جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « transplanting » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

The increasing demand for medicinal plants in traditional medicine as well as the pharmaceutical industry has created the need for some plants to be grown commercially, but the lack of soil moisture poses a serious threat to their production. Planting method can affect the emergence and growth rate of crop and lead to decrease water consumption and increase irrigation water efficiency as yield increases. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the drought tolerant plants. Saving water consumption by cultivating drought tolerant plants has been proposed as a strategy to combat drought. It should be noted, however, that irrigation without proper planning can reduce the growth and production of crops. In this regard, determining time of deficit irrigation with minimum damage is an appropriate solution that achieves optimum yield while saving water consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and planting method on some physiological traits, yield and water use efficiency of Roselle plant.

The experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the Research Farm of Kashmar Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station, during two growth seasons 2016 and 2017. Irrigation (in seven levels i.e. I100: 100% crop water requirement (CWR), I180: 80% CWR from 8-leaf stage to end of flowering, I280: 80% CWR from 8-leaf stage to beginning of flowering, I380: 80% CWR from beginning to end of flowering, I160: 60% CWR from 8-leaf stage to end of flowering, I260: 60% CWR from 8-leaf stage to  beginning of flowering, I360: 60% CWR from beginning to end of flowering) and planting method (in two levels i.e. direct and indirect) were in main plots and sub plots, respectively. In the transplanting method, the seeds were sown in the transplant tray on March 10, 2016 and 2017 and transplanted to the farm in four-leaf stage. Direct cultivation was also carried out in April, in 2.5 × 7 meter plots at a depth of 1.5 cm.In order to measure physiological traits, sampling from the youngest leaves of plants under stress and control conditions was carried out at the maximum flowering stage. Physiological traits including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, leaf relative water content and proline content were measured using these leaves. At the harvest time, two square meters of each plot were harvested. Then, seed and calyx yield were measured and using the measured amount of water consumed, water use efficiency based on seed and calyx were calculated.Data were analyzed with SAS software; obtained averages compared with using Tukey's Studentized Range (HSD) Test at the 5% probability level.

The results showed leaf relative water content was affected only by irrigation and planting method and seed and calyx yields were affected only by irrigation. The leaf relative water content in seedling planting method was higher than direct planting. The highest relative leaf water content (84.66%), seed (667.54 kg ha-1) and calyx yield (392.73 kg ha-1) were obtained in I100 treatment that for yield had no significant difference with I801 treatment. The lowest these traits were also obtained in I360 treatment.The interaction effect between irrigation and planting method was significant on chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, leaf proline content, seed and calyx water use efficiency. In most irrigation levels, transplanting improved these traits compared to direct sowing. I100 and transplanting treatment had the highest chlorophyll a (0.31 μmol g-1 fw), chlorophyll b (0.16 μmol g-1 fw) and carotenoids (0.56 μmol g-1 fw) and I360 and transplanting treatment had the highest leaf proline content (7.95 μmol g-1 fw). The highest seed (0.15 kg m-3) and calyx (0.08 kg m-3) water use efficiency were obtained in I160 and transplanting treatment and I180 and transplanting treatment was located in the second level. I360 and direct planting method had the lowest seed (0.06 kg m-3) and calyx (0.03 kg m-3) water use efficiency.

The results of this study revealed that deficit irrigation at 80% of the crop water requirement from 8-leaf stage to the end of flowering along with transplanting method was more effective in saving irrigation water with a good yield of the Roselle plant compare to treatment of 100% of the crop water requirement.

The high richness of food and the high resistance of quinoa to various environmental conditions and stresses have increased attention to its cultivation worldwide. The current research was carried out in the crop year of 2018-2019 in Kohdasht city in Lorestan province in the form of factorial split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications. The test factors include three genotypes (Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama) in the main plot and factorial levels including planting method (transplanting, seed priming with boric acid 1000ppm and direct sowing) and boron spraying (spraying with boric acid solution 1000ppm and no foliar spraying). The use of the transplanting method in planting Titicaca, Giza 1, and Sajama genotypes improves the studied traits such as increasing plant height (respectively 14.61, 11.28, and 50.55 percent), increasing leaf area index (respectively 24.28, 30.15 and 17.48 percent) reducing the time up to 50 percent of flowering (34.01, 34.2 and 38.83 days, respectively) and increasing seed yield (46.07, 34.45 and 28.82 percent, respectively) compared to the direct sowing method. The priming effect was also positive and significant on all traits of the studied genotypes, increased seed yield (14.8%), and reduced the ripening period (13 days). It was also found that the effect of boron foliar spraying on seed yield was significant and positive, and the method of transplanting increased its effects even more. Finally, Giza 1 genotype was recommended for planting in the Kohdasht region.

Decreasing of water consumption, chemical inputs, production cost and risk are among the most important advantages of transplanting method. The aim of this study was to compare the transplanting and direct seeding methods in sugar beet. For this purpose, root transplanting along with direct seeding were performed in the farmer’s field in Hamedan in 2018. Sugar beet transplants were prepared in planting stock in April and transplanted to the main field in June. Direct seeding of sugar beet was performed in the main field in mid of May. During the growing season, necessary notes were taken and at the end of the season, root sampling was performed. After harvest, two planting systems were evaluated in terms of quantitative, qualitative and economic characteristics. Root transplanting system caused an increase in root yield and sugar yield by 15 and 47%, respectively compared with direct seeding system. Water consumption under root transplanting was 10080 m3 ha-1 which was about 18% less than direct seeding. In terms of water use efficiency, root transplanting method with an efficiency of 9.66 kg root m-3 was about 40% more than direct seeding method (6.90 kg root m-3). The economic evaluation of two planting methods also showed that the increase in net income by changing planting pattern from conventional to root transplanting system was higher. In general, results showed that root transplanting system had higher quantitative and qualitative yield and economical income compared with direct seeding method.

To evaluate the effect of planting management on forage production in hybrid and open-pollinated sorghum cultivars, a two-year experiment based on split plot factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Planting date at four levels (July 1, 10 and 23, and August 1), was considered as the main factor and the factorial combination of planting method at three levels (without priming as control, seed hydropriming, and transplanting) and genotype at two levels (Pegah cultivar and Speedfeed hybrid) as the sub-factor. The results showed that delayed planting on July 10th and 23rd, and August 1st reduced forage yield by 15.1, 32.7, and 48.7%, respectively, compared to the July 1st planting date. The highest silage yield in the first and second harvests (106.21 and 62.78 ton.ha-1, respectively) were obtained by the transplanting Pegah and Speedfeed on the July 1st, respectively, whereas the seed hydropriming of Speedfeed produced the highest total forage yield (147.80 ton ha-1). The results of the economic evaluation showed that the highest net income (99.11 million Rials.ha-1) and the maximum benefit-to-cost ratio and sales return (2.52 and 60.35%, respectively) were obtained by planting the hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid on the July 1st. The transplanting of Pegah cultivar was uneconomical in all the studied planting dates, whereas transplanting Speedfeed hybrid from July 1st to July 23rd was superior to the conventional sowing method. In total, the results of this study showed that to produce the maximum yield and economic profit, it is recommended to carry out the planting operation at the earliest possible time with hydroprimed seeds of Speedfeed hybrid.

To investigate the effect of planting date and planting pattern on yield and quality characteristics of forage maize cv. KSC703 in transplanting method, split plot factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications was employed at Ekbatan research station of Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Hamedan, Iran, in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons. Planting date at four levels; 05 May, 31 May, 26 June and 21 July with planting pattern at two levels; one-row with row spacing of 70 cm (conventional planting pattern) and two-rows with row spacing of 140 cm assigned to main plots and planting method at three levels; direct seeding, single and two seedlings were randomized in sub-plots. Plant density was 102,000 plants per hectare for all treatments. The highest fresh forage and protein yield obtained in the second planting date (65430 and 2437 kg.ha-1, respectively). In two-rows pattern, the fresh forage and protein yield were 20% and 14.5% higher than one-row pattern, respectively. Fresh forage and protein yield in single transplant were 11.5% and 10.8% higher than direct seeding and 6.6% and 7.4% higher than two seedlings, respectively. In early and late planting dates, single transplant had the highest fresh forage and protein yield (first planting date: 62883 and 2412 kg.ha-1 and third planting date: 57515 and 2115 kg.ha-1 and fourth planting date: 4755 and 1308 kg.ha-1, respectively). The rates of physical water productivity, net income and economic water productivity based on net income in two-rows pattern were 167.6%, 53.6% and 237% higher than in conventional one-row pattern, respectively. The rates of the above traits to replace direct seeding with single seedling increased by 42%, 12.1% and 33.8%, and to replace with two seedlings increased by 32.8%, 4.5% and 24.7% increase, respectively. Due to the significant increase in forage yield and water productivity as well as with 50% reduction in costs of irrigation tape under transplanting in two-rows pattern, this method (preferably as two seedlings for reducing production costs) is recommended as a suitable alternative method for direct seeding of forage maize production.

Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea L.) is a winter season vegetable crop grown in many countries. Broccoli contains all the essential vitamins, mineral nutrients, amino acids and it has antioxidant and anticancer activity. Vegetables play a major role in daily human diet and they are required for maintaining of good health. Broccoli is one of the leading vegetables in the world. The selection of suitable planting dates and varieties is crucial for successful cultivation during rainy season. Fore this reasone, this experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of transplanting dates and broccoli varieties on their growth and yield.

This experiment carried out in 2017 - 2019 cropping seasons as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht (Guilan province) climatic condition, Iran. Three transplanting dates (August 29, October 7 and November 15), four broccoli cultivars (Agassi RZ, Heraklion, Aquiles and Romanesco) comprised experimental treatments, as main and sub plot, respectively.

In this experiment, the effect of variety, transplanting date and the interaction effect between transplanting dates and variety was significant for all measured characteristics such as cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter. Results of this study showed that the highest cordon weight (800.82 g), cordon yield (33.36 t/ha), cordon diameter (31.42 cm), leaf length (57.06 cm) and diameter (26/69 cm) and stem diameter (6.30 cm) were obtained in Heraklion cultivar in response to August 29 transplanting date. But, greatest plant height (47.70 cm) and leaf number per plant (27.41) were observed in Aquiles cultivar and August 29 transplanting date. In addition, Romanesco broccoli after Heraklion cultivar showed superiority to other cultivars for all studied agronomic traits. There were positive and significant correlation between cordon yield and all measured characteristics including cordon weight, cordon yield, cordon diameter, plant height, leaf number per plant, leaf length and diameter and stem diameter.

In this experiment, delayed transplanting date, related to broccoli variety caused to a sever decrease in cordon yield. It seems that, delayed transplanting date could reduce cordon yield due to the decrease of plant photosynthesis capacity in broccoli plants. Hence, based on results of this experiment, early transplanting (August 29) after harvesting of rice crop and land preparation (second cropping) and Heraklion broccoli cultivar could be recommendable in order to enhance cordon yield per unit area under Guilan climatic condition.

In order to investigate the effects of tillage, planting method and the levels of nitrogen fertilizer on the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in planting Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), a split factorial experiment in complete randomized block design was conducted with three replications at Research Fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht during two cropping seasons of 2016-2018. In the experiment, three tillage methods including the conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no tillage were considered as the main plots and two planting methods of direct planting and transplanting as well as the four amounts of nitrogen fertilizer of 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 N from urea source as factorial in sub plots. The interaction between the tillage and nitrogen amount indicated that the treatment combination of minimum tillage at 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen with the average of 4144.3 kg ha-1 had the highest grain yield. Treatment of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen had the highest nitrogen agronomic efficiency (17.68 kg ha-1), nitrogen use efficiency (32.40 kg ha-1), nitrogen apparent recovery (71.85 kg ha-1), nitrogen harvest index (75.48 percent) and nitrogen physiological efficiency (47.98 kg kg-1). Increasing the nitrogen consumption decreased all the traits related to the nitrogen efficiency and these traits were in their minimum values in the treatment of 300 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The interaction between the tillage and nitrogen showed that the treatment of minimum tillage at 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen with an average of 4144 kg ha-1 had the highest grain yield. In conclusion, the treatment of minimum tillage at 200 kg ha-1 of nitrogen due to the high seed and oil yields and treatment of minimum tillage at 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen because of the high nitrogen consumption efficiency, energy saving and observance of the environmental issues are suitable for planting canola in paddy fields of Guilan province.

Cotton as one of important crop products in Iran has special role and needs to increase its production to achieve self-sufficiency. The correct methods of crop management, including planting date are in order to determine the most appropriate growth conditions to increase yield and maximize productivity of the growing environment. Planting date of cotton is very important due to environmental limitations and coincides the sensitive period of cotton with severe summer heat and cultivation of two crops and early and late cold at the beginning and end of the season. The objective of this study was to obtain the best planting date in view of cotton high yield and increasing of water use efficiency.

In this study, 35 year (1984-2018) statistical data of Hashem Abad Meteorological Synoptic Station of Gorgan (precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, daily solar radiation) entered into the weather and product calibration model (SSM-Crop) and defines 11 planting date scenarios in the weather and product calibration model (SSM-Crop) (13 and 23 April, 3,13 and 23 May, 2, 12 and 22 June, 2, 11 and 22 July) was evaluated cotton yield changes and water use efficiency as well as its statistical characteristics during different years with different climatic conditions.

The results of predicted yield and water use efficiency in climate and crop model (SSM‌‌-Crop) showed that by delaying in cotton planting date, average cotton yield decreased but based on t-test Student results, there was no significant difference on cotton yield at the level of 5% in planting dates of related to scenarios of 23 April, 3 and 13 May. There was an increasing trend for average water use efficiency from 13 April to 23 May scenarios and then, from the 23 May to the 22 July scenario, was decreasing trend so that the highest and the lowest values were 10.07 and 1.75, related to 23 May to the 22 July scenario, respectively.

Cotton is a plant that planting date can play an effective role in yield and water use efficiency, but the best planting date regarding to calibrated climate and crop model was obtained from 5 May to 21 May. Delaying in planting date was not recommended so farmers Due to reduction in average cotton yield and water use efficiency. Because of delaying and cultivation of two crops during year in most farming fields of Gorgan. transplanting method can be recommend for obtaining of higher yield and optimum use of water in cotton.

To study the effects of tillage system, planting method and of nitrogen fertilizer rate on the agronomic characteristics and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Dalgan oilseed rape cultivar, as the second crop after rice, a split factorial experiment in complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out in two cropping seasons (2016-2018) at paddy fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, Iran. In this experiment, three tillage systems (conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage) were considered as main plots and two planting methods (direct and transplanting) and four rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg.ha-1) as factorial arrangement in sub plots. The results showed that conventional and minimum tillages in the transplanting method had the maximum seed yield (with the averages of 3458 and 3360 kg.ha-1, respectively). Transplanting method with 300 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen level had higher number of auxiliary branches per plant, number of siliques per plant, seed yield, and oil yield. Minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen with an average seed yield of 4144 kg.ha-1 had the highest seed yield. Based on the results of this experiment, minimum tillage system with 200 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen in both planting methods, direct seeding and transplanting, would be more suitable for oilseed rape production in Guilan region.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of transplanting on water use efficiency of autumn-sown sugar beet in Mehran, Ilam province. The experiment was carried out as factorial split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replication in two grwoing season 2015-16 and 2016-17. Sowing date (late September, early October, early November and late November) and cultivar (Sharif and Spartak) laid out in main plots, planting method (direct seed planting & transplanting) in sub-plots and harvest time (late April, mid-May and early June) as sub-sub-plots (split at time). The results of ANOVA based on expected mean of squares showed that effect of year on root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, and white sugar yield was significant. However, it had no effect on the water use efficiency based on sugar yield. The effect of planting time on root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar yield was significant. The effect of harvest time on root yield and sugar yield was significant. Water use efficiency based on white sugar yield in transplanting method was 1.60 kg/m3 which was 50% more than seed planting method. Root yield in transplanting method was 101 t/ha (54% increase compared with seed planting method). The highest white sugar with 14.08 t/ha was observed in transplanting, late September sowing, and at early June harvest (28% increase compared with seed planting). Considering the non-economic performance of seed planting method in autumn sugar beet sowing in the province, reduction of water resource , damage of migratory birds, and limitations of growing season, it seems that sugar beet transplanting can be a proper way to increase sugar production and water use efficiency which can be considered as a reliable method to replace seeding by completing mechanization facilities. According to the study results, Mehran city can also be considered as a region prone to the extension of autumn sugar beet sowing.

One of the problems of sugar beet planting in West Azarbayjan province in early spring, not preparing the land for cultivation due to poor weather conditions. Since the proper economic yield in sugar beet is due to proper vegetative growth in the early growing season and appropriate allocation and distribution of photosynthetic materials to the root, the timely cultivation of this plant is very important. The accelerated growth of the plant can be controlled under controlled conditions with the use of cultivation in the greenhouse and its transfer to the main land at a time when the risk of late winter cold and the problem of water scarcity is resolved. The present study was conducted to compare and evaluate quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet cultivars in in transplanting and seedling cultivation in different planting dates in western Azarbayjan province.

In order to study the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugar beet cultivars (Dorotea, Isabella and Ekbatan) in transplanting and seedling cultivation system in West Azarbaijan area in three planting date (25 March, 8 and 18 April), A split plot experiment based on randomize complete blocks in three replications was carried out in two regions of Miandoab and Bokan in 2016. In this research, leaf area index, leaf relative water content, sugar yield, branching root number, root yield and white sugar yield were measured.

The results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between two direct and transplanting systems in terms of effect on all studied traits except for leaf chlorophyll index. The effects of planting time and cultivar were significant. The interaction effect of planting time + culture system on leaf relative water content, number of branching roots, Coefficient of sugar extraction, root yield and white sugar yield was significant. The interaction of cultivar in planting date was significant on leaf relative water content and root yield. Results showed among the planting date, the highest leaf chlorophyll index (36.87) was allocated to the cultivation date of 25 march. Among the cultivars studied, Dorotea showed the highest leaf chlorophyll index (27.39), leaf area index (4.72), coefficient of sugar extraction (81.57%) and white sugar yield. Among cultivation system in planting date interaction treatments the highest leaf area index (5.72), leaf relative water content (36.87), Coefficient of sugar extraction (78.12%), branching root number (8.57), root yield (62.58 t/ha) and white sugar yield (9.50 t/ha) was recorded in transplanting system with planting date of 25 march. The highest relative leaf water content (72.30%) and root yield (62.67 t/ha) were allocated to Dorotea cultivar with planting date of 25 march.

According to the results of this study, Dorothy cultivar had higher qualitative and quantitative characteristics than two other cultivars, therefore the use of this cultivar in both areas can be recommended. Also, early planting of cultivars on March 25th in the form of transplanting system showed the highest root yield and yield of pure sugar. It can be concluded that the early planting in the form of transplanting system due to better deployment, As well as maximum leaf area index, compliance with the most favorable temperature and environmental conditions improves the qualitative and quantitative qualities of sugar beet.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important crop in Gilan and Mazandaran provinces, which is transplanted in puddled soil. This method of planting requires a lot of labor and its production cost is very high. Researches has been shown that rice direct seeding can be a low-cost alternative to transplanting method. Therefore, in this study, the effect of direct seeding on the yield and yield components of different native and improved rice cultivars has been investigated.

This experiment was carried out during 2019 and 2020 in the research farms of the Rice Research Institute of Iran-Rasht. The experiment was a split block based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included cultivation method in two levels (transplanting and direct seeding) and the sub-plots included rice cultivars in five levels (Hashemi, Anam, Gilaneh, Shiroodi and Taher). Rice density in transplanting method was 25 hills per square meter (each hill contains three seedlings) and seed rate in direct seeding was considered for all cultivars 100 kg / ha.

The results showed that the cultivation method had no significant effect on paddy yield, while the effect of cultivar and interaction of cultivar in cultivation method in the first year of the experiment was significant in this regard. In 2019, the range of paddy yield varied from 4152 kg / ha for Hashemi cultivar in transplanting to 7531 kg / ha for Shiroodi cultivar in direct seeding. In 2020, the lowest (4473 kg / ha) and highest (7842 kg / ha) paddy yield belonged to Hashemi and Shiroodi cultivars in direct seeding, respectively. The effect of cultivation method (in the first year), cultivar and the interaction effect of cultivation method and cultivar on the number of panicle per unit area were significant. In both years (except Anam cultivar in 2020), the number of cultivars panicle in direct seeding was more than transplanting. In 2019, Anam cultivar had the highest (444 panicles) number of panicles in transplanting method, while the number of panicles of this cultivar in direct seeding was 517. In this year, the highest panicle number (626 panicles) in direct seeding method belonged to Shiroodi cultivar, while this cultivar had 332 panicles/m2. In 2020, Hashemi and Taher cultivars had the highest number of panicles per unit area (456 and 397 panicles, respectively), while the number of panicles of these two cultivars in direct seeding was 606 and 536 panicles, respectively. The effect of cultivation method on the number of filled grains per panicle was not significant. However, in both experimental years, the number of filled grains in transplanting method was 26% and 22% higher than direct seeding method, respectively. This was while the effect of cultivar and the interaction effect of cultivation method and cultivar on the number of filled grains per panicle were significant. The results showed that, biological yield, harvest index and number of filled and empty grains in both years of the study had the highest positive correlation with paddy yield.

The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between direct seeding and transplanting methods in terms of paddy yield. In direct seeding, increasing the number of panicle per unit area led to a decrease in the number of filled grains per panicle, while in transplanting, reducing the number of panicle per unit area led to an increase in the number of filled grains per panicle and thousand grains weight. In fact, significant changes in these yield components in the two cultivation methods led to similar paddy yield in them.

To save water, get suitable establishment, shorten growth duration and increase grain yield of maize, this experiment was conducted as split plot factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications at Mahidshat research station (Kermanshah, Iran) in 2017 and 2018 growing season. Two planting dates (10th  and 20th  of July) were assigned to main plots, and a combination of planting methods including; direct seeding, hydroprimed seed and transplanting with two  maize hybrids (KSC 704 and KSC 260) as factorial arrangement were randomized in sub plots. Resultsof combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of planting methods (direct seeding, hydroperimed seed and transplanting) was significant (P < 0.01) on plant height and ear, number of days to silk emergence and tasseling, grain moisture content and cob percentage and (P < 0.05) on number of grain per row. Grain yield in the first planting date (July 10) was 17% higher than the second planting date. Gain yield in transplanting (10466 kg.ha-1) and hydroprimed seed (10899 kg.ha-1) methods was higher than direct seeding (10300 kg.ha-1) by 2 and 6%, respectively. The highest grain yield of  KSC 704 (12203.3 kg.ha-1) and KSC260  (10276.4 kg.ha-1) obtained in the first planting date.Grain yield in the first planting date in hydroprimed seed of KSC 704 and KSC 260 was 11789 kg.ha-1 and 10153 kg.ha-1, respectively. Transplanting method caused early maturity of maize hybrids by 12 days. In general, under water shortage condition KSC 260 hybrid and transplanting would be more suitable.

In order to investigate the effect of planting date and sowing method on ear yield, water use efficiency and some physiological characteristics of sweet corn, an experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Yasouj, south-west of Iran. Planting date consisted of five levels (4 May, 19 May, 4 June, 19 June, 5 July) and considered as the main plots and three levels of planting methods (seed cultivation, transplanting cultivation [15-days after planting (3-leaf stage)] and [20-days after planting (4-leaf stage)] were assigned to the sub-plots. Planting date and sowing method interaction effects were significant on ear yield and water use efficiency. Transplanting at 3-leaf stage on the 4th of May had the maximum ear yield (16000 kg ha-1) and at 4-leaf stage on the 5th of July had the minimum ear yield (8000 kg ha-1). The highest water use efficiency (2.93 kg m-3) was obtained by transplanting on the 4th of May and 3-leaf stage, which was 66% higher than the water use efficiency of those transplanted on the 5th of July and at 4-leaf stage. The effects of planting date and sowing method were significant on grain protein content. With a delayed planting, the grain protein content was increased so that the maximum of grain protein content (8.7%) was obtained in the 5th of July and the lowest (8%) in the 4th of May transplanting. The grain protein concentration of the transplanting treatments was less than the grain protein of the seed cultivation treatment. The high temperature stress experienced by sowing at the 19th of May until the 19th of June decreased the grain sugar content. Transplanting cultivation led to increase in the amount of total sugar compared to seed cultivation. The best treatment in this study was found to be transplanting at 3-leaf stage on the 4th of May.

Sugar beet is one of the important industrial crops in sugar production industry. Recently, Iranian farmers have encountered some challenges such as restricting government support and lack of water for irrigation. Therefore, sugar beet production has declined in recent years. In addition, lack of precision planting equipment, dependency on labour force in weed control and synchronizing sugar beet planting with irrigation of other crops such as cereals has increased problems for farmers. The appropriate sowing technique, optimum sowing date and application of acceptable varieties will solve these problems.

This experiment was conducted during 2017 in Mashhad and Shirvan stations. The experimental layout was factorial experimental design based on randomized complete block design. The factors in this experiment were sugar beet varieties (Anakonda and Dorotea), planting method (Transplanting and seed sowing) and sowing or transplanting date (5 May and 5 June). For transplanting treatments, the seed was planted into paper pots in tunnel house around 30 days before transplanting. The plots area was 15 m-2, had 6 rows (50 cm apart) with 5 m length. In seed sowing treatments, seeds were sown 10 cm apart, then in 4-6 leaf stage, the plants were manually thinned to a density of 100,000 plants ha-1 (20 cm apart). In transplanting treatments, seedlings were sown 20 cm apart. The plants harvested on 27 October in Mashhad and 29 October in Shirvan. After harvesting, the root and leaf were weighted. Then a sample from the root in each plot was selected and used to measured criteria sugar content, root impurities, molasses content, extractable sugar, sugar yield and extraction coefficient of sugar.

The results showed that root yield and sugar yield of sugar beet in Shirvan were higher than Mashhad. While the root impurities and molasses content in Mashhad were higher than Shirvan. The difference in soil and weather conditions could be one of the reasons for these differences between two areas. Transplanting treatments showed the highest root yield and leaf weight rather than direct sowing. Furthermore, the root impurities were highest in transplanting treatments. According to the reports, branched roots in transplanting roots would be higher than direct sowing and it can increase the root impurities. Based on this hypothesis, direct sowing of sugar beet increased the impure sugar and extractable sugar. According to the positive correlation between root yield and sugar yield, the highest sugar yield obtained from transplanting treatments. The results represented that delaying in sowing date increased the root impurities and molasses content. Therefore, the sugar yield in the second date of sowing or transplanting was less than first sowing date. The second sowing date increased the percentage of sodium, potassium and amino nitrogen, 26.29, 21.24, and 14.42, respectively. In addition, the second sowing date increased the molasses content compared to the first sowing date by 13.61%. Other studies also reported similar results. Some of the studies mentioned that decreasing the growth period can increase the root impurities in sugar beet. Different genotypes also showed different responses. The highest root yield and sugar yield and the lowest root impurities were related to Anakonda. The molasses content in Dorotea was 5.11% higher than Anakonda. Some of the studies expressed that different genotypes have different cell capacity to store the sugar. According to the evaluation of the interaction between different factors, the highest root yield (77.34 ton.ha-1) and sugar yield (9.848 ton.ha-1) were observed in transplanted sugar beet that planted in the first sowing date. There is a significant correlation between the extraction coefficient of sugar and root impurities content, this led to root impurities interfere with crystallization of sucrose and decreased the sugar extraction.

According to the results, transplanted sugar beet had more yield quantity and quality compared to seed sowing. Also, the second sowing date decreased the quality and quantity of sugar beet. In addition, planting of sugar beet in Shirvan condition was better than Mashhad condition. In general, it seems that the transplanted Anakonda on 5 May in both areas will be appropriate. However, making a decision, in this case, requires further evaluating such as economic aspects.