) and high (7 and 10 dS.m-1) water salinity levels, respectively. However, highest values of oil yield and oil water use efficiency observed in Hyola 308 cultivar in water salinity 4 dS.m-1.
ConclusionResults showed that due to the lack of interaction between salinity and cultivar in respect of many traits, the tolerance of different varieties to salinity was evaluated the same. Also, among the four studied cultivars, the Hyola 308 cultivar is recommended.

Among various species of pome fruits, quince trees are considered as a late blooming species, however late spring frosts cause damage on flower buds in some years. Damage level caused by a -8ºC spring frost occurred in the mid-April of 2014 in Karaj were evaluated on 36 five years old quince genotypes grown in the collection garaden of Kamalshahr before bud burst stage. The evaluated genotypes had been collected from Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Guilan, Ardabil and Tehran provinces. Based on the results, the highest levels of spring frost damage (10 up to 80%) were recorded on the genotypes originated from low altitudes of Isfahan, Khorasan and Guilan provinces, while the frost damage was not observed on the genotypes originated from high altitudes of these provinces. Correlation analysis of evaluated characteristics of the genotypes revealed the highest negative correlation between length of bud flower and level of frost damage, while severity of frost damage had not significant correlation with tree yield and final fruit size of the genotype. Regarding the results of this investigation, it seems that for introduction of new quince cultivars for regions with late chilling damages on the flower buds, the genotypes originated from Ardebil are more suitable. The quince genotypes of Ardebil demonstrated high fruit quality and late blooming period that could be considered as useful traits in selection and breeding of quinces.

To assessment Alfalfa cultivars research project this research has been fulfilled in 2011 at Khouzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center in southwest of Ahwaz in Khouzestan province (Iran) by position 31º20′ N, 48º40′ E. At first section for evaluation wet forage yield cultivars such as “Baghdadi”, “Mesasersa”, “Yazdi”, “Bami”, “Nikshahri”, “Synthetic” (Main factor) and two cutting time (Sub factor) according harvest time in four experiment by statistical plane of split plot based randomized complete block design in four replication was conducted. In summer cutting cultivar at 5% flowering stage, autumn cutting at 6-8 cm height of crown buds, winter cutting at 10-12 cm height of crown buds and spring cutting cultivars harvested at 15% flowering stage. Second section was conducted according statistical plane was mentioned expect sub factor include four level. Result showed Baghdadi, Mesasersa and Synthetic were superior to another cultivars and harvest time on forage yield and also interaction effect of factors on all traits expect stem diameter and number of stem in square meter were significant at 1% probability level. Because of climate factors in summer and spring cutting 25-30 day was best period for growing season. In autumn and winter cutting according low flowering it possible use growing degree days and period of received sunshine hours, their values in order 300-350 and 400-450 hours (Enough time), as well as Baghdadi, Mesasersa and Synthetic cultivars were superior in all cutting.

In Iran, about half of the sugar beet fields are infected by Rhizomania disease and the severity of infection in various regions is different. Then the selection of appropriate varieties which could have high yields in different infected conditions is important.
Material and To compare promised resistant hybrids to rhizomania in different conditions of infection to the disease levels, an experiment was conducted in four regions including disease free and infected areas with different infection levels. In the this study, 19 monogerm diploid hybrids resistant to rhizomania were compared with foreign and domestic resistant varieties in randomized complete block design with four replications. In the disease free location, the percentage of seedlings emergence in domestic genotypes relative to the average of foreign resistance varieties, leaf number, leaf arrangement, green intensity and uniformity of crops were determined in the early growing season. At the harvest time in infected areas, the disease severity index was determined. In all areas, number, yield and quality of roots in each treatment were measured.
Results confirmed that disease intensity of experimental regions was different. There was a significant variation among promising hybrids in the investigated properties.
Generally, with increasing disease severity, root number, root yield, sugar yield, sugar content and nitrogen of roots were significantly reduced. In contrast, the gross amount of sodium and potassium increased in roots. Hybrid SB26 because of high root numbers, root yield, sugar content and sugar yield and low sodium content of root as well as low disease severity was chosen as a superior hybrid. The results of this study confirmed that also in condition of disease free, a resistant variety has better quantitative and qualitative characteristics in comparison to a susceptible variety.

Chamomile is one of the most important medicinal plants in the world trade with many applications in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and sanitary industrials. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of 26 landraces, collected from different regions of Iran, based on morphological and phenological characters, the experiment were conducted in augmented design with 6 controls and 3 replications. Results showed that characters of the economical yield, harvest index, fresh weight of 50 flowers and dry weight of 50 flowers had maximum phenotypic variation coefficients, respectively. The phenological traits had the lowest of variation coefficients. The genetic masses based on cluster analysis, were settled in five groups with different agronomic traits. Results also indicated that the masses intra groups were different and the genetic diversity was not according to the geographical diversity. Analysis variance analysis for groups of cluster analysis showed that the differences among different groups for all of traits are significant. Factor analysis with principle component method using 14 characters three correlated factors were recognized justifying 82.37% of the total variation. The first, second and third were related to flowers yield, phenological traits and biological yield, respectively. According to the results, in order to increase the yield of dry flowers per plant, the traits such as economic yield, dry weight of 50 flowers, fresh weight of 50 flowers, harvest index and number of flowers per plant should be used as selection criteria.