جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "organic fertilizer" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

To investigate the effects of planting date and organic fertilizers on various physiological, agronomical, and qualitative characteristics of soybean (cv. Kowsar), a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, in 2021. This research considered three levels of planting date (April 04, May 05, and June 05) and three levels of organic fertilizers (vermicompost at 10 tons per hectare, manure at 30 tons per hectare, and a combined treatment of 5 tons of vermicompost and 15 tons of manure). According to the results, the 1000-grain weight, seed yield, and biological yield increased by 20.46%, 21.56%, and 17.22%, respectively, in the combined treatment of manure and vermicompost. The highest amounts of oil (25.26%) and seed protein (43.67%) were obtained from the manure treatment on the first and third planting dates. In the combined treatment of manure and vermicompost under the second planting date conditions, the rate of photosynthesis was 8.13% higher, and the photosystem II quantum efficiency was 5.7% higher compared to the control. Overall, the best results were observed in the combined treatments of manure and vermicompost and the second planting date.

In order to investigate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on the growth traits, yield and yield components of two varieties of rice in an intensive cultivation management system, an experiment was conducted as a split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field of Haraz Technology Promotion and Development Center in Mahmoudabad, Mazandaran province in the years 2020 and 2021. The main factor included chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer (100% chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% chicken manure, 100% chicken manure, 100% cow manure, 50% cow manure + 50% chemical fertilizer), and the secondary factor included rice varieties was Fajr (modified) and Hashemi (local). In both cultivars, the maximum leaf area index was observed in the treatment of chemical fertilizer + chicken manure, respectively, 4.56 and 3.95, and the highest ratio of leaf area in Fajar and Hashemi cultivars, respectively, in the treatment of chemical fertilizer (0.980 and 0.781 g/m2) and the combination of chemical fertilizer + chicken manure. (0.892 and 0.751 g/m2) were observed. The height of the plant in the treatment of chicken manure + chemical fertilizer was reduced by 26.4%, compared to the treatment of only chemical fertilizer, in the Fajr variety, and the number of claws and the number of clusters per square meter were the same, but in the Hashemi variety, the height of the plant and the number of clusters were 2.99 and 6.99, respectively. The percentage of reduction and the number of claws and the weight of 1000 seeds increased by 5.76 and 3.36%, respectively. The largest increase in grain yield was due to the treatment of chicken manure + chemical in Fajar cultivar, which increased by 4.2%, compared to the treatment of only chemical fertilizer; while Hashemi cultivar had the highest seed yield in chemical fertilizer treatment. In Fajr and Hashemi cultivars, the highest plant dry weight was observed with the application of chicken + chemical fertilizer, which increased by 3.56% and 4.48%, respectively, compared to the chemical fertilizer treatment. It seems that in the intensive cultivation system, combining chemical fertilizer and chicken manure is a suitable solution for the sustainability of rice production and reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizer. Regarding the grain yield, the use of organic fertilizers in Fajr variety compared to Hashemi variety was more effective than the use of organic fertilizers.

In order to study the effects of organic and bio-fertilizer application on yield and essential oil composition of the herb in sustainable cultivation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with twelve treatments and three replications in Tehran, Iran in 2019. The treatments were 1- vermicompost (10 t ha-1), 2- nitroxin, 3- bio-superphosphate, 4- biosulfur, 5- vermicompost + nitroxin, 6- vermicompost + bio-superphosphate, 7- vermicompost + biosulfur, 8- nitroxin + bio-superphosphate, 9- nitroxin + biosulfur, 10- bio-superphosphate + biosulfur, 11- chemical fertilizer and 12- control (without fertilizer). The results showed that treatments had significant effects on studied traits, as the highest herb yield (3833.3 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of 10 t ha-1 vermicompost and nitroxin and the highest essential oil content (0.254%) and essential oil yield (7.70 kg ha-1) in integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate were obtained. In an investigation of essential oil components, the highest caryophyllene oxide content (40.13%) in control, the highest trimethyl-2-pentadecanone content (37.89%) in combined treatment of vermicompost and bio-superphosphate, the highest n-decanal content (11.84%) and E-caryophyllene content (8.18%) in the integrated treatment of nitroxin and bio-superphosphate, the highest hexadecanoic acid content (7.95%) in treatment of bio-superphosphate and the highest dodecanal content (11.27%) in treatment of chemical fertilizer were obtained. In general, the results of this study showed that the application of some bio and organic fertilizers, specially integrated using nitroxin and bio-superphosphate in comparison to chemical fertilizer had a considerable role in increasing of yield and quantity and quality of essential oil of coriander herb.

Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) is a flowering plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. This plant has a high ability to grow again after harvesting, and the low sensitivity of this plant to the attack of pests and diseases in hot weather conditions is one of the reasons for increasing the yield of this plant. Global climate changes have led to changes in rainfall patterns and it is predicted that periods of insufficient rainfall will lead to drought with a gradual decrease in water available to the soil of plants, causing an impact on the growth and development or early death of the plant. The unreasonable long-term use of chemical inputs, including fertilizers and pesticides, has increased environmental pollution and in some cases has had a negative impact on the yield and quality of agricultural products. One solution is to use the principles of sustainable agriculture, especially the use of organic inputs in agricultural ecosystems. Humic acid (HA) is an organic biostimulant that significantly affects plant growth and increases crop yield. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals and foliar spraying of humic acid on the physiological characteristics and indigo content of Indigofera tinctoria.

This research was carried out as split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019 in the agricultural research institute of Zabol Research Institute in Zahak city of Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran. The experimental treatments were irrigation intervals of 7, 9 and 11 days as the main factor and five levels of humic acid foliar application as the sub-plot (no foliar application, foliar application with a concentration of 20, 30, 40 and 50 liters per hectare). Irrigation treatments were carried out two months after the planting date. Humic acid foliar application was started after three months from the date of planting in the flowering stage, every 15 days. The foliar spraying was done at the end of the day and at sunset with a back pump sprayer and with the same pressure on the bushes. In order to calculate the leaf yield by removing the marginal effect, the crop was harvested in the last week of November 2019 and kept in the warehouse at room temperature for 23 days. Then the dry leaves were separated and the weight of the leaves was obtained in each plot and its yield was calculated in terms of tons per hectare. Wilson's method was used to prepare ash and extract to measure the concentration of iron, zinc, phosphorus and potassium elements. The amount of photosynthetic pigments was calculated by Arnon's method. To measure guaiacol peroxidase enzyme by Fielding and Hall method, calculate ascorbate peroxidase by Yoshimura method, catalase enzyme by Beers and Caesar method, proline amount in leaves was measured by Bates method. Also, the indigo content was measured based on the method provided by Stoker et al. (1998) and Sales et al. (2006).

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation on chlorophyll a, catalase, iron and zinc was significant. The effect of different levels of humic acid foliar application on chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, iron, zinc, potassium, phosphorus and indigo content was significant. Also, the results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation in foliar application of carotenoid humic acid, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, iron, phosphorus and indigo content was significant. The highest (39.32 mg.g-1 fresh weight) and the lowest (24.49 mg.g-1 fresh weight) content of indigo were obtained at the 7-day irrigation interval under the conditions of foliar spraying of 50 liters per hectare and the 11-day irrigation interval under the conditions of no humic acid application

The results of investigating the effect of reducing different levels of irrigation and increasing humic acid foliar spraying on indigo showed that the amount of chlorophyll a and b and zinc increased. Also, the increase in humic acid caused an increase in potassium and blood. At each level of irrigation, it was found that the amount of carotenoid and indigo content increased with the increase of humic acid foliar application. Some other physiological characteristics of indigo such as proline, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase showed a decrease in each irrigation level with increasing humic acid foliar application. In future researches, it is possible to consider the comparison of soil application and foliar application of humic acid. In general, for the production of vesme leaves, 9-day irrigation interval in foliar application of 40 L ha-1 of humic acid is suitable; and In order to obtain more indigo content, an 11-day irrigation interval in foliar application of 40 L ha-1 of humic acid seems appropriate.

 Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers.

This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a flame photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995).  In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit.

The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased Na+ and Cl- concentration in cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dSm-1 caused a significant decrease in seed cotton yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions.

Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on seed cotton yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a higher seed cotton yield.

With the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid ‎and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these ‎resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of ‎effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat is one of the most ‎important crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many ‎measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such ‎as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues ‎related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements.‎ In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield and accumulation of ‎heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar ‎city, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water ‎as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the channel of Ravansar c) ‎Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- One irrigation time, 2- two irrigation ‎times, and 3- three irrigation times). ‎ The results of the present study showed that the application of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo ‎Ravansar canal had significant values of micronutrients for wheat growth. The application of the mentioned effluent ‎showed that the effluent increased the concentration of iron (43 mg kg-1), zinc (41.77 mg kg-1) and copper (7.53 mg kg-1) ‎in the wheat seed. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of lead ‎‎(1.01 mg kg-1) and cadmium (1.21 mg kg-1) evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well ‎water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water ‎treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic ‎concentration range of these elements. ‎ Effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc, and copper in plant seeds compared to control. All of ‎these elements are the nutrients required for the filling of grains such as wheat. The results showed that the application of ‎wastewater had a positive role in the filling of wheat grains, and by releasing nutrients during the growth period of ‎Pishgam variety wheat, it increased grain yield. Overall, although the concentration of heavy elements evaluated in the ‎present study is high in the sample treated with wastewater, it was lower than the toxicity level defined in wheat grain. ‎

With the approach of attention to the environment, the use of natural materials can be effective in reducing the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers and artificial growth regulators. Drought stress is one of the main limitations of food production around the world, and due to increasing population and water deficiency, there is a global attention for using some materials to increase resistant of plant to drought stress. Chemical stimulants are currently used for decreasing negative effects of water stress in plant. Now a days, use of natural materials, such as plant extract is recommended by researchers. Garlic extract is one of the natural extracts that contains many enzymes and more than 200 biochemical compounds that, due to its richness in minerals and plant hormones, causes cell enlargement, cell division and, plant growth. Humic acid is created from the decomposition of organic matter and is beneficial to plant growth and development. Therefore, the aims of this research were to study the effects of using natural substances of humic acid and garlic extract on nutrients uptake (NPK) and growth of wheat plant under drought stress.

This study was performed during 2018 in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in three replications under greenhouse conditions. The studied soil with texture class of loam had pH = 8.11 and EC = 1.28 dS m-1. Experimental factors include drought stress at three levels of 95%, 65% and 45% of field capacity, garlic extract at three levels of foliar application of 0, 2% and 4% and humic acid at two levels of foliar application of 0 and 300 mg l-1. Drought stress were treated by the weight method, 17 days after sowing. Foliar application of humic acid (twice, 13 and 20 days after threating the drought stress) and garlic extract (three times, 18, 24 and 27 days after threating the drought stress) were performed by spraying 150 ml pot-1 of the solutions in each time. The plants were harvested 54 days after sowing and the parameters of shoot dry weight and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant were measured. Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.4 software and the comparison of means was done using Tukey's test at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that foliar application of humic acid and garlic extract alone had a positive effect on dry weight and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus of shoot. In addition, garlic extract also increased the potassium uptake. Drought stress reduced all investigated parameters; however, foliar application of garlic extract under drought stress conditions increased the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In 65% of field capacity, nitrogen uptake by using 2% garlic extract and phosphorus and potassium uptake by using 4% garlic extract had a maximum amount compared to others. In general, garlic extract, due to its antioxidant properties and the presence of growth-promoting compounds such as minerals, vitamins, phytohormones, sulfur compounds, enzymes and amino acids, can improve growth parameters and absorption of nutrients in wheat plant. Humic acid improved growth parameters due to its role in increasing cell membrane permeability, respiration and photosynthesis, phosphate absorption, root and cell expansion, and acting as hormone-like substances.

The foliar application of wheat plant with garlic extract and humic acid as natural stimulants had a favorable effect on the plant growth and nutrients uptake. Garlic extract was more effective than humic acid in reducing the negative effects of drought stress. Finally, the use of natural materials such as garlic extract and some high consumption compounds such as humic acid can be an environment-friendly and safe approach to improve plant growth and to reduce the destructive effects of chemical fertilizers and synthetic growth regulators.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most valuable medicinal plants globally, known for its culinary, medicinal, and economic importance. The yield and quality of saffron are influenced by several agronomic and environmental factors. Among these, nutrient management plays a critical role in enhancing plant growth and productivity. The use of organic compounds such as humic and folic acids has gained attention due to their potential to improve plant health, nutrient uptake, and stress resistance. Additionally, micronutrients like zinc are essential for various biochemical processes in plants, affecting overall growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and reproductive success. Recent studies suggest that the combined application of organic acids and micronutrients can synergistically enhance crop performance. This study investigates the effects of humic acid, folic acid, and zinc sulfate on key growth, physiological, and reproductive traits of saffron to identify the most effective treatment combinations for improving saffron yield and quality.
 
In this study, the studied treatments are humic acid (no use of humic acid, use of humic acid and use of humic acid enriched with amino acids), folic acid (no use of folic acid, use of folic acid and use of folic acid enriched with amino acids). amino) and zinc sulfate (no application of zinc sulfate, application of zinc sulfate in the amount of 3 kg/ha and application of zinc sulfate in the amount of 6 kg/ha) on growth, flower production and quality characteristics of saffron essential oil. This experiment was carried out in two years in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block design in three replications in the fields of the Islamic Azad University of Malkan branch. The treatments were applied as soil application every two years after planting.
 
Results and discution: This study examined the effects of humic acid, folic acid, and zinc sulfate on saffron plant growth over two years. The results showed that the highest plant height, 14.33 cm and 14.2 cm, was recorded in the second year with the treatments of humic acid + folic acid + zinc sulfate at 6 kg/ha and humic acid enriched with amino acids + folic acid enriched with amino acids without zinc sulfate. Compared to untreated plants, these treatments increased height by 64% and 62%, respectively. Similar results were observed in other growth traits, with humic and folic acids enriched with amino acids, along with zinc sulfate, yielding the most positive effects, especially in the second year. The application of enriched humic acid increased leaf number by 28.3%, while regular humic acid resulted in a 12% increase. The dry weight of aerial parts showed no significant difference between the two treatments, but leaf number, surface area, and dry weight were all positively influenced by these treatments. Zinc sulfate also had a significant impact, increasing leaf surface area by 46% in the second year when combined with humic acid. The study highlighted that zinc sulfate at 6 kg/ha, enriched humic acid, and folic acid enriched with amino acids led to the highest chlorophyll content and improved nutrient uptake, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, the treatments positively impacted the reproductive traits of saffron, such as flower number and stigma weight, with humic acid enriched with amino acids having the greatest effect. Folic acid, when enriched with amino acids, significantly increased crocin content, while both humic and folic acids improved picrocrocin levels. The study concludes that enriched humic and folic acids, combined with zinc sulfate, have the most substantial effects on saffron's vegetative and reproductive traits.
 
These results show that the combination of humic and folic acid treatments enriched with amino acids and zinc sulfate can effectively affect the growth and quality traits of saffron, especially the number of flowers and stigma weight.

Iran's high export value of saffron, the world's most expensive spice, is attributed to its cultivation in dry and semi-dry areas, which face moisture and soil organic matter deficits. To improve saffron yield, factors such as bulb size, planting time, fertilization, irrigation, and hormonal and organic treatments must be considered. Humic acid, an organic fertilizer, has positive effects on soil structure and plant growth, improving plant metabolism and resilience against drought and salinity. Salicylic acid, an organic fertilizer, induces plant responses to adverse environmental conditions, increasing plant growth and flexibility. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of soil-applied humic acid and salicylic acid pre-treatment on saffron's morphological and phenological traits.
 
A study was conducted at Payame Noor University's research farm in Marvast, using high-quality saffron corms from Torbat-Heydarieh. The experiment involved three replications over the 2019 and 2020 agricultural years. Treatments included four levels of humic acid (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg per hectare) and three levels of salicylic acid (0, 1, and 2 millimolar). The corms were planted manually in August 2019, and humic acid was applied with the first irrigation. Salicylic acid was pretreated for 8–10 hours in the dark. The study measured traits such as cormel number, leaf length, fresh and dry weights, flower and stigma yield, and phenological traits like sprouting and flowering times. Results showed that humic acid and salicylic acid treatments positively affected saffron growth and yield, indicating potential for improved cultivation practices.
 
The application of humic acid and salicylic acid significantly enhanced the total weight of corms, as well as the number and weight of cormels, particularly when used together. The highest total corm weight observed with the combination of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid was approximately 133% higher than the control. Similarly, the highest number of cormels was achieved with the 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid treatment in the first year, around 108% more than the control. Increasing levels of humic acid at all salicylic acid levels resulted in higher average corm weights. Adding 15 kg/ha humic acid to 0, 1, and 2 millimolars of salicylic acid boosted average corm weight by 30.7%, 57.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared to control without humic acid. Synergistic effects were also noted on leaf traits. The greatest leaf length occurred with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 5 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (38% increase) and with 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (46% increase). The highest dry leaf weight was observed in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid in the first year (79% increase) and in 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 10 kg/ha humic acid in the second year (103% increase). The maximum stigma length was recorded with 1 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid, showing a 52% increase compared to the control. The combined treatment of 2 millimolar salicylic acid and 15 kg/ha humic acid led to the highest fresh stigma weight in the first year (132% increase) and the highest dry stigma weight in the second year (300% increase). Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between qualitative and quantitative traits of saffron. A positive correlation was observed between dry stigma weight and the weight of both mothers (r = 0.76) and cormels (r = 0.74). Conversely, fresh style weight had a negative correlation with time to sprouting (r = 0.56) and flowering (r = 0.43). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the most influential traits on dry stigma weight were the weight of mother corms, days to flowering, and daughter corm weight. These factors explained 76%, 82%, and 86% of the variance in saffron performance, respectively.
 
This study showed that humic acid and salicylic acid had significant effects on the growth and flowering of saffron. Specifically, these compounds caused a notable reduction in the vegetative growth phase and flowering time of saffron. This result meant that the use of these compounds could lead to significant improvements in the morphological and phenological traits of saffron, ultimately increasing the number and quality of daughter corms and overall plant yield.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a member of Amaranthaceae family. This plant is annual and has seeds with high nutritional value. Quinoa seeds contain a high percentage of protein and essential amino acids, which are low in other plants. Using high-efficiency irrigation systems such as drip irrigation system, increasing water productivity and modifying the cultivation pattern and using alternative low-consumption plants are among the effective solutions for saving water consumption and sustainable development in the agricultural sector. The use of vermicompost, which is obtained as a result of the continuous and slow passage of organic materials through the digestive system of surface earthworm species and the removal of these materials from the worm's body, is a sustainable solution to maintain production and improve fertility. The soil is especially in arid and semi-arid areas that face a lack of soil organic matter.

This experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in the research farm of University of Kurdistan located in Dehgolan in 1400. The experimental factors included 4 levels of irrigation equal to 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa plant were assigned to main plots and 4 levels of vermicompost fertilizer equal to zero, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare were assigned to sub plots. The irrigation method used in this experiment was drip-strip irrigation system. In this study, the irrigation cycle was considered constant and equal to seven days. The distance between irrigation strips in each plot was equal to 50 cm. The amount of irrigation water was measured by a volumetric meter installed on the main pipe. At the end of the growth period, by removing the marginal effect of two square meters from each plot, the aerial parts were harvested in order to obtain the seed yield. Nutrient elements in quinoa seeds include nitrogen by Kjeldahl titration method, phosphorus, potassium by flame diffusion method and with the help of film-photometer device, sodium and calcium and micronutrient elements such as zinc, iron, copper and manganese by absorption device. atomic, were measured.

The results of analysis of variance obtained from the data of this research showed that the interaction effect of different levels of irrigation × vermicompost on grain yield traits, concentration of nitrogen, calcium, zinc and iron elements was significant. However, the concentration of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium elements under the influence of independent effects of different levels of irrigation and vermicompost became significant at the probability level of 1%. The concentration of sodium and copper elements were significant only under the influence of different irrigation levels. The results showed that the highest grain yield (2374.51 kg.ha-1), zinc concentration (20.22 mg.kg-1) and iron concentration (400.92 mg.kg-1) in The treatment was 125% of plant water requirement and 15 tons of vermi-compost per hectare. Also, the highest concentration of elements phosphorus (0.35%), potassium (4.31%) and copper (4.63 mg.kg-1) was observed in the treatment of 125% of plant water requirement. The highest concentration of nitrogen (2.6%), sodium (1.37%) and manganese (55.61 mg.kg-1) of quinoa seeds was observed in the treatment of 50% of plant water requirement.

The results of the present experiment showed that the application of different levels of vermicompost increases the concentration of elements in quinoa seeds. Due to the fact that vermicompost-containing substrates have a high percentage of nutrients and the release of these elements is gradual, therefore plant nutrition is more efficient and the result is an increase in the concentration of seed elements. On the other hand, due to the positive effects of vermi-compost in improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and increasing the maintenance of soil moisture at stress levels, it increases the concentration of quinoa seed elements compared to the treatment without the use of vermi-compost.

The effect of the combined use of nitrogen fertilizer with sugarcane residue compost and growth-promoting bacteria on wheat quality traits and yield in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season in Ahvaz was investigated.

An experiment was carried out in the form of two split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors include three sowing dates: 22 November, 11 December and 31 December in main plots; six combined of nitrogen with compost include control, 100% nitrogen, 75% nitrogen+ 25% compost, 50% nitrogen+ 50% compost, 25% nitrogen+ 75% compost and 100% compost in sub-plots and two levels of use and non-use of bacteria in sub plots.

Results showed the effect of Sowing date and the combined use of nitrogen with compost and growth-promoting bacteria were significant on all measured traits. Average comparison showed that combined use of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost with bacterial application increased the characteristics of Grain filling duration and Grain filling rate, Grain protein percentage and wet gluten. Also, the highest seed yield (5864 kg/ha) was obtained on the first planting date and combined consumption of 50% nitrogen + 50% compost and the lowest amount (1115 kg/ha) was obtained on the third planting date and the control treatment.

The combined use of nitrogen fertilizer and compost with growth-promoting bacteria could reduce the negative effect of heat stress at the end of the season on the measured plant traits.

Nitrogen is the most important nutritional element required by the rice plant, and a large part of it is lost in paddy fields through leaching, which can lead to environmental problems and reduce the efficiency of urea fertilizer use in rice cultivation. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of using different organic and chemical nitrogen fertilizers in order to reduce or solve this problem in 2021, in a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was implemented.The main factor including humic acid, fulvic acid and application of nitrogen fertilizer (granular urea, sulfur coated urea, ammonium sulfate, urea and ammonium nitrate, combination of sulfur coated urea and granular urea, and control) were considered as secondary factors. Comparison of the average of simple effects showed that the highest yield of paddy was obtained with the application of humic acid, which increased by 19% compared to the control. The highest plant height and biological yield were obtained by applying sulfur coated urea or sulfur coated urea with granulated urea. The highest dry weight of the cluster per plant, a single plant dry weight and the number of fertile tillers in plant belonged to the application of sulfur coated urea or the co-application of sulfur coated urea with granular urea with humic acid application. Therefore the fertigation of humic acid can be useful in improving the growth of rice in rice-cultivated soils in Khuzestan.

To investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet under different moisture conditions, a study was conducted as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Mahabad city in 2021. Irrigation treatments, including irrigation after 60 (normal), 90 (mild stress), and 120 (severe stress) mm evaporation from the class A evaporation pan, and organic fertilizer treatments (control, vermicompost, manure, and humic acid) were placed in main plots and sub-plots, respectively. Severe water stress conditions reduced the content of chlorophyll a (22.82 %) and relative water content (RWC) (24.35 %) and increased the content of proline (47.43%), beta glycine (17.89%), catalase (21.30 %), malondialdehyde (47.95 %) and water use efficiency (WUE) (23.83%) compared to normal irrigation conditions. Also, the application of vermicompost increased the amount of chlorophyll a, RWC, proline, glycine beta, catalase content, and WUE by 29.11, 20.15, 34.83, 14.98, 13.70, and 21.56 percent, respectively, and decreased the content of malondialdehyde about 18.53% in comparison to control. In this study, the highest stomatal conductivity (51.01 mol.m-2s-1), chlorophyll b content (16.3 mg.g-1FW), carotenoid (4.27 mg.g-1 FW), roots yield (78.33 t.ha-1) and the lowest content of hydrogen peroxide (0.96 μmol.g-1FW) allocated to the vermicompost treatment under normal irrigation conditions. Root yield showed a positive and significant correlation with stomatal conductance, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, RWC, and WUE, but a negative and significant correlation with catalase enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide content, malondialdehyde, and sugar content.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most expensive and unique spices in the world and is probably the result of the mutation of the wild plant Crocus cartwrightiamus and belongs to the family of lilies. Today, the issue of organic agriculture is discussed, in which, in addition to the quantity of production, special attention is paid to quality, stability, and sustainability in production. Therefore, organic fertilizers can be a good substitute for these materials in biological agriculture. Seaweed extract is one of the major renewable sources of seas in the world, it contains elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and some micronutrients (iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, manganese), growth hormones (auxin and cytokinin), vitamins and amino acids and it stimulates the growth and development and increases the performance of plants. Potassium also plays key roles in many physiological and biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, protein production, sugar production and transport, activation of more than 60 types of enzymes, regulation of osmotic and ionic potential, regulation of opening and closing of stomata, and formation of phloem vessels. To investigate the effect of potassium sulfate and seaweed, an experiment was performed on vegetative growth, yield, and corm saffron. 

This experiment was carried out in the 2018 and 2019 years as factorial and the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sarayan City of South Khorasan province. Experimental factors included four levels of potassium sulfate (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha-1) and three levels of seaweed (0, 1, and 2 per thousand). Before conducting the test and preparation operations, random soil sampling was done from a depth of 0-30 cm for the soil analysis test (Table 1). Plots were created with a length of two meters and a width of one meter. The distance between the plots was 50 cm, and the distance between the blocks was 1.5 meters, including the streams used to irrigate the plots. On the specified dates, the corms were removed from the mother farm, and after preparation and disinfection with benomyl fungicide with a concentration of two per thousand, they were planted in the field on the same day according to the plan (only corms with weight eight to 10 grams were used for planting). To apply foliar treatment with seaweed fertilizer, after preparing the solutions with desired concentrations, foliar spraying was done using a backpack sprayer and after calibrating it. Simultaneously with the beginning of flowering (late November 2018), the flowers of each plot were collected daily from the entire surface of the plots. Statistical analysis of data was done using SAS 9.4 software. A comparison of average data was also made using a protected LSD test at a five percent probability level. 

The results showed a significant effect of the treatments used on the studied traits, The highest number of flowers per square meter, yield of fresh flowers, fresh and dry stigma yield, and mean number of buds with flowering potential in each corm in the second year and the highest leaf length, weight fresh and dry leaves, total number and weight of corms, mean weight of each corm and mean weight of the original girl corms were obtained in both years at 300 kg ha-1 treatment of potassium sulfate. In addition, the results show a significant effect of seaweed (two per thousand) on the number of flowers per square meter, yield of fresh flowers, fresh and dry stigma yield in the second year, and leaf length, fresh and dry leaf weight, total weight of corms, mean weight of each corm and mean weight of the original girl corms in both years. Total weight of corms and weight of coriander more than 12 g in the first year and number of flowers per square meter, yield of fresh flowers, yield of fresh stigmas in the second year, and fresh leaf weight in both years in 300 kg h-1 treatment of potassium sulfate and the concentration of two per thousand seaweed had the highest increase. Also, the highest average weight of each corm in both years was obtained in the treatment of 200 kg ha-1 of potassium sulfate and a concentration of two per thousand seaweeds. 

According to the results of this study, the use of potassium sulfate fertilizer (300 kg h-1) and seaweed (two per thousand) alone can play an effective role in increasing vegetative growth, yield, and corm saffron, but their simultaneous use will be more effective.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicomposting and irrigation on the yield and quality of quinoa forage, this experiment was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Kurdistan University located in Dehgolan in 1400. The experimental factors included 4 levels of irrigation equal to 50, 75, 100, and 125% of the water requirement of the quinoa plant and the sub-factor included 4 levels of vermicompost fertilizer equal to 0, 5, 10 and 15 tons per hectare respectively. The highest plant height (111.47 cm), grain yield (2374.51 kg/ha), biological yield (5415.84 kg/ha), and digestible dry matter (59.49 %) in the treatment of 125% of plant water requirement and 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost was observed. The highest amount of crude protein of forage (15.71%) forage ash (18.91%) and water use efficiency (0.53 kg/m3) was in the treatment of 15 tons of vermicompost per hectare. Therefore, by improving the environmental conditions through the application of vermicompost and the water consumption required by the quinoa plant, its yield and quality can be increased.

In order to increase the quantity and quality of plant production in sustainable agriculture system, the co-application of organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers are in great importance. The co-application of organic and chemical fertilizers could potentially increase both plant growth and crop yield by improving the soil quality properties and enhancing the uptake of plant nutrients. In this approach, a proportion of needed plant nutrients is supplied by the chemical fertilizers and the rest is provided by organic fertilizers. Meanwhile, in this study the co-application of the organic i.e leonardite, vermicompost and black soils and their extracted humic acid and the inorganic fertilizers were studied. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-application of some organic amendments and chemical fertilizer on yield, yield components and concentration of some nutrients in green pepper.

To investigate the effect of co-application of some organic amendments on the yield and yield components of green pepper, a split-plot design over randomized completely design in three replications at pot-experiment level was conducted in 2019 growing season. In this experiment, the main factors include three types of organic amendments (leonardite, vermicompost and black soil) and sub-factors were 14 levels including (control, chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK) according to soil test, leonardite in three levels (2.6, 5.2 and 7.8 ton ha-1), extracted humic acid from leonardite in three levels (2.6, 5.2 and 7.8 kg ha-1), leonardite at the level of 2.6 (ton ha-1) with 75 % of needed chemical fertilizer (NPK), leonardite at the level 5.2 (ton ha-1) with 50 % of needed chemical fertilizer, leonardite at the level of 7.8 (ton ha-1) with 25 % of needed chemical fertilizer, extracted humic acid from leonardite at the level of 2.6 (kg ha-1) with 75 % of needed chemical fertilizer, humic acid extracted of leonardite at the level of 5.2 (kg ha-1) with 50 % of needed chemical fertilizer and the humic acid extracted of leonardite at the level of 7.8 (kg ha-1) with 25 % of needed chemical fertilizer were considered. Furthermore, all sub-surfaces for vermicompost and black soil treatments were similar to those for leonardite treatment.

The results indicated that co-application of organic amendments and chemical fertilizers and its interaction effect had significant effects on yield, yield components and concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of green pepper fruit. Application of extracted humic acid from leonardite (2.6 kg ha-1) with 75 % of NPK was able to increase yield of pepper, plant height, leaf area and total leaf chlorophyll 6, 1.7, 2.3 and 2.7 time compared to the control. Also, the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of green pepper fruit increased by 7, 2.8 and 2.9 times in the above treatments compared to the control, respectively.

The co-application of organic fertilizers and/or extracted humic acid with chemical fertilizer increase the concentration of high elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in green pepper fruit as well as vegetative traits such as plant dry weight, plant height, chlorophyll content and leaf area in green pepper. In fact, leonardite and extracted humic acid due to the increased root uptake and the chelating ability of the element, will make these elements more available to the plant. In general, the combined application of humic acid and chemical fertilizers (NPK) due to the richness of nutrients required for plant growth of green pepper compared to the control treatment.

In order to evaluate some morphological and chemical characteristics of quinoa, a split plot experiment has been conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019-2020 cropping season, at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Zabol, Iran. Vermicompost at three levels (0, 5 and 10 ton/ha) has been considered the main factor and chemical fertilizer at four levels (25, 50, 75 and 100%), the sub-factor. The main effect of vermicompost is significant on morphological traits such as plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. Interaction of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer is significant on chemical properties, including proteins and photosynthetic pigments. Application of 10 tons of vermicompost per hectare leads to the maximum level of plant height, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. Also, the highest amount of photosynthetic proteins and pigments are achieved from combined application of 10 tons/ha of vermicompost and 50% chemical fertilizer (25 kg/ha Urea+ 50 kg/ha triple superphosphate + 50 kg/ha potassium sulfate). Totally, results show the positive effects of vermicompost on the morphological and chemical properties of quinoa. It can be concluded that the combined use of chemical fertilizers and vermicompost can increase the yield of quinoa, while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and thus reduce the environmental impacts caused by them..

This research was conducted using questionnaires and the analysis of soil samples (the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) obtained from saffron fields of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. In this research, saffron irrigation and nutrition management methods among three farmer groups (progressive farmers, skilled farmers and ordinary farmers) were investigated and compared with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers in the mentioned three classes was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. The results showed that most of the progressive and skilled farmers used the combined nutrition management method (organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer with frequency of about 65%), while the single application of chemical fertilizer was the most common method among ordinary farmers (47.5%). The mean amount of organic manure application for ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 5.0, 6.3 and 10.7 ton ha-1year-1, respectively (less than the amount of 19.2 tons recommended by researchers) and the mean amount of nitrogen application was 49.5, 56.5 and 87 kg ha-1 (compared with 93.3 kg recommended by researchers). The application of phosphorus and particularly potassium was not a common practice among all three groups’ farmers. The average content of organic matter in the fields was 0.68%, nitrogen 0.041%, phosphorus 16.1ppm and potassium 292 ppm, which indicates the poverty of soils in terms of organic matter and to some extent nitrogen. The foliar application of nutrients for the fields of ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 0.23, 0.65 and 1.00 times per year, respectively, and the average irrigation times was 3.2, 3.6, and 4.6 times per year, respectively, which is less than the recommended values by experts (2.55 and 5.8 times per year, respectively). Summer irrigation (44.4% of farmers) and sprinkle irrigation method (26.8% of farmers) were more common among progressive farmers. In general, the poverty of organic matter and lack of nitrogen in the soil, low foliar application of nutrients and lack of use of modern irrigation methods were among the most important reasons for the high gap yield of saffron fields.

Introduction

The Crocus genus from the Iridaceae family has more than 70 ornamental species that are very valuable because of the beautiful color of the flower and are used in gardening and green spaces. Among the industrial and export products of Iran, saffron has found a special place as the most valuable agricultural and medical product in the world. The most important compounds in saffron are crocin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which are responsible for color, smell, and taste, respectively. The new approach to producing medicinal plants goes towards increasing the quantity and quality of the effective substance by using sustainable and organic farming methods, so using organic fertilizers in growing medicinal plants becomes necessary to achieve these goals.
 

This research was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in a saffron farm in Kashmar city and Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Laboratory. Treatments include Kelp seaweed extract in four concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mg.l-1), tea compost (0, 200, 300, 400 mg.l-1) and lignin (0, 500, 1000, 1500 mg.l-1). The treatments were carried out at the end of September along with the first irrigation. The research farm was in the sixth year of saffron cultivation. The planting distance was 20×30 cm and 15 corms were planted per square meter. The weight of the corms was 8-10 grams. Sampling from each experimental unit was done randomly. 10 plants were randomly selected from the middle of each plot. The flower was harvested during two weeks and at the beginning of the day, and then the petals were separated from the stigma. After harvesting the flowers and stigmas, they were transferred to a room with a temperature of 21-25 degrees Celsius and relative humidity of 41-52% for drying, using the dry shade method. The measured variables included total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin in stigma and petal tissues, and total safranal, total crocin, and total picrocrocin in stigma tissue.

The results showed that the treatments were significant at one percent. The mean comparison showed that the highest amount of stigma total phenol (6.75 mg.g-1) was observed in 3 mg.l-1 of seaweed treatment, and the highest amount of stigma total flavonoids (2.04 mg.g-1) was seen in the interaction of 500 mg.l-1 of lignin, 1 mg.l-1 seaweed, and 200 mg.l-1 tea compost. The highest amount of petal anthocyanin (0.42 mg.g-1) was recorded in 2 mg.l-1 seaweed treatment, the highest percentage of stigma antioxidant capacity (10.47%), and the highest amount of stigma anthocyanin (0.047 mg.g-1) was observed in the control treatment. Based on the results of the mean comparison, no difference was observed between most of the treatments, but the treatment of 1500 mg per liter of lignin (47.24%) increased lignin with a small difference. The lowest amount (24.16%) was related to the 500 mg. l-1 lignin treatment. According to the amount of crocin in the control, it can be concluded that the treatment did not have a great effect on the amount of total crocin in saffron.
 

Finally, it can be concluded that seaweed fertilizers, lignin, and tea compost had a good effect on the saffron plant, and considering the economic importance of this plant, using biological and organic fertilizers as much as possible and replacing them with chemical fertilizers has a positive effect in agriculture. So that, this research had the highest number of flowers and the highest stigma weight in compost tea treatment, which is one of the important factors desired by most farmers. In some treatments, a high level of phenol and anthocyanin in the petals compared to the stigma was seen, which makes pay more attention to the metabolites of the petals, and in some cases, even more advantages than the saffron stigma.

Growth-reducing factors play a key role in significantly reducing seed germination, reducing plumule length and radicle length growth, reducing seed vigor index and reducing seedling length. The most important of these factors are biological and non-biological stresses that several studies have reported have a significant effect on reducing seed germination. In Iran, chickpea cultivation is usually rainfed (about 92%), the seeds use the moisture stored in the soil and in this case the seeds are exposed to drought stress. Exposure to drought stress will eventually lead to reduced germination, improper posture, reduced plant yield. Water potential is the most important factor in seed germination and its reduction directly affects the physiological processes of germination and indirectly affects seed growth and nutrient reserves. In modern agricultural methods, the use of organic fertilizers to improve seed tolerance to stress conditions is recommended. One of these biological and organic fertilizers is compost and vermicompost. The use of vermicompost in addition to adding to the soil can be in the form of adding vermicompost extract (tea compost) to the soil. The unique properties of vermicompost extract are: 1. Contains beneficial aerobic microorganisms such as Azotobacter, 2. No anaerobic bacteria, fungi and pathogenic microorganisms, 3. High water holding capacity, 4. Humic acid (these substances have it has similar effects to growth regulators and hormones), and 5. Contains macro and micro nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, copper, manganese, iron and zinc. Due to the problem of drought and water shortage in many parts of the country, especially Khuzestan province, the use of modern agricultural methods to increase the yield and yield of crops is essential. The main purpose of this study was whether the use of compost tea can play a role in improving the negative effects of drought stress on the germination stage of chickpea seeds?
 
A factorial layout based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at Khatam Al-Anbia University of Technology in Behbahan. The first study was four levels of tea compost such as of 0, 5, 15, 25 and the second treatment was drought stress caused by polyethylene glycol, which included levels of -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa. In each petri dish, 35 chickpea seeds of Adel cultivar were placed and then the experimental units were numbered based on the studied treatments. Daily examination of petri dishes was continued for 14 days and germinated seeds were harvested from experimental units 15 days after the start of the experiment to measure germination parameters. Characteristics such as percentage, rate and vigor germination, seed vigor index, endosperm consumption, seedling length, plumule and radicle length, plumule and radicle dry weight were measured.
 
The results of this study showed that the application of compost tea had a positive and significant effect on all indices of chickpea seed germination, so that the results related to the simple effects of this application showed that the use of 5, 15 and 25% levels of compost tea significantly increased radicle dry weight, plumule dry weight and endosperm consumption. Under drought stress treatment, the results showed that in all germination and growth indices with increasing stress intensity from -0.3 MPa to -0.9 MPa had a significant decrease. In the study of the interaction effects of compost tea and drought stress, it was observed that in non-stress conditions, the levels of compost tea used (5, 15 and 25%) significantly increase germination rate, germination vigor, vigor index seed, radicle length and seedling length were compared to the control treatment. Under stress conditions of -0.3 MPa, all levels of compost tea caused a significant increase in seed vigor index, germination percentage, rate and germination vigor compared to the control and also in these conditions, 15 and 25 levels were able to significantly increase plumule length and seedling length relative to control. Under -0.6 MPa stress, levels of 15 and 25% of compost tea caused a significant increase in germination percentage and germination vigor, seed vigor index, plumule length and seedling length. Under stress conditions of -0.9 MPa, application of compost tea levels (5, 15 and 25%) in comparison with the control treatment significantly increased germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length and seedling length. Under these conditions, 15 and 25% of compost tea also significantly increased germination vigor compared to the control treatment.
 
According to the results of this study, application of compost tea (vermicompost extract) at levels of 15 and 25% in conditions where chickpea seeds are exposed to drought stress, is recommended.