نیتروژن

In many parts of the world, vegetables form a significant part of the family's daily food basket due to their great nutritional value and the important role they play in human health. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is an annual plant from the Asteraceae (Compositae) family that is rich in vitamins and essential minerals for human’s healthy nutrition. Due to the lack of organic matter and the deficiency of nutrients in most soils of the arid-semiarid regions, it is necessary to supplement these soils to enhance organic matter and nutrients content of the soils. The main sources of organic material for soils include sewage sludge, compost and their biochar. Adding sewage sludge to the soil, due to the presence of some pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogenic agents may cause contamination in the product and ultimately threaten human's health. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge as compost and its biochar in vegetable cultivation to solving the problem of sewage sludge disposal has been quite affordable from both economic and environmental point of view. Biochar is known as an organic fertilizer for agricultural production systems, due to its high durability and its richness in nutrients. Also, during the process of biochar formation, pollutants and heavy elements are reduced in sewage sludge and hence biochar is used as a modifier and improver of agricultural soil properties. As a result, the use of biochar has the potential to be hired to tackle productivity limitations through increased soil fertility. Therefore, biochar is capable to reduce the concentration of heavy elements in the plant, leading consequently to increase in the concentration of nutrients and crop yield. Thus, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of applying sewage sludge compost amended with different organic matter (rice straw and citrus shoots) and its biochar, on yield and minerals concentration in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.).

This experiment was carried out in pots in the form of a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and three replicates in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, north of Iran, in 2023. The treatments included: raw sewage sludge, sewage sludge biochar, sludge compost containing rice straw, sludge compost containing rice straw-biochar, sludge compost containing citrus shoots, sludge compost containing citrus shoots-biochar (all at two levels of half and one percent) and the control treatment. Sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost and their biochar were mixed with poting soil following passing through a 10 mesh or 2 mm sieve for each treatment before transplanting (half percent and one percent of poting soil weight, i.e. equaling to 40 and 80 grams, respectively). After implementing the treatments, two lettuce seedlings (Roman cultivar) were planted in each pot. In the stage of maximum vegetative growth of lettuce (about two and a half months after planting), the dry weight of the shoot and root of lettuce was determined with the help of a balance after drying in an oven at a temperature of 70 ºC for 3 days. Using plant samples taken, the concentration of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, and Pb was measured in the shoots and roots of lettuce plants.

The highest dry weight of the shoots (30.1 g/pot) and roots (12.2 g/pot) of lettuce were obtained in the presence of 1% sewage sludge biochar (BSS1) and the lowest amounts (17.9 and 4.71 g/pot, respectively) were observed in the absence of sewage sludge biochar, i.e. in the control treatment. Being rich in nutrients and improving soil properties, sewage sludge biochar led to an increase in plant yield. The maximum concentration of nitrogen in the shoots (5.02%) and roots (3.04%) of lettuce was obtained in 1% sewage sludge biochar treatment (BSS1), indicating 63% and 1.2 times increases, respectively, compared to the the control treatment (i.e. absence of sewage sludge biochar). With the application of 1% sewage sludge biochar (BSS1) and 1% sludge compost containing citrus shoots-biochar (BCc1), the phosphorus concentration of the shoots and roots increased. Also, the maximum concentration of potassium in the shoots (5.52%) and roots (1.80%) of lettuce was observed in the presence of 1% sludge compost containing rice straw-biochar (BCr1) and 1% sludge compost containing citrus branch-biochar (BCc1) treatments, respectively. The highest concentration of copper in shoots and roots of lettuce was obtained in the presence of 1% sludge compost containing citrus branch-biochar (BCc1) treatment. The 1% sludge compost containing rice straw-biochar (BCr1) treatment led to the highest concentration of manganese in the shoots and roots of lettuce. The 1% sewage sludge biochar (BSS1) treatment resulted in the highest concentration of iron and zinc in the shoots and roots of lettuce. Due to the negative surface elecritcal charge, biochar adsorbs cationic nutrients and with the availability of these elements as well as the richness of biochar itself in essential nutrients for plant growth, it leads to an increase in the absorption of nutrients by the plant. The highest concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium in the shoots and roots of lettuce was obtained upon exposure to the 1% sewage sludge treatment (SS1); they indicated 1.35 times, 89% and 3.65 times increases, respectively, in the shoot of letteucecompared to the control treatment. The 1% sewage sludge treatment (SS1) resulted in 100%, 72% and 2.8 times increases, respectively, in the concentration of these metals in the roots of lettuce. By converting the sewage sludge into compost and particularly into biochar, the heavy elements of sewage sludge became immobile and stabilized, resulting in decreases in the concentration of the mentioned heavy elements in the plant shoot and root.

Application of sewage sludge biochar, sludge compost containing rice straw-biochar and sludge compost containing citrus shoot-biochar, particularly at the level of 1%, showed the highest amount of dry weight in the shoots and roots of lettuce. The latter treatment led, also, to increases in the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, copper, manganese, iron and zinc in the shoots and roots of lettuce. These beneficial effects can be attributed to the fact that biochars are richer in nutrients, improve soil physical conditions, and thus enhance plant growth, than sewage sludge treatment. Application of sewage sludge resulted in the maximum concentration of lead, nickel and cadmium in the shoots and roots of lettuce; though, converting the sewage sludge into biochar, led to stabilization of these heavy metals and hence less avialability to the plant roots and consequently decreases in the heavy metals concentration in lettuce plants. Therefore, application of 1% sewage sludge biochar, sludge compost containing rice straw-biochar and sludge compost containing citrus shoot-biochar is recommended to achieve maximum yield and dry weight and maximum concentration of macro and micro elements and reduce the absorption of heavy elements by lettuce.

Growing degree days (GDD) and helio thermal units (HTU) are the temperature based agro-meteorological indices that play important role in predicting crop growth and yield. The efficiency of conversion of heat and radiation energy to dry matter depends on genetics factors, planting date and crop. Heat summation units (HSU), that mainly called growing degree days, and its derivations such as helio thermal units, heat use efficiency and helio thermal units use efficiency are the most necessary to determine phenological stages and the suitable planting dates for cultivars of different crops. There is little information concerning the effects of different sources of nitrogen on agro-metorological indices and sources use efficiency for potato in the sub-tropic regions. This experiment was undertaken to define the effects of different sources of nitrogen on agro-meteorological indices in phonological stages and sources use efficiency in two potato cultivars (Sante and Savalan).Material and method This study was conducted in a factorial arrangement as two factors in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Behbahan Agriculture Research Stations. Factor (A) was nitrogen sources: nitrogen fertilizer lack, plots that received 50% nitrogen from mineral fertilizer Plus 50% nitrogen from vermicompost (50% M+50%V), plots that received 75% nitrogen from mineral fertilizer Plus 25% nitrogen from vermicompost (75% M+25%V), and plots that obtained 100% nitrogen from mineral fertilizer (100% M). Factor (B) was potato cultivars (Sante and Savalan). Sprouted seed tubers were planted at early January. One week before harvesting haulms were defoliated and tubers harvested at mid -May. Growing degree days, helio thermal untis were calculated in all phonological stages, and after harvesting thermal use efficiency and helio thermal unit use efficiency determined. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. Significant differences among treatments means were determined at P≤0.05 by Duncan’s multiple test range. The duration, growing degree days and helio thermal units of sprout development stage were significantly lower in Savalan than Sante cultivar. The effects of different sources of nitrogen on duration, growing degree days and helio thermal units in sprout development stage were not significant. The duration of vegetative stage was 15 days in all studied treatmrnts. Early exposure of plants to favorable climatic conditions for tuber initiation, short day and cool night temperature, caused the duration of vegetative growth, growing degree days and helio thermal units were low in this phonological stage. Due to high temperature at late April and early May growing degree days and helio thermal units in tuber bulking stage were considerable higher than previous stages. Maturation was not observed in this research. Yield, thermal use efficiency, helio thermal units use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were significant higher in Savalan cultivar as compared with Sante. Application of vermicompost in 50% M+%50V and 75% M+25%V lead to increase yield, thermal use efficiency, helio thermal units use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in these treatments in comparison with application of only mineral fertilizer (100% M). 75% M+25%V treatment is recommended for cultivation of Savalan and Sante cultivars.

Documenting the production process in agriculture includes gathering all the information and activities that show the production process of a product from the stage of seed bed preparation to harvesting. In this view, the farm is considered as a production unit, and all processes from the time of preparation of this production unit for cultivation until the product leaves the farm after harvesting are included in the scope of documentation. Considering that the management of the production process in agricultural systems has a significant effect on the quantity of yield, production efficiency, the efficiency of input consumption and finally the environmental effects of production, monitoring and improving the processes leading to the production of agricultural products in order to reduce the challenges associated with agricultural management in Agricultural systems are inevitable. From a scientific point of view, it is possible to improve such management processes by using various techniques, among which continuous improvement and re-engineering of processes are among the most important ones. Golestan province is considered one of the most important areas for the production of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in the country due to the climate and soil conditions, therefore, without a comprehensive understanding of the agricultural operations, it is difficult to take steps to meet the needs of farmers and eliminate production obstacles. In this study, it is tried that all the researchers and farmers become familiar with the production process of faba bean in Golestan province in an integrated and documented manner and this research is a basis for effective planning to meet the needs of farmers, reduce the consumption of inputs and reduce the environmental effects by changing the method it will be farm management.

This research was carried out in two crop years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 in Golestan province and in Gorgan, Aliabad Katul and Aqqola cities. To document the production and analyze the performance gap, 445 farms that had sufficient diversity in different aspects, including farm management, were selected, and all information related to the farm and production management was collected using questionnaires, observations and measurements. In each region, every year, different fields were examined in terms of agricultural management factors, and observations related to the field, planting, planting and harvesting were recorded. In order to analyze the data, absolute and cumulative frequency distribution was used. In these investigations, the scope of changes and the method of performing each management operation performed in the bean farms and also the proportion of farmers who used different methods of each of these management operations were determined.

The results showed that soybeans are cultivated more than other crops (41%) before faba bean. Faba bean is planted in these areas between 14 October and 25 November. In these areas, 97% of farmers use reversible plows (one to two times) to prepare the bean planting bed. The amount of seed used is in the range of 60 to 100 kg.ha-1, and in 56% of the fields it is planted with a linear machine, in 43% with a row machine, and in 2% by hand spraying and then mixing the seeds with the soil using a disc. According to the distribution of rainfall in the region, 92% of faba bean cultivation is carried out under rainfed condition. Farmers use 0 to 115 kg.ha-1 of pure nitrogen fertilizers, 0 to 96 kg ha-1 of pure phosphorus and 0 to 72 kg.ha-1 of pure potassium fertilizers to meet their fertilizer needs. Investigations showed that pesticides were used in 338 out of 445 farms, herbicides were used in 356 farms, and fungicides were used in 293 farms, and the number of times pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides were used varied between 1 and 3 times. Faba bean is harvested in these areas from late April to early June, depending on weather conditions, planting date and variety. The yield of faba bean varied from 780 to 4187 kg.ha-1.

The results of this research can clarify the details of the faba bean production process for students and researchers to carry out future projects and also provide information on the common consumption of inputs to those interested and be useful in the implementation of growth and yield simulation plans under common conditions by means of average crop plants.

In order to study the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilization on forage and grain yield of three millet cultivars, an experiment was done at Agricultural Research Station of Tarbiat Modarres University during the spring and summer 2019. Experimental treatments were arranged in split plots based in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. In this experiment four nutrition systems including: 100% chemical nitrogen (urea), 100% organic (vermicompost), integrative nutrition-1 (50% vermicompost + 50% urea) and integrative nutrition-2 (50%vermicompost + 50% urea) were located in the main plots and three millet cultivars (Pishahang, KCM2 and Bastan) in sub plots. Different traits such as grain yield, yield components, biomass, harvest index, grain and forage quality indices were investigated. Results indicated to significant effect of nutritional systems on harvest index, thousand grain weight, grain yield and biological yield. Regarding to the means comparison of fertilizer × cultivar interaction the highest grain yield (2830 kg/ ha) and the lowest one (1217.75 kg per hectare) were obtained from the Bastan and KCM2 cultivars respectively. Pishahang and KCM2 cultivar (both common millet) for important traits such as grain and forage yield and quality were in the same statistical group with the superior treatment (urea) under vermicompost and integrated (vermicompost + urea) treatment. While Bastan cultivar (foxtail millet) produced superior grain and forage yield under integrative (nitroxin + urea) treatment. Therefore, using this treatment in small grain millet production, alternating the 50% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with the biological fertilizer, nitroxin, the acceptable grain and forage yield will produce and we will one step closer to the goals of sustainable agriculture.

Yew (Taxus baccata L.) is a coniferous plant and one of the plants with multiple medicinal, ornamental and industrial importance is in the process of extinction. Yew is the most important and reliable source of the anti-cancer compound taxol, which has a special importance in medicine. The low amount of taxol in yew and the slow growth of this plant are among the serious obstacles to using yew in providing this important medicinal substance. The use of some elements such as nitrogen will increase the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants, especially the production of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids. Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of nanosized nitrogen fertilizer compared to urea fertilizer to increase vegetative growth and metabolite accumulation of yew seedlings. For this purpose, an experiment at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources with 9 levels of treatment (nitrogen nanofertilizer at three levels of 0, 1.5 and 3 ml.l-1 in the form of foliar spraying and regular urea fertilizer in three levels of 0, 6 and 12 g were applied to each seedling as soil) and 3 replicates (two plants per replicate). Fertilization was done in 4 stages with a time interval of 14 days. Parameters in two morphophysiological sections (plant height, number of sub-branches, diameter of the main stem, canopy width of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the aerial part and secondary dry weight) and phytochemical (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol, total flavonoid, percentage of free radical inhibition, total alkaloid and taxol content) measurement became. The results showed that nitrogen is used in two forms, nanofertilizer and urea, it improved most of the quantitative and qualitative traits of the yew plant. So that the maximum amount of plant height and the diameter of the main stem was obtained with the application of 3 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer along with not using urea. The highest number of sub-branches and amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were obtained as a result of not using nitrogen nanofertilizer along with 6 g of urea fertilizer. As a result of using 1.5 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer along with 6 g of urea fertilizer, the dry weight of the aerial parts of yew increased significantly. Also, the application of 1.5 ml.l-1 of nitrogen nanofertilizer + 12 g of urea fertilizer produces the highest amount of total alkaloid and taxol in yew. Based on the results, it seems that it is possible to manage the growth and accumulation of metabolites in the yew by managing nitrogen nutrition and simultaneous application of chelated nitrogen fertilizers and urea fertilizer.

To investigate the effect of silica and selenium foliar application along with chemical and organic fertilizers on sugar beet, an experiment was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2022 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University of Mahabad. The main plot was fertilizer treatments (NPK fertilizer, vermicompost, and control (without fertilizer)), and the sub-plot factor was foliar application treatment (including silica, selenium, silica+selenium, and control). Results showed that treatment NPK fertilizer with increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, relative water content, sugar content, and white sugar content by 26.02%, 27.42%, 55.60%, 7.48%, 23.90%, and 29.47%, compared with control treatment, respectively. Also, silica foliar application increased the above-mentioned traits by 11.94%, 29.25%, 82.48%, 26.11%, 11.17%, and 22.33%, compared with the control treatment. The results showed that silica foliar application with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost treatments had the highest leaf area index (5.10 and 4.8, respectively), root yield (76.83 and 46.27 t/ha, respectively), sugar yield (14.81 and 14.38 t/ha) and white sugar yield (11.84 and 11.39 t/ha, respectively). In this study, silica foliar application treatment, along with NPK chemical fertilizer and vermicompost treatments, increased white sugar yield compared to NPK fertilizer and non-foliar applications. Therefore, it can be stated that using silica in combination with NPK fertilizer and vermicompost positively affected the improvement of white sugar yield.

Optimizing the consumption rate of nitrogen fertilizers is one of the important management strategies to improve performance. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen stress and levels on the morphological characteristics and agronomic traits of rice.

An experiment was conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2009 & 2010 at the research farm located in Amol. Nitrogen levels were considered the main factor at three levels (46, 69, 92 kg N/ha-1 from urea source) and the sub-factor included four levels of stress or lack of nitrogen consumption (T1= stress at the full clustering stage, T2= stress at the emergence of the initial cluster stage, T3= stress at the tillering stage, and T4= stress at the transplanting stage).

 The results demonstrated that the number of full panicles per panicle, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, and harvest index were higher in 2009 than in 2010. Grain yield in the first year (450.25 g/m2) was higher than that of the second year (395.1 g/m2). The maximum harvest index was also obtained in 2009 with nitrogen stress at the full clustering stage.

Therefore, the application of 69 kg of nitrogen per hectare in installments can be recommended to produce the highest grain yield.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a member of Amaranthaceae family. This plant is annual and has seeds with high nutritional value. Quinoa seeds contain a high percentage of protein and essential amino acids, which are low in other plants. Using high-efficiency irrigation systems such as drip irrigation system, increasing water productivity and modifying the cultivation pattern and using alternative low-consumption plants are among the effective solutions for saving water consumption and sustainable development in the agricultural sector. The use of vermicompost, which is obtained as a result of the continuous and slow passage of organic materials through the digestive system of surface earthworm species and the removal of these materials from the worm's body, is a sustainable solution to maintain production and improve fertility. The soil is especially in arid and semi-arid areas that face a lack of soil organic matter.

This experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in the research farm of University of Kurdistan located in Dehgolan in 1400. The experimental factors included 4 levels of irrigation equal to 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa plant were assigned to main plots and 4 levels of vermicompost fertilizer equal to zero, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare were assigned to sub plots. The irrigation method used in this experiment was drip-strip irrigation system. In this study, the irrigation cycle was considered constant and equal to seven days. The distance between irrigation strips in each plot was equal to 50 cm. The amount of irrigation water was measured by a volumetric meter installed on the main pipe. At the end of the growth period, by removing the marginal effect of two square meters from each plot, the aerial parts were harvested in order to obtain the seed yield. Nutrient elements in quinoa seeds include nitrogen by Kjeldahl titration method, phosphorus, potassium by flame diffusion method and with the help of film-photometer device, sodium and calcium and micronutrient elements such as zinc, iron, copper and manganese by absorption device. atomic, were measured.

The results of analysis of variance obtained from the data of this research showed that the interaction effect of different levels of irrigation × vermicompost on grain yield traits, concentration of nitrogen, calcium, zinc and iron elements was significant. However, the concentration of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium elements under the influence of independent effects of different levels of irrigation and vermicompost became significant at the probability level of 1%. The concentration of sodium and copper elements were significant only under the influence of different irrigation levels. The results showed that the highest grain yield (2374.51 kg.ha-1), zinc concentration (20.22 mg.kg-1) and iron concentration (400.92 mg.kg-1) in The treatment was 125% of plant water requirement and 15 tons of vermi-compost per hectare. Also, the highest concentration of elements phosphorus (0.35%), potassium (4.31%) and copper (4.63 mg.kg-1) was observed in the treatment of 125% of plant water requirement. The highest concentration of nitrogen (2.6%), sodium (1.37%) and manganese (55.61 mg.kg-1) of quinoa seeds was observed in the treatment of 50% of plant water requirement.

The results of the present experiment showed that the application of different levels of vermicompost increases the concentration of elements in quinoa seeds. Due to the fact that vermicompost-containing substrates have a high percentage of nutrients and the release of these elements is gradual, therefore plant nutrition is more efficient and the result is an increase in the concentration of seed elements. On the other hand, due to the positive effects of vermi-compost in improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increasing the maintenance of soil moisture at stress levels, it increases the concentration of quinoa seed elements compared to the treatment without the use of vermi-compost.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is an oilseed crop, which due to the high percentage and quality oil, extending of its cultivation is of interest. Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients and the key factor to achieve optimal yield in rapeseed. Considering nitrogen leaching in the soil and resulted environmental pollution, the use of biofertilizers, especially nitrogen-fixing bacteria, play an important role in enhancing nutrient uptake and nitrogen use and uptake efficiencies. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the improvement of absorption of macronutrients and nitrogen efficiency indicators under the influence of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer management. A field experiment as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University located in Deshtrum in 2019. The main factor was nitrogen fertilizer at 6 levels (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg ha-1 of pure nitrogen from the urea source) and the sub factor was biofertilizer containing Azotobacter and Azospirillium bacteria at two levels (application and non- application). The uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in seeds and shoot was measured and the nitrogen efficiency indices were calculated. The highest seed nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium percentage obtained from the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer + bacteria. The combined application of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizer increased grain yield. The highest seed yield (8790.60 kg ha-1) was obtained in the treatment of 125 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and the application of biofertilizer. The nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the increase of nitrogen levels, and the maximum (40.92 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment of no application of bacteria and also nitrogen. The nitrogen uptake efficiency increased significantly with the use of nitrogen fertilizer and the use of bacteria. The maximum nitrogen remobilization (89.79%) was obtained from the application of 125 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and no application of biofertilizer, and the lowest was obtained from the treatment of no application of nitrogen and application of biofertilizer (74.46%). Considering the superiority of the 125 kg ha-1 of nitrogen along with biofertilizer in terms of seed yield and percentage of absorbed nutrients, it seems that these amounts of nitrogen fertilizer with the use of biofertilizer are recommendable to achieve proper yield in the examined and also similar areas. Also, the results showed that for most of the investigated traits, applying biofertilizer could reduce the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizer by supplying some part of the nitrogen (ca. 50 Kg/ha) needed by canola.

Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 

The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g-1 leaf fresh weight), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 

The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

In order to investigate the effect of nutrition management of different potato cultivars, on the quantitative and qualitative traits and nutrients content in the potato tuber, an experiment was conducted in Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications during two cropping years 2016-2017. The studied treatments are nutrition at three levels (application of urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate fertilizers (180, 150 and 100 kg.ha-1, respectively), nutrition with humic acid organic fertilizer and phosphorus Barvar-2 (1kg and 100 g.ha-1, respectively) and combined nutrition treatment with chemical fertilizers + humic acid+ phosphorus Barvar-2) in main plots and potato cultivars (Sante, Arinda and Savalan) in sub plots. The results showed that chemical fertilizer treatments had a higher percentage of dry matter than other nutritional treatments and nutritional treatment with chemical fertilizer+ humic acid+Barvar-2 was in the next rank. Also, findings showed that Sante cultivar in the second year with application of chemical fertilizer had higher percentage of dry matter than other treatments by 27.69 percent followed by Savalan cultivar was in the same nutrition treatment in the second year of cultivation 26.47 percent dry matter. Based on the results of mean comparison, the nitrogen content of potato in the second year increased significantly compared to the first year and the highest nitrogen content was observed in the studied treatments in the second year of the study. The highest amount of phosphorus was the humic acid+ Barvar-2 treatment in the second year by 3.31 mg. g-1 in Arinda cultivar. Generally, humic acid treatments were better than other nutritional treatments in terms of phosphorus levels. Also, according to the qualitative traits, the lowest levels of solanine toxin were obtained in the first and second year in Savalan cultivar, by 546.4 and 632. 2μg.g-1 dry matter respectively. In chemical fertilizer nutrition treatments, Arinda cultivar had the lowest amount of solanine toxin in both years of research. Overall, the results of this study showed that Savalan cultivar had better performance than other cultivars and in general, the application of phosphorus Barvar-2 and humic acid improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potatoes in the northern Khuzestan climatic conditions.

In order to investigate irrigation management and the effects of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on hybrid corn SC704 experimental in the form of crushed plots in the form of complete randomized block design in three replications during two crop years 2015 and 2016 in Golestan province, in Katul was done. The main factor of irrigation cycle by day in four levels including 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the secondary factor of nitrogen fertilizer in four levels included 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg.ha-1. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant effect between irrigation cycle and nitrogen on Weigh of 1000 grains, grain yield, seed nitrogen and biomass yield. The results showed that 28 days of irrigation reduced grain yield, seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium compared to 7 to 14 days of irrigation. The increase in nitrogen fertilizer to 180 and 240 kg.ha-1 increased the yield of the grain by affecting the biological yield and yield components seed nitrogen, seed phosphate and seed potassium. However, nitrogen consumption in higher amounts under stress conditions (21 to 28 day Interval Irrigation) not only did not have a positive effect on yield, but also reduced grain yield by 180 to 240 kg.ha-1. The highest grain yield was obtained in the combination of 7 and 14 day irrigation treatment and nitrogen level of 240 to 180 kg.ha-1 and 12209, 11416, 10147 kg.ha-1. The results of the average comparison between the two years showed that the highest number of grains per corn was 583, the Number of grains per row as 40.3 and the Weigh of 1000 grains was 138.9 grams and seed nitrogen 3.991 µg.g-1 DW in the second year.

Increasing water and soil salinity and the damage caused by it on plant products make it necessary to investigate the effects of salinity on crop plants. Studying the physiological traits changes under stress conditions is a suitable method for identifying the factors that affect crop tolerance to salinity stress and selecting tolerant cultivars.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural. Experiment factors included the applying four salinity levels with Hoagland solution (no application of salinity as control, application of 30, 60, and 80 mM NaCl) and different soybean cultivars (Hill, LBK, BP, Hog, Deer, Gorgan 3, Sahr, Hobbit, Williams, JK, and LWK). In this experiment, soybean seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum bacteria and planted in pots containing sand. The irrigation was done by distilled water from the planting until the appearance of the main leaf, and after that, Hoagland's solution (without nitrogen) continued. Seedlings were harvested after 60 days and Na+ and K+ percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, proline, nitrogen percentage, nitrogen yield, and total dry weight were measured. Analysis of variance and comparison of the means (LSD test) was done by the SAS software (version 9).

The results show that with increasing the salinity, sodium percentage, Na+/K+ ratio, and proline amount increased and total dry weight, potassium percentage, and nitrogen yield decreased. Deer cultivar with the highest percentage of nitrogen at the levels of 0, 30, 60, and mM NaCl and the lowest percentage of nitrogen reduction (28%) have the lowest total dry weight reduction (54%) from the control treatment to the 80 mM treatment. Hag cultivar have the lowest increase in sodium percentage and the lowest percentage decrease in potassium absorption and the lowest Na+/K+ ratio compared to other varieties. LWK, LBK, and Sahar cultivars had the lowest tolerance to salinity with the highest amount of sodium accumulation, the highest Na+/K+ ratio, and low production of proline, and dry matter. The results of correlation coefficients showed that there was the most positive and significant correlation between total dry weight and potassium percentage (0.904**) and nitrogen percentage (0.902**).

According to the obtained results, it seems that the tolerant cultivars deal with salinity stress with mechanisms such as more potassium absorption and osmotic potential regulation. Among the investigated cultivars and according to the measured indicators, the Deer cultivar was recognized as a tolerant cultivar and can be used for cultivation in saline lands and the Hag cultivar can be used in breeding programs.

Drought‏ ‏and nitrogen deficit are the most important abiotic stresses in agriculture. Iran is one of the countries ‎located in the arid belt of the earth, and most parts of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid areas and have ‎limited water resources. In order to study of effect of drought and nitrogen on dill seed quality traits, a field ‎experiment was conducted as split plot design at research farm in Razi University in 2013. Main plot (irrigation ‎interval) included three levels; irrigation interval of 4, 6 and 8-day and split plot (urea fertilizer) included four ‎levels; 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1. Results showed that irrigation interval of 8-day with the highest rate of ‎nitrogen produced the highest essence content‏ ‏and yield. While irrigation interval of 4-day with application of ‎highest rates of nitrogen produced the highest α-Phellandrene percentage. Trans- Dihydrogen and Limonene ‎were not affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation interval. It seems that dill is a plant with low water requirement. ‎

Chickpea is one of the important legumes in West Asia and North Africa. It is also one of the important legumes in rainfed agricultural systems in these regions. Although Iran has the fifth rank in terms of under chickpea cultivation, it ranks 47th in terms of average grain yield per hectare (400 kg/ha). In dry areas of Iran, chickpea yield is highly dependent on the amount of rainfall and its seasonal distribution. Therefore, annual changes in rainfall make it difficult to employ a unitary agricultural management that leads to maximum crop yield with a predictable trend over the years. Chickpea is the most important legume crop in Iran, accounting for over 50% of cultivated legume lands, and is primarily planted under rainfed conditions. Chickpea production is significantly lower than other crops.

Simulation of the potential yield of rainfed chickpea was carried out  using the SSM-Chickpea model and rainfed chickpea yield resulting from farmers' crop management practices, including planting date, plant density, and nitrogen in 12 main chickpea growing regions were evaluated. These experiments consisted of 9 independent field experiments. In the current research, the model was evaluated based on the comparison of measured and simulated values for grain yield. Statistical indices including determination coefficients (R2) and normalized root mean square error (nRMS) were used.

The simulation with model SSM-Chickpea showed that the average potential rainfed chickpea yield was 1200 kg/ha. The simulation results also indicated that the optimal planting date for all regions was mid-December, as dormant seeding management, led to an increase in grain yield of about 10% in Urmia and 60% in Khorramabad compared with the spring sowing date. Optimal plant density was 20 plants/m2 resulted in a 27% increase in grain yield in Islamabad-e Gharb. Regarding the plant nutrition, the results showed that using 20 kg/ha as a starter fertilizer led to up to a 10% increase in grain yield in the Eqlid and Khorramabad. In all studied regions cv. Bivanij had 23% greater grain yield comparing ILC 482 and a large part of chickpea grain yield potential depented on agricultural management practices in general and planting date, specifically.

In order to investigate the use of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in the conditions of limited water resources, a research was conducted in Arak during the crop years of 2016 and 2017 on the content of nutrients stored in the dry fodder of Maxima hybrid corn. This experiment was done in the form of a split-split plot and in the form of a basic design of randomized complete blocks in four replications, so that the irrigation levels were placed in the main plot and the nitroxin and nitrogen levels were placed in the sub-plots. The investigated treatments were irrigation at two common irrigation levels and applying water restriction, nitroxin at three levels of the control treatment, consumption of 0.5 and one liter of nitroxin per 30 kg of seeds consumed and nitrogen at three levels including the control treatment, consumption of 125 and 250 kg of nitrogen per hectare provided through 46% urea fertilizer. It was concluded that the effect of the year on the amount of nitrogen, protein and raw ash of fodder was significant and in the second year of testing the mentioned traits increased. The effect of irrigation factor on the yield of dry fodder, the amount of phosphorus and raw ash of fodder was significant, and the aforementioned traits increased under favorable irrigation conditions. Nitroxin treatment also showed a significant effect on experimental traits and with increasing the amount of nitroxin consumption, experimental traits often increased. The mutual effect of irrigation and nitroxin on all the measured traits was significant, and with the application of one liter of nitroxin under common irrigation conditions, the highest amount of these traits was obtained. In the conditions of applying irrigation restrictions, the use of 1 liter of nitroxin compared to the use of 0.5 liters and also the treatment without the use of nitroxin resulted in an increase in traits. The mutual effect of irrigation and nitrogen on all studied traits was significant except for dry fodder yield, so that the highest amount of these traits was obtained from the consumption of 250 kg of nitrogen under conventional irrigation conditions. The interaction effect of nitroxin and nitrogen on experimental traits was significant, so that the highest average of them was obtained by consuming one liter of nitroxin together with 125 kg of nitrogen. The interaction effect of all three treatments on all desired traits was significant, and in this regard, the highest amount of experimental traits was obtained as a result of consuming one liter of nitroxin with 125 kg of nitrogen under favorable irrigation conditions.

Potato (Solanum tubersum) is an important economic crop in the world. In order to investigate the effect of potassium (Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer) and Phosphorus (Barvar 2 Biofertilizer) biofertilizers on the yield and quality of two families of true potato seeds, including Fanta free pollinators and Savalan × Agria hybrids, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with 8 treatments and three repetitions were done. The results showed that the use of Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer and Barvar 2 Biofertilizer affected plant height, leaf area and the dry matter percentage of tuber and leaf and led to an increase in yield compared to the control plants and the application of a mixture of biological fertilizers at the probability level of 1%. So that the highest yield in the treatment of Potabarvar biofertilizer was obtained on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of these fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf chlorophyll index at the five percent probability level. The use of these biofertilizers led to an increase in the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the plant at the level of 1% probability. The application of these fertilizers had a greater effect on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of the mixture of these biofertilizers did not lead to an increase in the desired indicators.

The use of biological and organic fertilizers as alternatives to chemical fertilizers increases the efficiency of the cycle of food elements, improves and stabilizes the quantitative and qualitative grain yield by maintaining the appropriate productivity of soil and water resources in sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of combined application of organic and biological fertilizers on nitrogen agronomy efficiency and phosphorus content of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 2015. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments included four organic fertilizers (control, farmyard manure, mushroom compost, and vermicompost) and four biofertilizers (control, inoculation with azotobacter, barvar2, and azotobacter+ barvar-2). Application of nitroxin biofertilizer had the highest effect on all traits. The highest protein yield (2779 kg ha-1) related to nitroxin biofertilizer treatment + organic control and the lowest one (950 kg ha-1) was obtained when no organic and biofertilizers were applied. The highest and the lowest of phosphorus content (2.34% and 1.03%) belonged to nitroxine + mushroom compost and Barvar-2 + organic control, respectively. The highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were achieved in control treatment + animal manure and when no organic and biofertilizers were applied, respectively. Therefore, the highest (11.53 kg kg-1) and the lowest (0.0001 kg kg-1) NUE were obtained in control + animal fertilizers and when no fertilzers were applied. Considering that the simultaneous application of biological fertilizers (nitroxin + Barvar-2) and animal manure is superior in terms of grain harvest index (35%), therefore, it was more priority and recommendable in the region

Chemical fertilizers have played a significant role in increasing the yield of agricultural products, especially since the 1950s, but the excessive application of these fertilizers in recent years has led to environmental pollution and a drop in agricultural productivity, food security, ecosystem and human health, and economic prosperity. Researchers believed that the best and most accessible approach to solve these problems is the improvement of the efficiency indicators of inputs. So, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the use efficiency indicators for nitrogen and phosphorus and water in wheat-irrigated and dryland systems of Iran.

In this research, provinces with more than 80% production in irrigated and rainfed systems of Iran were determined and, in each province, cities with more than 80% production of this crop were selected. The required data were collected by using face-to-face interviews and recorded statistics. Afterward, the consumption productivity of inputs was determined, and then the Pearson correlation coefficient between the productivity of different sources was computed. Also, multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between yield with climatic variables and fertilizers and water. For this purpose, the two-year average for total precipitation for irrigated and rainfed systems in each region were extracted.

The results revealed that in the main areas of wheat production, the average productivity of nitrogen consumption for irrigated was calculated as 16.69 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen compared to 17.27 kg of grains per kg of nitrogen for rainfed conditions. Contrary to nitrogen, the efficiency of phosphorus consumption in rainfed agriculture was lower than in the irrigated wheat system. Also, the highest correlation between nitrogen and phosphorus productivity for the irrigated system was computed with r=0.506 and the coefficient between nitrogen and water productivity was calculated with r=0.309 for rainfed conditions. The results for regression analysis between yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that increases in temperature had a positive effect on grain yield in rainfed conditions. On the other hand, increasing in other parameters such as precipitation, nitrogen, phosphorus, and irrigation in the irrigated and rainfed systems had a direct relationship with grain yield.

Excess use of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated wheat systems led to lower nitrogen use efficiency. Although, the grain yield in irrigated conditions was higher than in dryland conditions, due to the sensitivity of using nitrogen by farmers and the adverse effects of excessive use in rainfed wheat, the consumption of nitrogen has been used with more precision and sensitivity. This ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of nitrogen consumption in rainfed compared to irrigated systems. Unlike nitrogen, the phosphorus use efficiency was lower in rainfed compared to the irrigated system due to the direct effect of soil moisture on the release of phosphorus in the soil. According to these results, nitrogen and water were the most important factors affecting the yield in irrigated and rainfed systems. Also, the regression analysis of the relationship between wheat yield and climatic and agronomic parameters showed that in irrigated systems, nitrogen and irrigation and in rainfed conditions, nitrogen and precipitation had the most impact on grain yield.

These days, the application of organic and biological fertilizers to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers as well as improve crop quality and maintain soil fertility in sustainable agricultural systems, has gained special significance. A split-split-plot experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019, to investigate the effect of combined application of biological, organic, and chemical fertilizers on yield and quality of single-cross Simon corn grain. Nitrogen treatment was used in three levels of zero, 150 and 300 kg/ha or by using 46% urea fertilizer and vermicompost treatment was used in three levels of 0, 6 and 12 tons per hectare and mycorrhiza treatment was considered in two levels of application and non-application. Results showed that Muse V12ton/hecN150kg/hec it has been superior to other levels in terms of growth indicators. and the effect of mycorrhiza fertilizer on final yield and nitrate and Weight 100seeds was significant and The effect of application of vermicompost and  nitrogen fertilizer on all items was significant. Findings show that the highest amount of nitrate (142.77 mg/kg of grain) was obtained in non-application of mycorrhiza, vermicompost and 300 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare, and the highest yield of 16.96 tons per hectare was obtained in application of mycorrhiza, 12 tons of vermicompost, and 300 kg of pure nitrogen. Also, by consuming 6 tons of vermicompost per hectare with mycorrhiza and 50% nitrogen fertilizer, without significant reduction in yield (14.85 tons per hectare), the amount of nitrate accumulation in the grain is 44.65 mg/kg. It was shown that the application of organic and biological fertilizers along with chemical fertilizers also modulates the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers.