جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "fruit" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is the most famous species of Oleaceae family that has edible fruits. The olive tree has a tendency to alternate bearing, leading often to the production of massive fruit yield in one year (on) and a very low fruit yield in the next year (off). Knowing the changes of nutrients in different stages of olive fruit growth and development in the “on” and “off” years provides the possibility of timely and correct application of fertilizers. This research was conducted in order to investigate the changes in the concentration of mineral elements, starch, and protein of olive fruit in the on and off-years.

This research was carried out in the years 2018-2019 at Olive Dalaho Research Station in 2018 and 2019 at Dalahu Olive Research Station in Kermanshah (Lat. 32° 30´ N, Long. 45° 51´, Alt. 560 m.), west of Iran. The experiment was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications and three local olive varieties, namely Deira, Zagros and Meshkat. All tested 11-year-old trees were under similar conditions in terms of pruning, drip irrigation, fertilization and pest and disease control. Measurement were carried out on N, P, K, Zn, B, starch, and protein in young leaves, fruits, old leaves, and roots from the time of kernel hardening (in early June) until fruit ripening (in mid-November) every 40 days using both "on" and "off" year trees. The samples included 20 broad leaves from the middle part of one-year-old and newly-formed vegetative branches, the growing fruits of the current year, and the feeding roots of 30 cm depth under the canopy of the tree crown. Measurements on potassium concentration were made by a flame photometer (model PFP7 made by JENWAY, England), phosphorus by colorimetric method using spectrophotometer, nitrogen and protein by Kjeldahl method, boron and zinc elements using an atomic absorption device (Perking Elmer model 31/40). Starch concentration of the dry matter was measured by Morley's method.

Monthly changes of mineral elements in leaves and young fruits, starch, and protein concentration in old leaves and roots were significant in the on and off years. The monthly changes in the concentration of the mineral elements corresponded to the pattern of the fruit growth curve (double sigmoid). The concentration of N, K, B, and Zn in young leaves decreased from the beginning of June to the middle of July (the time of endocarp hardening) and then increased slightly. The monthly changes in concentration of mineral elements in leaves and young fruits, starch, and protein in old leaves and roots were significant in the on and off years. The monthly changes of the mineral elements corresponded to the pattern of the fruit growth curve (double sigmoid). The concentration of N, K, B and Zn in young leaves decreased from the beginning of June to the middle of July (the time of endocarp hardening) and then increased slightly. Mashkat cultivar had the highest and Deira and Zagros cultivars had the lowest concentration of nitrogen in young leaves. The concentration of nitrogen has a direct effect on vegetative growth, fruit formation, fruit yield, and shoot growth. There was a positive and significant relationship between fruit nitrogen and phosphorus and zinc concentration of the fruit, but young leaf nitrogen had a negative and significant correlation with phosphorus and zincof the fruit. Deira cultivar had the highest and Meshkat the lowest zinc concentration of the young leaves. Zinc plays a significant role in the function of enzymatic systems, synthesis of nucleic acids, protein and auxin metabolism. There was a positive correlation between phosphorus concentration in young leaves with phosphorus concentration in fruit and leaf starch, but there was a negative correlation with leaf and root protein concentration. The concentration of starch in the old leaves and roots increased and then decreased in the on-year until June. The concentration of root starch decreased slowly from June to November in off-year trees. The concentration of protein in old leaves and roots followed a double sigmoid curve, it decreased sharply until mid-July. From the mid-July to the end of August, the protein concentration of the old leaves slowly and strongly in old leaves and roots, respectively.

Considering the observed changes in the concentration of mineral elements in the leaves and fruits according to the fruit growth pattern, especially in the spring, soil application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in January (before flowering), foliar spraying of nitrogen, potassium, zinc, and boron in June (after fruit set) and nitrogen and potassium amendments in August (after endocarp hardening) is recommended for the olive orchards of the studied region.

After potato, watermelon is the most important vegetable that cultivated in Iran. Irrigation is necessary for watermelon cultivation due to its high growth rate, short growth period and high fruit water content (90-92%). In addition high evaporation during growth and development stages and low rainfall in arid and semi-arid area caused that cultivation of watermelon need a lot of water. To minimize drought stress effect on yield of agricultural crop in arid and semi-arid areas, cultivation of drought tolerant cultivars, deficit irrigation practice and grafting of high yielding cultivars onto tolerant rootstocks are recommended. No paper has been published about grafting and deficit irrigation for watermelon cultivation in Khuzestan province yet, therefore present research was conducted to study the effects of these factors on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of grafted watermelon (B32 cultivar) onto pumpkin ‘Cubalt and Ferro’ (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata.) and deficit irrigation in nongrafted watermelon.

This study was carried out at Behbehan Agriculture Research Station from 2020 to 2021. The experiment was done as strip plot in randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications. Three irrigation regimes, full irrigation, 80% and 60% of full irrigation were considered as vertical strips. Horizontal strips included B32 cultivar grafted onto pumpkin ‘Cobult and Ferro’ rootstocks (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata.) and nongrafted B32. Watermelon and pumpkin seeds were planted in greenhouse in 5 and 10 January respectively and watermelon seedlings were grafted onto pumpk in 4 February. Seedlings were transplanted in 24 Feb. and fruits harvested from early to mid-June. Results were analyzed by MSTATC statistical software and comparison of meanes were done using Duncan,s Multiple Range Test at 1% probability level.

Yield, mean fruit weight and water use efficiency in grafted plants were significantly higher than nongrafted plants. Yield and mean fruit weight decreased significantly due to deficit irrigation. The most yield in grafted and nongrafted plants were obtained in full irrigation. The decrease of yield in nongrafted plants applied 80% of full irrigation as compared with full irrigation was not significant. In full irrigation regime the mean yield of grafted plants were significantly higher (50%) than nongrafted plants. The yield of grafted plants applied 80% of full irrigation were higher than nongrafted plants applied full irrigation , however this difference was not significant. Water use efficiency of grafted plants was significantly higher as compared with nongrafted plants. The differences of water use efficiency in grafted plants onto Cobult and Ferro rootstocks applied full irrigation, 80 % and 60% of full irrigation were not significant. In nongrafted plants the most water use efficiency belong to applied 80% of full irrigation. The decrease of water use efficiency in plants applied full irrigation was not significant as compared with this treatment. However the decrease of water use efficiency in plants applied 60% of full irrigation was significant in comparison to plants applied 80% of full irrigation.

grafting of B32 cultivar onto Cobult and Ferro rootstocks and applied full irrigation and 80% of full irrigation were recommended in no water restriction and water shortage conditions respectively for the maximum watermelon production in Khuzestan province.

To evaluate the effect of grafting cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos) on Cucurbita moschata collected in Isfahan and Cucurbita pepo on plant growth and physiology, comparing with self-grafted and non-garfted as a control an experiment was designed. The experiment based on carried out as a compound experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replications. Treatments were temperature included optimum temperature (27±2) and cold temperature (12±2) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. Super daminos) in the greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology. Results were shown that the dry weight of the shoot decreased with temperature stress and grafting on C. moschata and C. pepo (Isfahan) enhance the dry weight of the shoot under stress. Grafting on Isfahan rootstock and self-grafted cucumber increased chlorophyll content compare with other treatments in optimum condition. Grafted cucumber on C. pepo (Isfahan) increased photosynthesis compare with other treatments in stress conditions. Mesophyll conductance decreased in stress temperature and grafting on C. pepo (Isfahan) improved it. Generally, grafting on C. pepo (Isfahan) with improving some growth and physiological characteristics of cucumber increased it tolerate to low temperature compare with non-grafted plants.

Today, there is a growing interest in using cultivation methods such as natural biostimulants, which improve yield without any negative effects on plant quality. Such a strategy allows for increasing biomass production, but also induces the natural resistance of plants, as well as improves nutraceutical quality of plant food. Products of natural origin, such as seaweed extract are used as a stimulator of the growth and development of agricultural and horticultural plants. Seaweed extracts contain a wide variety of plant growth-promoting substances such as auxins, cytokinins, betaines, gibberellins, and organic substances, including amino acids, macronutrients, and trace elements that improve crop yield and quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different extraction methods of two red seaweed species: Gracilaria corticata and Acanthophora spiciferais on growth, physiological indices and fruit yield of Ecballium elaterium.

This experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of University of Zanjan during 2020 on growth and yield of Ecballium elaterium. Experimental treatments include 5 extraction methods (ME: microwave extract with aqueous solvent, OE: autoclave extract with aqueous solvent, BE: extract extracted by boiling with distilled water, NE: extract extracted with liquid nitrogen, EE: soaked extract in ethanol) and a control sample (C: (foliar application with distilled water)). During the growth cycle, the number of leaves, the number of male and female flowers and the number of fruits were measured. At the end of the growing season, number of lateral branches, plant height and lateral branch length, leaf area index, fresh and dry weight of shoots, fresh and dry weight of fruit and fruit yield, root length and diameter and root sub-branches, root volume and area, Total chlorophyll, carotenoids, total phenol and total flavonoids contents were measured.

The results showed that foliar application of seaweed extracts had significant effects (P < 0.01) on all traits. The plants treated with extract extracted by aqueous solvent in autoclave method was increased 43.6% plant height, 59.4% lateral branch length, 58.3% shoot fresh weight, 71.7% shoot dry weight, 65.7% number of male flowers, 39.5% number of female flowers, 41.6% fruit number, 20.2% fruit fresh weight, 32.8% fruit dry weight, 55.6% fruit yield, 70.5% root length, 80.7% root volume and 66.9% flavonoids content compared to control plants. Also, the highest leaf area index with increasing 42.9 and 41.5%, root diameter (57 and 53.4%), root area (78.3 and 73.9%), total chlorophyll (45.8 and 45.2%), carotenoids (69.3 and 71%) and total phenol contents (42.6 and 43.2) was observed in plants treated with the extract resulted of autoclave and microwave method, respectively compared to control plants.

According to the results, all methods of extracting red seaweed extract had positive effect on the growth, physiological traits and fruit yield of watercress. But in general, newer methods (autoclave, microwave) had better effect than traditional methods (boiling, liquid nitrogen, and ethanol), and extracts of these methods had more growth hormones, organic compounds and nutrients. Therefore, autoclave and microwave methods are proposed to extract seaweed extract. These results showed that the red seaweed Gracilaria (Gracilaria corticata) and Acanthophora (Acanthophora spicifera) of the Persian Gulf region, if extracted properly, can be a suitable biofertilizer for plant production.

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) with more than 3660 species in the world and about 900 species in Irano-Turanian region having the highest diversity, includes annual, biennial, perennial herbs or shrubs. The family members are mainly distributed on the earth land surface exceptional Antarctica and tropics. Despite having silique fruit, they have many variations in exo-morphology and other properties of fruits and seeds that are important in their diagnosis and identification. Studies of these characters can revealed the relationship between taxa and used for their taxonomy. In addition, the identification of seeds and fruits is important in agriculture, food industry and weed control. Thirty two quantitative and qualitative fruit and seed characters of 24 collected wild Brassicaceae taxa from the central Iran in Irano-Touranian region were examined using ruler, digital calipers, millimeter paper, graticule and a monitoring zoom binocular light microscope. Obtained data were recorded and then a key was prepared based on the studied Brassicaceae fruit and seed morpho-biometric. Results showed morpho-biometrical studies of siliques and seeds of Irano-Touranian Brassicaceae members may support identification of the family taxa.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid on growth characteristics of tomato under deficit irrigation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in a CRB design with three replications. Factors included irrigation at field capacity (FC), irrigation in half of the field capacity (1/2FC) and irrigation in two-thirds field capacity (2/3FC) and three levels of humic acid (0, 1000 and 2000 mg/L) was applied. The results showed that chlorophyll index, relative water content of leaf, shoot weight, root dry and fresh weight, photosynthesis, total fruit and fruit weight decreased with irrigation reduction. The level of ion leakage, fruit TSS and percentage of fruit rot in low irrigation treatments showed a significant increase compared to control.The lowest shoot loss was observed in the treatment of 2000 ppm × 2/3FC humic acid at 10% relative to control. Root weights in the 2000 ppm humic acid treatment decreased at all irrigation levels and dry weight without using humic acid decreased in both irrigation treatments. Fresh weight of fruits decreased by 1/2FC and 2000 ppm of humic acid, and the dry weight of fruit was decreased in 1/2FC and all humic acid levels. RWC of leaves decreased with reduction of irrigation in all humic acid treatments compared to FC and ion leakage increased. The number of green fruits decreased by 1/2FC with zero and 2000ppm humicacid.The number of fruit with the blossom end rot in 1/2FC treatment increased in all humic acid concentrations and was lower in other treatments.

The present study was conducted on five-years-old trees of eight Asian pear cultivars Ks6, Ks7, Ks8, Ks9, Ks10, Ks12, Ks13, Ks14 along with Shahmiveh and Spadona as control during 2014 to 2017 cropping seasons, where all genotypes were grafted on seedling rootstock. The measured characteristics were consisting of fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, length-to-diameter ratio, fruit firmness, acidity, pH of fruit juice, total suspended solids (TSS), yield in the tree and fruit ripening time. Among the studied cultivars under Karaj climate condition, cvs. Ks10 and Ks14 were early flowering, while the highest yield in the tree, the highest firmness of fruit flesh and the lowest acidity of the fruit was observed in cv. Ks13. The lowest yield per tree, the softest fruit flesh, the highest acidity and the highest TSS was recorded in fruit of Spadona and Shahmiveh cultivars. The biggest fruit and the lowest TSS were observed for Ks12 cultivar, while the smallest fruit was produced by Ks6 cultivar. Therefore, it was concluded that Asian pear cultivars have a better fruit yield and texture compared to European pear varieties, but they are less favored for their taste and flavor. Among the Asian pear cultivars, two early ripening cultivars Ks7 and Ks10 as well as two mid-ripening cultivars Ks13 and Ks14 have improved yield and quality and are adapted to Karaj climate.

Background and Objectives Preharvest and harvest conditions can affect quality and biochemical composition of fruit during storage. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a non-climactric fruit and there is no clear physiological index to determine the proper harvest time. Lack of standard maturity index results in prolonged period of picking pomegranate fruit within the season. The effects of different physical or chemical treatments on postharvest quality of pomegranate fruit have been investigated in many studies, but our knowledge on the pre-harvest and harvest aspects that influence pomegranate fruit postharvest physiology is scarce. The objective of the present experiment was to determine how qualitative indices of pomegranate fruit in ‘Bagmalek’ (Khuzestan, southwest of Iran) are affected by maturity stages at harvest and storage duration.
Materials and Methods A factorial design including three harvesting times and three storage durations with three replications was used for statistical analysis. Fruits of ‘Malas Post Zard’ as an important pomegranate cultivar were harvested from a commercial orchard in ‘Bagmalek’ (150 Km Ahwaz, Khuzestan, southwest of Iran). Fruits were harvested at three harvest times at 14-day intervals (14 September, 29 September and 13 October 2011) and stored for 40 and 80 days at oC. Some physical (weight, surface color, decay and shriveling) and biochemical characteristics (ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, anthocyanin index and browning index) were evaluated. The factors were evaluated at harvest time and after 40 and 80 days.
Results Regardless of storage durations, pomegranate fruit showed significant variations in total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH and anthocyanins. Interactions of the harvest time and storage duration (for 40 and 80 days) were significant on gravity, surface color changes, shriveling, ascorbic, acid, pH, titratable acidity and fruit juice pigments (anthocyanin index and browning index). Results showed that the period 29 September until 13 October 2011 and storage duration for 40 days are the best treatments to maintaining postharvest quality of ‘Malas Post Zard’ fruits in ‘Bagmalek’ (Khuzestan, Iran).
Discussion Results showed that quantity and quality indices of the pomegranate could be improved through the selection of proper harvesting time. Harvest of pomegranate fruit at different maturity stages altered fruit appearance quality indices and biochemical characteristics under ‘Bagmalek’ geographic condition, and at early harvest time (14 September), it reduced fruit quality but did not make its consumption unacceptable. More research needs to assess the effect of different climatic parameters such as temperature and light intensity on the postharvest quality of pomegranate fruits in Khuzestan.

The first component that determines the fruit qualitative characteristics is almost certainly sweets or sugar content. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of grafting under deficit irrigation the experiment was conducted for qualitative characteristics of fruit, Split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 in the research field of higher education institution Imam Khomeini (RA) under the Ministry of Agriculture in Karaj. In this study as a scion of the local population melon Soski Zard and commercial varieties of Cucurbita rootstocks cv., Shintozwa and Ferro-RZ was used as the rootstock. Grafted plants upon commercial varieties of Cucurbita with own-rooted melon (Soski Zard upon Soski Zard) and ungrafted (Control) at three irrigation levels 60, 80 and 100 percent (Control), based on total available water depletion with drip irrigation system were evaluated.

In order to investigate the effect of planting density (50, 75 and 100 cm inter-row distance) and vermicompost (0, 5, 10 and 15 t.ha-1) on growth, qualitative and quantitative criteria of gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L., Solanaceae), an experiment was conducted as factorial based on complete randomized block design with three replications in University of Tehran, in 2013. Criteria such as leaf area, collar diameter, number of lateral branches per plant, plant height, fruit number and weight per plant, weight and diameter per fruit, calyx weight, total fruit yield, fruit marketable percentage, total marketable yield, plant dry weight and quality criteria such as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, antioxidant activity and fruit color indices were evaluated. Results showed that treatments significantly affected most measured growth and yield criteria in which application of 15 t.ha-1 vermicompost increased them compared to control (non-vermicompost application) in which fruit weight per plant, total fruit yield and marketable percentage were increased 37.31, 37.82 and 11.52 percent, respectively. Also, inter-row distance of 100 cm performed better for plant growth and yield criteria. Interaction effect of 100 cm planting density and 15 t.ha-1 vermicompost caused the highest number of fruit per plant and marketable yield. The highest amount of TA and antioxidant activity obtained by application of 15 and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost, respectively and vitamin C, TA and TSS were increased in planting distance of 50, 75 and 75 cm inter-row distance, respectively.

All of established jujubes genotypes in Fadak Botanic Garden of Dezful belong to Ziziphus spp., and the Rhamnaceae family. Their species are Ziziphus spina-christi and Ziziphus mauritiana or hybrids between them, and they are considered as fruit trees. Because of the differences between fruit traits of mentioned genotypes, fruit and stone morphological traits were examined in this study. For this purpose, 14 morphological traits were measured in fruit and seed genotypes. Cluster analysis included genotypes in five clusters with 2 main genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana situated in cluster III and 3 stoneless genotypes situated in cluster II. The results of fruit length, diameter, volume, and weight showed significant superiority in "Ghaffari" genotype with 39.4 mm, 23.9 mm, 10.977 cm3 and 11.817 g, respectively. In relation to fruit shape (fruit length /diameter ratio) and pulp percentage, "Bakhtiari" genotype showed significant superiority, with 1.806 and %95.92, respectively. Thus, significant superiority in mentioned traits, which show that the fruits are large, belonged to Z. mauritiana genotypes. Except for acidity that made "Arvand Hybrid" genotype superior, in other traits, significant superiority belonged to Z. spina-christi genotypes. However, some of hybrid genotypes showed superior quantitative and qualitative traits of parents by acceptable extent. Of course, some hybrid genotypes have inherited good qualitative and quantitative characteristics of both species parents, which can bring to them as fruit trees with good market.

For evaluation and determination of genetic capacity of existing apricot genotypes in Iran, an experiment was performed in RCB design with seven treatments and three replications on August 2004 in Sahand Horticultural Research Station. Selected promising genotypes with numbers of 177, 190, 390, 414, 416, 464 and 269 were compared with Ordubad 90 cv. (as control) for a period of seven years. The results demonstrated that there was no significant difference between yielding and full blooming dates of the genotypes and control. The range of fruit maturation between the most early and the most late maturity genotypes was 45 days. Genotype 414 had the maximum fruit weight (57.6g) and the highest fruit to stone weight ratio (30.3). From the viewpoint of fruit flesh thickness, the lowest difference was observed between control and genotype 464, and the highest significant difference was detected between control and genotype 269 (p≤0.05). Despite relative height of stigma to anthers in genotypes 269, 414, 464 and 177, no problem was observed in fruit setting of them. Based on the biochemical traits results, the highest significant differences were observed between TSS value of genotypes 416 and 177 with 7.7% and also between total organic acids content of genotypes 390 and 177 with 1.2% (p≤0.05). Difference between fruit active acidity (pH) of genotypes was not significant. There was also a negative and significant correlation (r2 = 0.8) between total organic acids content and pH of the genotypes fruit. Based on all results, genotype 177 was recognized for fresh consumption, genotypes 464 and 390 for processing and genotypes 190, 414 and 269 for dual.

Jujube (Ziziphus jujube) belongs to Rhamnaceae family. It is considered not only for medicinal usage، but also is cultivated as an ornamental plant due to its beautiful leaves and trunk. The first step in a plant breeding program is to collect native genotypes of a plant in a region and evaluate them for selection of superior genotypes. Jujube is grown naturally in some areas of Iran، as well as in Golestan province. In the present study ten ecotypes of jujube grown in this province were collected from different areas and their phonological and morphological traits as well as some fruit characteristics and qualitative factors such as vitamin C، pH and total soluble solids (SST) were evaluated during years 2009 to 2011. Different vegetative، morphogic and fruit traits such as flowering thme، branch angle. Length of one year old branch، number of thorn on branch، fruit weight، length and width، stone weight and length، flesh weight، flesh/stone ratio، vitamin C، TSS and fruit pH were measured based on jujube descry. The results showed a high diversity for different traits among the ecotypes. The results also showed that vegetative traits were affected considerably by geographical and climatical factors. Ecotypes prown in west of the province where humidity is high، showed characteristics different from those grown in eastern regions. Fruit characteristics were also influenced by environmental factors.

In this investigation some chemical and morphological properties of dog rose fruit in 10 regions of north Iran were measured. Results showed significant difference between traits in studied regions. Beta-carotene ranged between 0.05 – 0.323 (mg/g FW). Total soluble carbohydrate varied from 5.9 – 23.3%. The highest content of total anthocyanin 23.7 and the lowest was 7.71(mg/L cyanidin-3-glucoside). The highest and lowest amount of TSS in regions under study was 15.72 and 34.9%, respectively. GGE biplot method used for studying effect of different regions on chemical and morphological properties. IR56 accession had highest amount of beta-carotene according to the polygon. The highest content of and total anthocyanin obtained from IR51. Pearson’s coefficients showed that fruit weight had significantly correlation with fruit flesh. Fruit length had significantly correlation with fruit width. Also Total soluble carbohydrate correlation with total anthocyanin and TSS was significant. Obtained results from this study could be used in the future breeding program of dog rose.

The effects of different levels of salicylic acid (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg. l -1) and three time periods (7, 14 and 21 days) were studied on quality of mango fruits (total soluble solids, density, pH, acidity and phenolics in pulp and skin). The experimental design used was a 4×3 factorial trial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Results showed that total soluble solids and phenol contents in fruit skin significantly (p<0.05) decreased with increasing storage time but fruit pH and decay increased with increasing storage time. Salicylic acid treatment changes acidity and phenol contents in fruit skin and pulp as in control, and salicylic acid 1500 mg. l -1 treatment was the highest level of fruit acidity. Phenol contents in fruit skin significantly increased with increasing salicylic acid concentration but phenol contents in fruit pulp was invariable with increasing salicylic acid concentration. Fruit decay significantly decreased after application of two levels of salicylic acid (1000 or 2000 mg. l -1) after 14 days. Application of salicylic acid had no significant effects on ascorbic acid or gravity.

To investigate the effect of polyethylene mulch, and manure on yield and yield components of cantaloupe, a two-year study (2007-2008) was carried out at Ardestan Agricultural Research Station by using split plot randomized based on complete block design with four replications. Three polyethylene mulch levels including clear polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch and control treatment were assigned as main plots and three manure application including 30 t ha-1 of cow manure, 8 t ha-1 of chicken manure, and control treatment, were assigned made up of subplots. The results showed highest levels of sales yield, in condition of lack of soil cover, clear polyethylene mulch, and black polyethylene mulch respectively with 35700, 45800 and 43500 kg ha-1 was obtained by using 30 t ha-1 of cow manure. Soluble solids in fruit, with consumption of 8 t ha-1 of chicken manure or 30 t ha-1 of cow manure increased compared to control treatments, respectively, 11.8 and 12.3 percent. Two clear and black polyethylene mulch treatments by using 30 t ha-1 of cow manure were the highest amounts of earliness index with 47.5 and 46.5 percent, respectively. The results showed that the use of manure with polyethylene mulch (clear or black), in addition to producing higher yield could play an important role in early ripening and thus higher income for farmers.

Mango is one of the tropical crops cultivated in the south of Iran, where it has fewer yields in comparison with other regions of its cultivation. According to reports, cross pollination will increase the yield of this plant. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of selfing, control crossing and open pollination on pollen tube growth and fruit setting in three cultivated mango genotypes in Iran. The inflorescences in some trees were bagged after related pollination treatment. Sampling was done from the pollinated flowers three and seven days after pollination. Pistils were stained with aniline blue and the situation of pollen tube growth was studied using a fluorescence microscope. The final fruit production was counted 15 and 90 days. After pollination, mean fruit length, width, weight and TSS were recorded in all treatments. In all genotypes, selfing inflorescence prevented fruit set completely. There was significant difference in pollen tube growth and fruit set of self crossing and open crossing treatments. The maximum fruit set was observed in genotypes one and three with pollen grain of genotype two. The results of this study showed that the source of pollen can influence quantity and quality characteristics of mango, so much so that self-pollination usually results in significantly lower crop production than cross-pollination in mango. In addition to higher production of controlled cross pollination with cross pollen grain, the selection of proper parent plants should be done with sufficient care in order to improve production efficiency in this crop.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the adaptation ability of 14 olive cultivars in Dallaho olive research station under a completely randomized block design during 1383 till 1388 planted in 1379. The aim of the experiment was compatibility evaluation and determination of suitable olive cultivars to Sarpole Zehab environmental conditions. Vegetative and reproductive characters of olive trees were measured. Variance analysis results showed that vegetative characters like plant height, width and trunk cross sectional areas had significant differences between cultivars. Mission, Roghani and Sevillano cultivars had the high growth and Emphasis, Arbequina and Abou Satal had the lowest growth compared to the others. Reproductive characteristics showed significant differences between cultivars. Amigdalolia, Conservolia and Abou Satal cultivars had the highest fruit weight with 6.5, 6 and 5.9g respectively. Koroneiki and Arbeqina had smaller fruit weight than all cultivars. Fruit pulp percent was higher for Amigdalolia and Conservolia. Fruit pulp to pit ratio was higher for Conservolia, Manzanillo and Sevillano compared to the others. Oil content was low in most of the cultivars. Amigdalolia, Roghani, Emphasis and Zard had the higher oil content 21.34, 18, 35, 16.69 and 15.91% based on fresh weight respectively. Fruit yield and fruiting stability production was higher for Conservolia and Sevillano than all cultivars. In general, Conservolia and Sevillano cultivars are suitable for table olive use and there was no single recommended cultivar for oil production.