نشریه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1402)

Wheat is one of the most important crops, accounting for about 16% of arable land. One of the most important diseases that cause damage to wheat is Septoria tritici. The disease is a serious and ongoing challenge to wheat production in temperate regions around the world. The most basic strategy to control this disease is to find resistant genotypes and develop cultivation of them. In recent years, studies have evaluated the role and expression of some genes involved in the disease resistance process and have clarified the strengths and weaknesses of the plant and the pathogen in the path of the disease. In the present study, to confirm the differential expression of some isolated genes (from the cDNA-AFLP project), the expression pattern of Acetolactate synthase, calnexin, and GDP-mannose 3 and 5 epimerase genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. After infection of a resistant line (No. 10) and a susceptible wheat cultivar (Tajan) with the fungus, expression of the studied genes was measured at 9-time points (before inoculation as control, six and 12 hours, one, two, three, four, five and seven days after inoculation). The results, while confirming the results of cDNA-AFLP, showed that all three genes play an important role in inducing the resistance reaction to Septoria disease through the production of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant in removing ROS, maintaining amino acid homeostasis and controlling correct folding of proteins are responsible.

Micropropagation is one of the most important applications of plant tissue culture. Using the micropropagation for strawberry propagation, in addition to producing many plants, can meet the growing need for healthy and disease-free plants. In this study, the in vitro propagation of two strawberry cultivars (cvs. Paros and Pajaro) was investigated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium. In each cultivar, the effects of hormonal composition of the culture medium (1 mg l-1 BAP and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA + 0.2 mg l-1 BAP) and explant type (nodal bud and terminal bud (big and small) of runners) were studied. All explants provided from the glass greenhouse-grown plants. The in vitro cultures were subcultured three times at an interval of 30 d. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of explant type was significant for three studied traits (the number of plantlets per explant, the average height of plantlets per explant and the number of roots per explant). The best results for all three traits were obtained using nodal buds. Subculturing significantly increased the number of regenerated plantlets, so that in the third subculture, seven plantlets were obtained from each explant. In general, the results of the present study showed the good efficiency of in vitro culture of nodal buds for the micropropagation of two commercial strawberry cultivars, Pajaro and Paros.

In order to evaluate the water deficit stress tolerance of 16 bitter vetch genotypes, two experiments were conducted in the cropping year 2014-2015 using randomized complete block designs with three replications in two conditions non- stress and water deficit stress at the research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. Combined variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of environment on most traits was significant. Different stress tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and harmonic mean (HAM) were calculated based on the yield data in the both conditions. MP, GMP and STI indices showed positive significant correlation with yield in the both conditions, and YI and HAM indices were correlated with yield in the stress conditions. Therefore, they were appropriate indices for selection of tolerant genotypes. Based on the biplot of the first two main components, genotypes 2, 3, 10 and 16 were identified as suitable entries for the both conditions.

In order to estimate the heritability and genetic diversity of some seedling biometric traits in response to black rust (stem rust) disease, 24 wheat genotypes in the 2020 at the research greenhouse of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute was evaluated in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications under the conditions of infection and non- infection to the native race TKTTF black rust. Based on the results, the genotype ´ disease condition interaction, was significant for all traits at the 1% probability level. Also, a significant difference between the genotypes in terms of seedling height, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio was observed. The results showed that pathogen infection causes a decrease in seedling height and an increase in seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, and seedling fresh weight to dry weight ratio due to the presence of pustules caused by disease. Under black rust infection, the highest heritability was observed for seedling dry weight (42.85%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height trait (8.78%). In the absence of black rust disease, the highest heritability was observed for the ratio of fresh weight to dry weight of seedlings (53.66%) and the lowest heritability was related to seedling height (51.25%). The results showed that black rust infection affects seedling traits and the diversity between genotypes can be used to improve wheat genotypes.

Drought‏ ‏and nitrogen deficit are the most important abiotic stresses in agriculture. Iran is one of the countries ‎located in the arid belt of the earth, and most parts of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid areas and have ‎limited water resources. In order to study of effect of drought and nitrogen on dill seed quality traits, a field ‎experiment was conducted as split plot design at research farm in Razi University in 2013. Main plot (irrigation ‎interval) included three levels; irrigation interval of 4, 6 and 8-day and split plot (urea fertilizer) included four ‎levels; 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1. Results showed that irrigation interval of 8-day with the highest rate of ‎nitrogen produced the highest essence content‏ ‏and yield. While irrigation interval of 4-day with application of ‎highest rates of nitrogen produced the highest α-Phellandrene percentage. Trans- Dihydrogen and Limonene ‎were not affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation interval. It seems that dill is a plant with low water requirement. ‎

Stevia is an important natural sweetener in the world, which this issue has led to more demand for stevia production. In order to investigate various breaking dormancy treatments on stevia seeds this study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized design with three replications and two factors in the research laboratory of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2021. The factors were included gibberellic acid in three levels (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and temperature treatment (control, warm water, liquid nitrogen, wet cooling treatment for seven days, wet cooling treatment for 14 days, dry cooling treatment for seven days and dry cooling treatment for 14 days). The results showed that the effect of temperature and gibberellic acid treatments on germination characteristics of stevia was significant at the probability level of 1%. Among the studied treatments, the interaction of dry cooling and 1% gibberellic acid was the most effective treatment, and the highest germination percentage (74.01%) and germination speed (14.15 seed day-1) belonged to the mentioned treatment. The results of mean comparisons showed that the effect of gibberellic acid application led to a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, alpha-amylase, protease and dehydrogenase traits compared to the control. Therefore, it can be stated that dry cooling treatment with 1% gibberellic acid can be effective in improving germination characteristics in stevia plant.

Water deficit, followed by drought stress in plants, is one of the first and most important causes of disruption in cellular mechanisms, oxidative stress, and is a serious threat and limitation for agricultural products. In this research, evaluation of biochemical traits (cellular oxidation rate and chlorophyll a and b) and the transcription rate of some antioxidant genes including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) evaluated by real time PCR under the influence of different levels Drought stress was conducted in the research farm of Zabol Agricultural College in the form of a split plot experiment in the form of a block design with three replications on wheat cultivars (Kalate and Ehsan). The first factor of cultivars and the second factor of irrigation levels included 0.3 times (crop capacity as a control treatment), 2 times and 4 times. The results of variance analysis of biochemical traits showed that the effect of drought stress was significant for these traits as well as the difference between cultivars. The results of examining the expression of CAT, APX and GR genes in the conditions of applying irrigation levels showed a different trend in the cultivars of this research and they had an increase in expression along with an increase in drought stress levels, and this increase in expression in Kalate variety was 3.45, respectively. , 10.10, 6.2 times compared to control) for CAT, APX, GR genes during stress was -4 times more than Ehsan variety. In this research, Kalate cultivar was in a more favorable condition in terms of most of the investigated traits.

Lentils are one of the most important legumes, which have a high amount of protein and vitamins A and B, fiber, potassium and iron, and are an inexpensive food for low-income people. The objective of this study was the determination of variability, heritability, correlations between yield and yield components in 14 Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) genotypes using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that secondary stem per plant and productivity degree had the highest GCV and PCV but the lowest GCV and PVC was found for a number of pod/ m2 and number of the plant. Maximum heritability was estimated for 100-seed weight, number two-seed pod, biological yield, grain yield, productivity degree and plant height respectively. The high genetic advance and heritability were observed for the number of the two-seed pod and biological yield. The phenotypic correlation revealed that rainwater productivity, biological yield and plant height had the greatest, positive and significant association with seed yield. By performing path analysis based on stepwise regression, rainwater productivity had the most direct effect on seed yield, while the number of secondary stems per plant through rainwater productivity had the most indirect and negative effect on seed yield. That means with increasing number of the secondary stem, rainwater productivity is decreased which results in reduced grain yield. As a result, it was concluded that rainwater productivity and biological yield can be good selection criteria for improving seed yield per plant in Lens culinaris.

The use of biological fertilizers and balanced plant nutrition as the most important soil fertility factors are among the main priorities of sustainable agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was done in the form of a completely randomized design with 14 treatments including (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Azospirillum, Azotobacter + Pseudomonas, Azospirillum + Thiobacillus, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Pseudomonas + Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas + Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Thiobacillus + Azotobacter) and three replicates in the greenhouse of Nahavand Higher Education Complex in 1402. The results showed that the highest amount of phenol (1.86 mg GAE/gr) and flavonoid (5.54 mg routine/gr) was obtained in the combined treatment of Thiobacillus and Azotobacter. The highest stem diameter (17.48 mm) was produced in the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. The highest diameter (15.19 mm) was created in Pseudomonas treatment. The highest height of the plant (28 cm) was produced with the use of Azotobacter biological fertilizer. The highest number of sub-branches, number of flowers per plant, fresh and dry weight of flowers were created in Azospirillum and Pseudomonas treatments. Finally, it can be said that the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., is also an effective solution for achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers at different phenological stages on the yield and quality of white bean seed (Almas cultivar)an experiment was carried out in twoconsecutive years (2016-2017). The experiment was done as arandomized complete block design with 16 treatments andthree replications in the Agriculture Research, Education and Natural Resources Campus of Boroujerd. Treatments included control(c), pre-flowering(G1), flowering(G2), pod stage(G3) , seed hardening stage(G4),) G1+ G2),) G1+ G3), (G1+ G4),( G2+ G3),( G2+ G4),( G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3),( G1+ G2+ G4),( G2+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G3+ G4),( G1+ G2+ G3+ G4). The results showed that the highest grain yield (5354kg.ha-1) belonged tothe foliar application in three stages of before flowering, flowering and seed filing in the second year .Thelowest grain yield (3902kg.ha-1)obtaibed from the control treatment in the first year. the highest amount of iron and zinc belonged to the foliar application in three stagesof before flowering, flowering, and seed filling. The highest seed amount of iron and zinc was 112 and 39 mg.kg-1, respectively. Therefore, in order to achieve optimum grain yield, foliar application should be carried out in three stages of pre-flowering, flowering and seed filling stages.

In this research, the effects of foliar application of humic acid were evaluated on morphological traits of chicory (Cichoirium intybus L.) and pergularia (Pergularia tomentosa L.) in aeroponic system. Aeroponic system is a suitable method for investigating the effects of nutrient elements and optimizing growth of different plants in controlled conditions. The treatments were including control and 200, 400 and 600 mg/L humic acid. Foliar application of fertilizers was done at 20, 40 and 60 days after seed culture in aeroponic system. After 4 months, the morphological traits were measured. The results of ANOVA indicated that the effects of treatment were significant for plant height, root length, number and area of leaves, fresh and dry weights of the shoot and root in chicory and pergularia. The results in pergularia showed that 600 mg/L resulted in the highest plant height, root length, volume root, leaf number, dry and fresh weights of root and dry and fresh weights of shoot and the lowest of the mentioned traits were observed in the control. In the chicory, the results showed that the highest and lowest values of plant height, root length, volume root, leaf number, dry and fresh weights of root and dry and fresh weights of shoot belonged to the highest concentration of humic acid and the control treatment, respectively. It can be said that the use of a 600 mg/L of humic acid in the aeroponic system can improve the quantitative characteristics of the pergularia and chicory.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) is a medicinal plant that is well known for its anti-depressant properties. Hypericin and hyperforin are the two active compounds that have the greatest medicinal value. Considering the importance of these compounds, it is necessary to have solutions to increase their production through biotechnology. Therefore, as preliminary study the expression of two key polyketide synthase genes including HpPKS2 and HpPKS1 in hypericin biosynthetic pathway was studied. Methyl jasmonate was used as elicitor to stimulate gene expression in concentrations of 0, 10 and 100 micromolar before flowering stage. Leaves and stems samples were then collected at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after MeJA treatment. The expression level of genes was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. The results showed that the expression level of both HpPKS2 and HpPKS1 genes were increased in leaf and stem tissues due to the application of MeJA, and at the concentrations of 10 and especially 100 µm, there was a significant difference with the control (0 concentration). Moreover, the expression level of both genes showed a rising trend in the time series of 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after spraying MeJA in both tissues, and generally the greatest increase in expression was observed at 48 hours. The results of this study showed that both polyketide synthase genes are induced under the influence of methyl jasmonate and lead to their higher expression.