جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pollination » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The reduction of genetic diversity in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), caused by domestication and breeding, has necessitated the use of all available genetic resources. Limiting cultivated tomato cultivars to modified cultivars and reducing genetic diversity are not desirable and cause production vulnerability and instability. Native populations can be used as genetic resources to improve and introduce superior crop varieties. Local populations are one of the most important genetic resources that are often non-uniform and consist of different and mostly pure genotypes. Breeding tomatoes means transferring desirable traits from parents to progeny and causing the variety and quality of tomatoes. Considering the great variety of tomato cultivars found in Iran, they can be used to select high-quality cultivars and produce desirable hybrids. This research aimed to select accessions for purposeful crossings to investigate the heritability of fruit traits, and the amount of heterosis in the F1, and to select progeny with small fruit and non-determinate growth.

In this research, seeds were collected from nine identified local accessions of native cherry tomatoes in Iran, including Kafshgiri from Gorgan, 2) Darklate, 3) Kurdistan, 4) Varamin, 5) Rasht, 6) Gorgan, 7) Rafsanjan, 8) Sari, and 9) Kermanshah. These accessions were subjected to 17 crosses, and the results of their first generations were analyzed afterward. After collecting pollen from the male parent and removing the stamens of the female parent flowers, the pollen was placed on the stigma of the female in the early morning before opening the flowers. In each mass, 6-10 plants were selected for crossing. In one cluster, 2-4 flowers were considered for crossing. Crossing was repeated in the case of no successful pollination and no fruit formation. After crossing and to control and prevent unwanted crossing by insects, the bushes were completely enclosed with a thin net (mosquito net). The formed fruits were harvested 30-40 days after mating. The fruits obtained in the laboratory were evaluated in terms of fruit volume, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, number of seeds in the fruit, Brix, acidity, and vitamin C. The experiment was based on a randomized complete block design with 17 treatments (17 crossings) in three replications. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the measured traits was performed using SAS software version 9.1. Other calculated parameters were variance components, general heritability, phenotypic, genotypic, environmental diversity coefficients, and the degree of trait heterosis.

The results of ANOVA for different fruit traits showed a significant difference between the studied crosses in terms of fruit volume, fruit length, fruit weight, fruit diameter, number of fruit seeds, Brix, acidity, and vitamin C at the probability level of 1%. The comparison of the average traits showed that fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length traits were the highest in the progeny of the Kermanshah × Rasht cross with values of 28.16 g, 3.29 mm, and 2.71 mm, respectively. The highest fruit volume (18.8 ml) was recorded in the offspring of the Sari × Rasht cross. The highest number of seeds per fruit was counted at 141 and 140, respectively, in the cross between Gorgan × Varamin and Shoghgiri × Kurdistan. The highest Brix (8.67%) belonged to the crossbreed of Rafsanjan × Kurdistan, the highest acidity (11.03 mg/100 ml of water) to the crossbreed of Rafsanjan × Rasht, and the highest vitamin C (1.6 mg per 100 ml of water) to the progeny of Kafshgiri × Rafsanjan.  In the fruit size, fruit weight, number of fruit seeds, Brix, acidity, and vitamin C traits, the genetic variation coefficient was higher than the phenotypic variation coefficient, indicating the lesser effect of environmental factors on these traits. In fruit length and diameter, the phenotypic diversity coefficient was higher than the genetic diversity coefficient. The estimated heritability (h2) of traits revealed that fruit volume, fruit weight, acidity, and vitamin C traits had general h2 from 80 to 99%. The Brix value showed the lowest general h2 of 59%. The results showed positive heterosis in fruit diameter and volume. Negative heterosis was observed in fruit length, fruit weight, and number of seeds. All crosses showed positive and high heterosis regarding fruit size, and the highest fruit size heterosis with 10.71 was obtained in the progeny of the Kurdistan × Kafshgiri cross. The superior cross in terms of fruit diameter was identified in the Kermanshah × Rasht cross, with a heterosis of 7.53.

The obtained results showed that the highest level of general h2 and genetic progress were found for the vitamin C, fruit acidity, fruit weight, and fruit volume traits, respectively, which were found in the crossings of Kafshgiri × Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan × Rasht, and Kermanshah × Rasht. In terms of fruit size, fruit weight, number of fruit seeds, soluble solids, acidity, and vitamin C, the genetic variation coefficient was higher than the phenotypic variation coefficient, indicating less influence of environmental factors on these traits. In other words, high heritability, genetic progress, and genetic diversity for quantitative and qualitative traits can help breeders choose the best combination and reach an optimal level of performance potential.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the important crops in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Today, plant tissue culture technology, as an important commercial method, provides the possibility of rapid reproduction of trees needed for the development of groves. Despite this, one of the main weaknesses of this method is the possibility of abnormal phenotypes such as delay in flowering, low levels of fruit set and formation of parthenocarp fruits. There is a difference between tissue culture date varieties in terms of the amount of abnormalities. In young tissue culture palm trees of Berhi cultivar, the amount of parthenocarp fruits reaches 59-86% and the yield of the date palm is greatly reduced. Therefore, identifying the causes of these abnormalities in tissue culture palms is very important.This study was conducted in order to investigate the changes in nutrient elements related to fruit setting in the pollination season on tissue culture derived date palms and derived from offshoot cv. Barhee in Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center of Ahvaz city. At the beginning of spring season, palm trees were selected from each group of tissue culture and offshoot trees (10 years old). Sampling of flowers and fruits was done in the three stages of spath appearance, ripe spath and 2 weeks after pollination from three spathes. In the pollination stage, three spathes in each palm (1-2 days before natural opening) were pollinated with the same male pollen. Nitrogen, zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, boron and potassium elements were measured in the flower or fruit samples collected from tissue culture and offshoot trees. In 5th week after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarp fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded. Also, cluster yield was measured at harvest time.The results showed that tissue culture derived plants had less fruit set (%) and more seedless fruits and drop (%) as compared to off shoot derived plants. Also, the fruit yield in the tissue culture plants was lower than off shoot derived plants. The levels of magnesium, manganese, boron, zinc and potassium in off shoot derived plants were higher than Tissue culture plants in most of the measured stages. By using multiple linear regression analysis and superior model selection, the amount of calcium and iron of flower and fruit had a negative relationship with the amount of fruit set and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and boron had a positive relationship with it. The lack of nutritional elements in tissue culture plants in comparison to offshoot derived plants in different stages, especially pollination and fruit formation, may cause disturbances in the synthesis of carbohydrates, protein, and organic matter, so the growth and development of the plant and ultimately the amount reduce fruit yield. Therefore, optimal feeding of trees and foliar spraying with key elements such as boron, zinc, manganese and magnesium at different stages can be one of the effective ways to improve fruiting and achieve maximum yield and increase the quality of the fruit of these trees.

Apricot is one of the most economically important fruit trees in temperate regions of Iran and in the world. However, it usually produces low fruit yield, due to its self-incompatibility. In this study, self-incompatibility status and flowering phenological characteristics of 19 five-years-old apricot genotypes, developed from open-pollination of Iranian commercial apricot cultivars; Shahroudi and Shams as female parents, and Italian cultivars; San Castrese, Palumella, Vitillo and Cafona as male parents, were evaluated. Timing of blooming, blooming duration, pollen germination (%), fruit set (%), timing of fruit ripening and some other traits were evaluated and recorded. The results showed that apricot genotypes were significantly different for timing of flowering, pollen germination (%), fruit formation (%) and timing of fruit ripening. Mean comparison showed that the highest pollen germination (%) belonged to genotype 525 (69%) and the lowest to genotype 579 (5.2%). Evaluation of data from controlled pollination and fluorescent microscopy study showed that 13 genotypes 431, 446, 432, 446, 451, 526, 546, 557, 565, 570, 576, 579 and 585 could be considered as self-compatible genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that there was negative and highly significant relationship (r = -0.63**) in first year and (r = -0.48**) in second year, between timing of flowering and fruit ripening. Also correlation coefficient between pollen germination (%) and initial fruit set (%) was positive and highly significant (r = 0.97**). The results of this study implied that self-compatibility is easily transferred from parents to progenies, and the two identified late flowering genotypes can be used in apricot breeding programs.

In order to evaluate grain yield of wheat cultivars in two planting dates and determination of proper cultivars for autumn and entezari culture, a study is carried out during two years, between 2015 and 2017 in Torogh research station in Mashhad. Two planting dates of autumn and entezari culture are the main plot and 16 genotypes of wheat (14 cultivars and 2 promising lines), including Baran, Rasad, Sardari, Sabalan, Crosssabalan, Rijav, Karim, Koohdasht, Dehdasht, Azar2, Homa, Ohadi, Ghaboos, and Aftab cultivars are the subplot. Results show that significant difference exist between cultivars in terms of agronomic characteristics and grain yield. Flowering date of cultivars differ and no cultivar start flowering in the optimum temperature range for flowering. Cultivars of Karim and Rijav with mean yield of 1430 and 1326 kg/ha, respectively, have had the maximum yield and cultivars of Ohadi and Rasad with mean yield of 893 and 925 kg/ha, respectively, the minimum. The difference between maximum and minimum grain yield is about 60%. Delay in planting leads to delay in pollination in all cultivars; therefore, autumn planting date could be recommended. Also for autumn planting, cultivars of Karim and Rijav can be advised and for entezari planting date only spring cultivars such as Karim and Aftab are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza values on yield and remobilization rate of maize under water shortage tension, the present experiment was conducted in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the crop years 2016- 2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The main factor included water shortage tension including control (irrigation in all stages), lack of irrigation in 10-leaf stage (vegetative growth), lack of irrigation in pollination stage (flowering) and lack of irrigation in seed stage (milk paste) and superabsorbent polymer sub-plot included control or non-application of superabsorbent, application of 100 kilogram per hectare and application of 200 kilogram per hectare and mycorrhiza sub-sub-plot included control or (non-application) and application of mycorrhiza. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent tension interaction on grain yield, one thousand-grain weight, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, remobilization rate and remobilization share was significant. The highest grain yield (6674/29 kilogram per hectare) was related to irrigation treatment in all growth stages and application of 200 kilogram per hectare superabsorbent. Although with cessation of irrigation in 10-leaf stages, pollination and seeding reduced grain yield by 11, 14 and 12.5 percent, respectively, but this reduction was not significant in these treatments because the consumption of 200 kilogram per hectare in superabsorbent was able to compensate for the water deficit tension in these treatments. The interaction of water shortage and mycorrhiza tension on grain yield, number of grains per ear and number of grains per row was also significant. In general, due to the long-term stability of superabsorbent in soil, it can be said that the application of 200 kilogram per hectare of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in irrigation conditions at all stages of growth can increase grain yield, corn yield components and overall production improvement.

One of the cultivable fruit trees that can be cultivated in Iran, It is a typical Hawthorn with the scientific name Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Generally, hawthorn species are scattered in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The genus of hawthorn is also distributed in most parts of Iran. Its largest distribution is in the north, northeast, northwest and west. This genus in Iran has 27 species and hybrids. Hawthorn as a plant resistant to air pollution, it is compatible with a variety of soils and ornamental plants. In Europe this plant are widely used in fence building. The fruit of this plant has medicinal and edible value and is used in various forms such as refreshment, juice, jams, jelly and as a flavoring of food. Small size and lack of uniformity of hawthorn fruits set limits on the production and processing of the product. One reason of these restrictions is producing abundant flowers and converting a high percentage of them to fruit. This experiment was conducted to determine the level of compatibility or incompatibility of the hawthorn tree, as well as the effect of different growth regulators on the fruit content and fruit quality.

In this study, the possible incompatibility and effect of some plant growth regulators on the physical and chemical properties of hawthorn fruit were investigated. This study is a randomized factorial design with two levels of pollination (self-pollinated and open-pollinated) and growth regulators gibberellic acid (75 and 150 ppm), NAA (10 and 20 ppm) and ethephon (75, 150 ppm) in three replications. Indices of fruit set percent (3, 7, 10 and 17 weeks after full bloom), seed weight, flesh and fruit, flesh to seed ratio, dry weight and fruit juice percent, TSS, TA, TSS / TA and the number of cells per microscopic field of vision were investigated.

Effect of pollination (self and open pollination) and foliar application of plant growth regulators on the percentage of hawthorn fruit set, fruit weight, seed weight and pulp to seed ratio was significant while treatments do not significantly affect the weight of the meat and juice percent. According to the results, qualitative specifications of hawthorn fruit (soluble solids, total acid and ratio of total soluble solids to total acid) were affected by plant growth regulators used in this experiment (GA, NAA and ETHE). So that the number of cells were affected by treatment such that ethephon has greatest impact on the number of cells in open-pollinated and self-pollinated trees in concentrations of 75 and 150 ppm.

The results showed that the hawthorn used in this experiment was incompatible and for better fruit set requirement to free pollination (use of pollinators). Also, use of plant growth regulators on the percentage of fruit set and fruit size was effective. The highest percentage of fruit set was obtained by Gibberellin spray and the largest fruits were obtained by spraying with ethephon.

The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has a special status in Iranian traditional agricultural system due to the different weather conditions and the history of the use of medicinal herbs. These systems play an important role in creating diversity and stability. In this regard, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of ajwain and chamomile as two insect attractive plants on improvement the yield of onion seed production under intercropping systems. The experiment was conducted on a field located in 10 kilometers west of Shirvan, North Khorasan province, Iran.

The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with ten treatments in three replications. Treatments were including of sole sowing of ajwain, one row intercropping of onion and ajwain, two row intercropping of onion and ajwain, three row intercropping of onion and ajwain, sole sowing of chamomile, one row intercropping of onion and chamomile, two row intercropping of onion and chamomile, three row intercropping of onion and chamomile, sole sowing of onion by free pollination and sole sowing of onion under cage. The measured criteria for onions were plant height, number of umbrellas per square meter, number of fertilized capsules in umbrella, number of infertile capsules, number of seeds per capsule, number of flowering stems, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per hectare and harvest index. The onion seeds were harvested manually. Characteristics such as plant height, 1000 seed weight, seed yield per hectare, biological yield and harvest index were recorded for ajwain, and for chamomile, traits such as plant height, dry inflorescence yield per hectare, biological yield per hectare and harvest index were measured

The results showed that the maximum number of inflorescence 32.46 per m2), seed yield of onion 462kg/ha) and biological yield 9973 kg/ha) were obtained in sole sowing of onion by free pollination and the maximum harvest index for seed 7.001) and bulb 95.31) were observed in sole sowing of onion by self-pollination. However, the maximum number of fertile capsules in onion inflorescence was obtained in three row intercropping of onion with ajwain and chamomile 151.57 and 154.36, respectively) and thousand seed weight of onion 4.82 g) was observed in three row intercropping of onion and chamomile. The highest thousand seed weight of ajwain 1.33 g) was obtained from three row intercropping by onion while the highest seed yield 2001 kg/ha) and biological yield 2915 kg/ha) were obtained in sole sowing of ajwain. We observed the highest chamomile dry weight of plant, dry flower and harvest index 358.6, 164 and 45.84, respectively) in sole sowing and then in three row intercropping by onion. The maximum amount of LER was obtained in three row intercropping of onion by ajwain and chamomile 1.16 and 1.15, respectively) that it shows this pattern of intercropping superiority to sole sowing.

According to the results, it can be concluded that the combination of three rows of onions with chamomile and ajwain, having the proper density of each plant, provides better use of plants from environmental resources and improves the attraction of insects, improves pollination of onions flower and increase the yield of all three plants.

Abstract   Background and Objectives To achieve optimal fruit set, economic productivity and targeted crossings in seedlings and grafted walnut orchards, the flowering time of both male and female flowers and their overlapping is important. Since the walnut ovule longevity is limited, fertilization should occur at the shortest possible periods to lead to fruit set. Therefore, the evaluation of effective pollination periods and the needed time for the growth of pollen tube and ovule fertilization are important for successful fertilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the compatibility and the effect of pollen on some selected genotypes of walnut as pollinizers on the fruit set, fruit composition and the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the progeny derived from MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24 genotypes as maternal parents.   Materials and Methods This research was conducted in 2016-2017 in the research garden of Malayer University in Hamedan province. In this study, female parents including MSG15, MKG23 andMKG24 were pollinated with pollinizers of MKG4, MKG5, MKG10, MKG13, MKG14, MSG15, MKG23 and MKG24. Some of the characteristics of the fruit and the kernel were also evaluated in the offspring resulting from controlled pollination.   Results Based on the results, the cross between female parent genotype of MSG15 with pollinizers of MKG4 (%79.33), MKG5 (%81.67) and MSG15 (%79.67), female parent genotype of MKG23 with pollinizers genotypes of MKG5 (%83.67) and MKG10 (%62.67), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizer genotypes of MKG5 (%81.67) and MKG14 (%81.33) showed the highest fruit set. Also, female parent of MKG15 with pollinizers of MKG13 (%38.33), MKG23 (%37.33) and MKG24 (%38.33), female parent of MKG23 with pollinizer MKG24 (%40.00), female parent of MKG24 with pollinizers MKG10 (%42.33) and MKG23 (%42.33)showed the maximum flower abscission. Moreover, the highest percentage of kernel (%61.9) was found in combination cross of female parent of MSG15 with MKG5 pollinizers. The lowest fruit weight with husk (250 gr) and kernel fresh weight (50.5 gr) was found in combination cross of female parent MKG23 with pollinizer of MKG24. In addition, the lowest percentage of kernel (%28.98) was totally obtained in combination cross of female parent MSG15 with pollinizer of MKG24.   Discussion The highest percentage of fruit was obtained in hybridization of maternal parent MSG15 with pollinizers MK4, MKG5, MSG15, and MKG23 as seed parents with pollinizers MKG5, MKG10, and MKG23 mother's parents with paternal parents MKG5 and MKG10. According to the results of this research, it is possible to use compatible and suitable genotypes introduced in this study in other walnut breeding programs.

Fruit production with good quality depends on determination of self-fertility and self-incompatibility of cultivars as well as the best pollinizer. Therefore, this research was carried out to study the best pollinizer for introduced quince cultivar “Viduja”. The effects of the male parents, including KVD2, KVD4, Isfahan, Torsh and also open pollination were studied on quantitative and quality characteristics of the pollen recipient parent in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Horticultural Research Station of Mobarakeh, Isfahan, Iran. To determine the best pollinizar, shoots of the donor parents were cut and the required amount of the pollen grains was prepared in the laboratory. Flowers of “Viduja” cultivar were emasculated in the balloon stage and covered with isolation bags. The isolation bags were removed temporarily and emasculated flowers were crossed with the pollen of donor parents. Female parent incompatibility was evaluated with covering a number of flowers in the balloon stage. Hand self-pollination and open pollination were carried out for “Viduja” cultivar. The results showed that there was not fruit set in self-pollinationed treatments. The highest fruit set obtained with pollens of KVD2 genotype. The length, diameter and fruit weight were not affected by the type of pollen, and only natural and hand self pollinated treatments had significant differences with other treatments. The highest total soluble solids were obtained from pollinated flowers with pollens of KVD2 genotype and open pollination. The pollen grain type had no significant effect on other fruit quality traits. In conclusion, the best source of pollen for “Viduja" quince cultivar was KVD2 genotype. Therefor the cultivation of this genotype is recommended in the “Viduja” orchards.

To investigate the effect of competition and thermal condition in key stages of corn growth and development on relative composition of seed size and shape, parental inbred lines of single cross 704 were planted in accordance with its seed production guideline in five sowing date and five plant density. Seed yield, seed yield components and weight ratio of four major seed shape and size were analyzed in regard to mean daily temperature and daily growth degree day (based on CERES function) of different phenological stages including, seedling emergence to tassel emergence, fertilization and pollination to physiological maturity. Results showed that the average of maximum temperature higher than 34°C during fertilization lead to increase in weight ratio of Large-round seeds in favor of Large-broad ones. For each degree Celsius increase or decrease in maximum temperature during fertilization from 34°C, the proportion of broad seeds decreased or increased, respectively, about %38±0.3.When daily growth degree days during seed filling dropped lower than 13°C, the relative composition of Large-round size decreased. The higher inter plant competition changed the relative weight of Large-round seeds in favorite to Large-broad seeds, in the way that the highest proportion of broad seeds and lowest proportion of off-size seeds produced from 60000 and 70000 plant per hectare.

In order to evaluate self and cross-incompatibility on Kashan and Azaran ecotyps of Damask rose (Rosa damascena) was performed based on completely randomized blocks design with four replications in 1391-1392 Crop of years at Research farm of Ttarbiat Modares University. In this way each ecotype pollens used for self and another ecotype, also Dog rose (Rosa canina) applicated as pollinizer for both of them. In order to identify self and cross incompatibility we used two method contain controlled pollination and microscopic studies. Pollination result Obtained from scrutiny development percent, weight, length and hip width and seed production in every hip show that cross pollination by Dog rose was compatibility but other cross were incompatibility. Also twice pollinations had better result. Result show that Microscopic study had similarity result with farm outcome. According to growing pollen tube in style, just pollen tube of Dog rose could get to end of style. Pollen lively was specified by growing tube pollen under in vitro condition. The best Concentration of Acid boric in order to germination was 50 microliter after 24 h and 200 microliter was best treatment for tube growth. According to present results, select of suitable pollinizer and repeat of pollination cycles were effective factors in hybridization of Damask rose, thus controlled cross pollination by twice pollination Dog rose had most appropriate results at measured factors.

To evaluate the effect of planting date and nitrogen fertilizer on various developmental stages of six wheat cultivars, this experiment was conducted using split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Rokh plain of Khorasan Razavi, Iran, in 2013-2014. The experimental factors were including planting date in three levels (October 10, November 5 and November 30) as main plots, nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (No fertilizer, 150 and 300 kg.ha-1) as sub plots and six wheat varieties (Zarin, Gascogne, Sayunz, Pishgam, Alvand and Mihan) as sub-sub plots. The results showed that varieties were significantly different at various developmental stages, so that Pishgam showed the highest and Mihan showed the lowest thermal needs from planting to rippening. A delay in planting reduced duration of developmental stages and consequiently reduced growth degree days (GDD), so that planting date from October 10 to November 30 caused a reduction of 656.7 GDD. Application of more nitrogen fertilizer increased duration of double ridges to end spikelet initiation (11.12%) and spikelet initiation to pollination stages (11.35%). The early developmental stages that determines the number of grains per spike as one of the main yield components, had the highest correlation coefficient with grain yield. Therefore, in case of delayed planting date of wheat, it would be possible to postpone wheat developmental stages by applying more nitrogen fertilizer. The results also indicated that in optimum planting date (October 10), Pishgam and in the late planting date (November 5 and 30), Alvand showed better performance than the other varieties.

Pollination as one of the most important management factors in date orchards is playing a crucial role in improving fruit quality and yield. The aim of this experiment was to determine the best pollinizer for Shahani date cultivar in Jahrom Agricultural Research Stations, Fars and Tarbiat Modares, University, Tehran, during 2012-2013. To determine the most compatible pollinizer to Shahani date, the first experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with six treatments (Jahrom native pollen, Darab native pollen, Ghir and Karzin native pollen, Larestan native pollen, Frashband native pollen and tissue culture Boyer 11 pollen) and four replications. To investigate the viability of pollen, the second experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with six pollinizer treatments and four replications. The results of the first experiment showed that the effect of different pollinizer treatments on fruit set, yield, length, diameter, weight and volume of fruit was significant. The highest percentage of fruit set and yield was observed in the Larestan rootstocks and Larestan and Darab pollinizer treatments, respectively. Contrast to fruits ash and moisture content, pH and juice acidity, effect of different pollinizer treatments on flesh weight to stone ratio and TSS was significant. Based on the second experiment results, there were significant differences among studied pollinizers in term of pollen germination percentage. The highest and lowest pollen germination percentage was related to the Larestan and tissue culture Boyer 11 pollinizer male palm, respectively. Generally, the results showed that Larestan and Darab native pollens are the most suitable pollinizer cultivar for Shahani date in Jahrom areas of Iran.

Pollen storage could facilitate the date palm hand pollination through saving time and space. The main concern is maintaining pollen viability, which is greatly cultivar dependent and is influenced by storage condition. In this study, to address this issue, the effects of cultivar, storage temperature, and time on pollen germination were investigated. A factorial experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates using four cultivars ‘Kazeroon (7013)’, ‘Lar (7035)’, ‘Darab (7016)’ and ‘Qyr-va Karzin (7021)’, four storage temperatures (RT (20 ± 5), 4, -20 and -80°C) and six storage periods (60, 120, 150, 180, 210 and 375 days). Anova of data showed significant effects of variety, storage temperature, storage time and their interactions on pollen germination. The pollen germination rate increased with decreasing temperature. When pollens were stored for up to 150 days, the germination rates of all varieties initially increased then decreased. Overall, the optimum temperature for preserving pollen grains of tested cultivars is -80°C and the highest pollen grain longevity is related to ‘Qyr-va Karzin (7021)’ after one year.

Pollination is a key process in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Hence, pollination has important role in those human foods production and livelihoods which directly depend on natural ecosystems and agricultural production systems. One third of the food used by humans directly and indirectly is provided by plants that depend on pollination within sects. Worldwide, more than 3,000 plant species have been used as food, while 300 of them are now widely grown, and only 12species supply nearly 90 percent of the world's food. The majority of the flowering plants make the seeds once animal pollinators transfer pollen grains from anthers to their stigma. In addition to plants, biodiversity of animals that feed on fruits and seeds are also dependent on pollinators. Without this procedure, the relationship between most of the related species can be dissipating. Thus, in addition to agricultural production, pollinators are also critical for maintaining biodiversity. In this study, in order to regeneration and production of important agricultural crops, the types of reproductive and pollination mechanisms were discussed.

In Iran quince cultivar Isfahan is the dominant commercial cultivar that demonstrates low fruit set and limited crop load in the orchards without pollinizers. This research was performed to determine the self–incompatibility and the most suitable pollinizer for Isfahan cultivar. For this purposes, effects of four different pollinizers including KM1, PK2, KVD2 and NB4, and two control treatments, self pollination and open pollination were evaluated on fruit set and fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cultivar Isfahan for three years (2006-2008). Based on the results of mean comparison of fruit set percentage, there were a significant difference among different pollination treatments, except KVD2 and NB4. The maximum percentage of fruit set was 23.42 which gained by KM1 genotype, and the minimum 8.4% was related to the self pollination. The mean comparison of self pollinated treatments on fruit weight showed a significant difference between KM1 and other treatments. The KM1 genotype with high overlap blooming period and highest percentage of fruit set and seed number per fruit was recognized as the best pollinizer for quince cultivar Isfahan. Parallel assessment for isolation and evaluation of diversity in S locus of quince genomes revealed the presence of S alleles in this locus in most tested genotypes. Interestingly, more suitable quince genotypes for using as pollinizers, KM1 and NB4, contained two divergent S alleles in this locus.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of different time and duration of hot water for lettuce physical emasculation. In this research, immerse side branches of the inflorescence in the blooming and bud stages , put in hot water (40 and 50° C) where water at temperatures 25° C was used as control, for 20, 35, 50 and 65 seconds. Analysis of variance revealed that different water temperatures had significant affects on the percentage of hybrid seeds in the blooming and bud stage (two days before flowering), whereas the hot water emasculation and their interaction had no significant affects. The highest percentage of hybrid seeds (94.57%) and non-fertile pollens (84.07%) were obtained by the using of water at temperature 50° C .

Due to the self incompatability almond (Prunus amygdalus B) needs cross-pollination، so it is important to choose the suitable pollinizers. This study was carried out to select appropriate pollinaizer for promising late flowering almond cultivars in Kamal Shahr Horticultural Research Station of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2012 and 2013. For pollination، from female parent four trees were selected as replication and three barnches from each tree as a sample. Female parents including Aydin، Araz and Saba were crossed with the pollens of Shahrood 12، Shekoofeh، Sahand، Aydin، Araz، Saba supernova، Eskandar and A200 as male parents. Results of statistical analyses showed that effects of year and cros combinations were statistically different at the probability levels of 5% and 1% percent for fruit set in each time. Due to the results، the highest final fruit set percent was obtained in the crosses of Sahand cultivar as male parent with Saba cultivar as female parent (29. 72 %). The lowest final fruit set was also obtained in crosses of Araz (male parent) with Shkoofeh (female parent)، A200 (male parent) with Araz (female parent) and Shkoofeh (male parent) with Saba (female parent) (10. 71، 9. 65 and 7. 01 %، respectively). Results of the analyse of variance of fruit characteristics of progenies showed statistically differences. Due to the results، in crosses which Aydin was female parent، fruits were larger than other combinations that Saba and Aras were as female parent.

This investigation was carried out in a commercial orchard in Ashtian city, Markazi province. The effect of N-phenyl-phthalamic acid and nutrition on fruit quantity and quality of plum cv. Maragheh was studied with the aim of increasing yield. The N-phenyl-phthalamic treatments (concentrations, 0, 500 and 1000 mg/l) were performed at full bloom (80 % flowering) on 29 March. Also, nutrition was conducted on 18 May using perfect liquid fertilizer (Plant Green). As a result of this process, the yield amount was increased, when N-phenyl-phthalamic acid 500 and 1000 mg/l treatment were used without fertilization comparison to control. But fruit quality parameters (weight, length, and width) were decreased in comparison to control. However, treatments N-phenyl-phthalamic acid 500 and 1000 mg/l with fertilization not only increased fruit setting but also increased fruit quality characters (weight, length, and width). According to the present results, N-phenyl-phthalamic acid (500-1000 mg/l) along nutrition can be used for the improvement of fruit quantity and quality of plum.