جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « کارایی مصرف آب » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a plant with oil seeds suitable for rainfed cultivation. In this situation, the use of appropriate amounts of sulfur and nitrogen fertilizers play an important role in plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in factorial based on a completely randomized design in order to investigate the effect of these fertilizers on the growth of Camelina var. Sohail in three replications in 2021-2022. The factors included sulfur (0, 50, 100 and 150 kgha-1) from bentonite sulfur source and nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kgha-1) from urea source. The values of root volume and length, no. pods plant-1 and no. seeds pod-1 increased with the use of sulfur, but there was no significant difference between 100 and 150 kgha-1 of sulfur. The highest values of root volume, root height, root dry weight, allometric coefficient, shoot dry matter, seed yield, no. pod plant-1, no. seeds pod-1, 1000-seeds weight and the water use efficiency were obtained using 120 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. It increased root dry weight, grain yield and WUE by 55, 43 and 49% compared to the control, respectively. The interaction effects between the treatments on leaf area, root surface and plant height traits were significant. The highest amount of these traits was in sulfur and nitrogen treatments 150 and 120 kgha-1, respectively. In general, the results showed that in rainfed conditions, increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased root growth, seed yield and water use efficiency, but sulfur fertilizer had no significant effect.

This research was carried out in order to evaluate the biochemical and agronomic traits of dryland chickpea intercropped with dragon’s head in Saqqez city (Kurdistan province). It was conducted as a factorial split-plot experiment, arranged in a randomized complete block design, with three replications during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Treatments included three planting times (autumn, expecting, and spring) as first factor, three chickpea cultivars (Saral, Nosrat, and Anna) as second factor and five cultivation patterns [(pure chickpea), (25% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), (50% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), (75% L. iberica: 100% chickpea), and pure L. iberica cultivation (100% L. iberica). The highest leaf chlorophyll a and b contents were obtained in winter with intercropping of %100 Nosrat chickpea + %50 L. iberica and planting ratio (%100 chickpea +% 25 L. iberica), respectively. The highest leaf carotenoid content was obtained in spring with planting ratio of %100 Saral chickpea + %75 L. iberica. The highest water use efficiency was obtained in winter, in the Nosrat variety, and in pure cultivation. The land equivalent ratio in all intercropping patterns was more than one, which showed the superiority of L. iberica and chickpea intercropping compared to pure cropping.

Stevia is a perennial herb with sweet leaves, about 300 times sweeter than sucrose and today cultivated in many parts of the world. Drought stress and nitrogen deficiency are the most important environmental stresses that limit the production of this plant and have adverse effects on plant growth and development and other metabolic processes. The effect of drought stress on the plant depends on the type of plant, species, intensity, duration and growth stage of the plant. With the onset of drought decrease leaf water and stomatal conduction, and as it intensifies, loses permeability of the leaf cell membrane and damages. On the other hand, with the closure of the stomata due to lack of water is difficult and the entry of carbon dioxide into the leaves and in general, photosynthesis is reducing. Plant nutrition in drought conditions is also of special importance and proper nutrition in this situation can increase growth and stress tolerance. This element is the most important component of photosynthetic pigment proteins and has a great effect on leaf size and area.

Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of stevia, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, during 2016. Factorial experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Treatments included drought stress at three levels (no stress, mild stress and severe stress) and nitrogen fertilizer at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg.ha-1) from urea source. Irrigation time for non-stress, mid and severe stress were 50, 65 and 80%, respectively, respectively from drainage of usable moisture in the soil. The size of the Cultivation space was 50 × 50 × 50 cm (length, width and height) and they were made of cement. The irrigation system was drip irrigation. the first and second harvest were on the May 23 and September 6, 2016, respectively. Traits were examined including yield and yield components, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), soluble sugars, proline, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Data were analyzed using SAS and MSTAT-C software and the means were compared using the LSD test at a probability level of 5%.

The results showed that the drought stress and nitrogen had a significant effect on biomass, leaf dry matter, shoot dry matter, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, relative water content, water use efficiency, soluble sugars, proline and enzyme Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase. The highest amount of leaf dry matter in non-stressed treatments and applying 400 kg.ha-1 N in the first and second cutting were 20.4 and 17.1 g.pl-1, respectively, and the lowest amount of leaf dry matter in severe stress treatments and applying 400 kg N ha-1 the first and second cutting were 6.81 and 5.85 g.pl-1, respectively. With increasing amounts of nitrogen increased chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids in the first and second cutting. The amount of chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids was higher in the second cutting, but in carotenoids the values were equal in both cutting. Also, with increasing drought stress decreased the RWC in the first and second cutting and in the non-drought stress in the first and second cutting were 68.4% and 70.4%, and in the severe stress were 55.0% and 58.3%, respectively. Mean comparison of the interactions (stress × nitrogen) on WUE and proline showed that in conditions non-stress and using 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen had the highest WUE. WUE in the first and second cutting were 1.94 and 0.65 g.kg-1, respectively. In this experiment, the amount of superoxide dismutase in the first and second cutting increased with increasing drought stress, but on the contrary, the amount of peroxidase in the second cutting decreased with increasing drought stress. In addition, with the increase of N, the superoxide dismutase in the first and second cutting and also the amount of peroxidase increased in the second cutting.

In general, it can be concluded that stevia production in the second year has a good yield under non-drought stress. In addition, the use of nitrogen in conditions non-stress increased leaf yield. Leaf yield under mid stress with nitrogen application was not very significant. Under drought stress reduced leaf yield and was more severely with nitrogen utilization. Stevia is a summer plant with high water uses. It is recommended to pay attention to the amount of water available in summer and usually have a shorter irrigation cycle than other summer crops in the region, which is economically viable.

The research was conducted during the agricultural years 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 to investigate the impact of biological and chemical fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative traits of two red bean varieties under different irrigation systems in the Aligudarz City of Lorestan Province. The experiment was designed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments included irrigation methods at two levels (Furrow and Drip) in main plots, the combination of varieties at two levels (Akhtar and Yaghout) and fertilizers at three levels (1- NPK, 2- combination of biological and chemical fertilizers and 3- pure nitrogen) in sub-plots. The results of the average comparison showed that the highest grain protein content was recorded in the Akhtar variety with the application of biological and chemical fertilizers and furrow irrigation in the first year. Additionally, The highest thousand grain weight was obtained in the Akhtar variety and the highest number of seeds in pods was obtained in Yaghout variety. The highest number of pods per plant, grain yield were obtained in the Yaghout variety with the application of biological and chemical fertilizers and drip irrigation in the first year. Based on the results of the two-year composite analysis of the data, the tripartite integration of the Yaghout variety, the combination of biological and chemical fertilizers and drip irrigation due to the highest percentage of seed protein (26.4%) and the seed yield (112.8%) compared to the Akhtar variety, NPK fertilizer and furrow irrigation were the best treatments in bean.

In order to investigate the effect of some herbicides with different doses in direct cultivation and comparing it with transplanted cultivation, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on random complete blocks in three replications in Mazandaran in the spring of 2018. The main plots include  transplanted flooded rice and direct seeded rice and sub plots include Kancil herbicide with doses (150, 120, 90, 60, 30), Nomini herbicide with doses (250, 200, 150, 100, 50), Clean Weed with 65 doses; pertilachlor + bensulfuron methyl; clomazone+pendimethalin; Clomazone, weed-infested control and weed-free control. The results showed that in weed-infested conditions, there was a significant difference in paddy yield between the two cultivation methods, so that in flooded cultivation, the yield was 355.6 and in direct cultivation, the yield was 185.1 kg per square meter. In direct cultivation, Kancil herbicide with a dose of 120 and 150 grams per hectare yields (492.5, 546) and Nomini herbicide with a dose of 200 and 250 cc per hectare (412.5, 539 3) and Clean Weed 65 cc. per hectare yield was 534.3 kg per square meter. It is suggested that direct cultivation of rice will be a good method for sustainable production in order to control weeds with herbicides and use less water and obtain optimal yield, considering the limited resources, especially water.

This research evaluated the reaction of wheat against different moisture stresses and different irrigation methods, as well as the reaction to growth-promoting bacteria in terms of different traits related to yield and water use efficiency during two crop years. The experimental factors include the irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation at 40% of available moisture discharge during the entire growth period (normal), normal irrigation until pollination and no irrigation up to 60% of available moisture discharge until the end of the growth period, irrigation until pollination and stop irrigation until the end of the growth period), irrigation methods with 5 levels (regular leakage, leakage of one furrow in the middle of variable, leakage of one furrow in the middle of constant, rain, type (strip-drop)) and the third factor of growth-increasing bacteria with There were two levels (non-use and use (combination of Microbacterium + Azobacter + Azosperlium + Pseudomonas). The results showed that the factor of irrigation regime had a significant effect on biological performance and grain yield, so that the second and third irrigation regimes (respectively with 7.89 and 4.70 tons per hectare) reduced these traits. Different irrigation methods had an effect on different quantitative and qualitative traits, but the most efficient water consumption was achieved in the tip irrigation method with a rate of 3 kg/m3. The use of bacterial integration increased the biological yield and grain to the extent of 9.79 and 13.51 percent.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is ranked fourth among cereals in terms of area under cultivation and grain yield after wheat, barley and rice. Water scarcity or water stress is one of the most limiting factors in crop growth and crop yield, which reduces the average yield by 50% and even higher values. Water stress in corn through adverse effects on inoculation and grain filling, reduced plant photosynthesis, reduced amount of material grown and as a result of grain shrinkage, reduced leaf area and disrupting physiological processes, reduces the number of grains per ear, weight Thousands of seeds, bio-yield and grain yield. Conservation tillage is one of the inevitable methods of conservation agriculture by which the effect of water stress on plant growth and yield can be reduced. In agro-ecosystems, conservation tillage, while preserving and improving water resources and the environment, improves crop production and makes it sustainable. Since Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid region of the world and drought has a negative impact on the yield of its products, the study of water stress and strategies to deal with it is of particular importance; Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the yield response and yield components of maize to tillage systems and irrigation regimes in Karaj.
 

In order to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems and irrigation regimes on corn yield, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the University of Tehran (longitude 35 degrees East, latitude 35 degrees and 48 Minute North) in 2016. The main factor in this experiment was tillage with two levels (no-tillage and conventional tillage) and the second factor was irrigation with three levels (without water stress, moderate water stress and severe water stress based on 75, 110 and 150 mm evaporation from Evaporation pan surface, respectively). Irrigation was done using plastic tapes (type) and the irrigation volume was controlled by the meter. Irrigation treatments were applied from the 4-leaf stage. The distance between the main, sub-factors and blocks (replicates) was 10, 2 and 10 meters, respectively, and there were six 10-meter planting lines within each experimental plot. Also, the distance between rows of corn in the plots was 75 cm and the distance between plants per row was 15.5 cm (density of 86,000 plants per hectare). To determine the water requirement, the Class A evaporation pan method was used and using daily meteorological data, Equations 1 and 2 were used:ETC = KC × ET0 = (Eq.  1) ET0 = K p × E pan  (Eq. 2) in them, ETc = Evapotranspiration of the desired crop (mm.day-1), KC= Plant coefficient, ET0= Reference evapotranspiration (mm.day-1), Kp= Plate coefficient (without unit), E pan= Evaporation of the pan (mm.day-1)

The results showed that the effect of tillage and tillage interaction at irrigation levels on any of the traits was not significant, but the effect of irrigation regimes on plant height, number of seeds per ear, 1000-seed weight, ear weight, grain yield, Biological yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were significant. The highest plant height was obtained in conditions without water stress (217 cm). Also, the highest number of seeds per ear was obtained under normal irrigation conditions, so that the application of severe stress reduced the number of seeds per ear by 26%. Severe water stress reduced the weight of 1000 seeds by 12%. Also, the weight of ear decreased by 38% compared to normal irrigation in severe stress and reached 151 g. The highest grain yield in normal irrigation was 12471 kg.ha-1, which severe stress reduced grain yield by almost 40%. A similar trend was observed in biological yield, with severe water stress reducing by 29%. In terms of water use efficiency, severe water stress increased it to 2.21 kg.m-3, which showed a growth of 31% compared to normal irrigation.

The results of this study showed that the tillage system had no significant effect on any of the traits, but water stress had a negative effect on all traits except water use efficiency, so that plant height, 1000-seed weight, Number of seeds per ear, ear weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased sharply but water use efficiency increased compared to treatment without water stress. Based on the results of this study, corn irrigation based on 75 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan surface in similar climatic conditions is recommended.

Selecting the appropriate cultivar of corn and providing efficient irrigation methods in order to increase water productivity and production per unit area for optimal use of water resources in agriculture is of great importance. In this study, it was tried to evaluate and compare between drip irrigation methods (type) and furrow irrigation on 20 cultivars of maize cultivars in order to determine the most appropriate irrigation method and the best cultivar compatible with the region in order to increase yield and water use efficiency. Also reduce the amount of water consumed.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the growth, yield and water use efficiency of different corn cultivars as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the tropical city of Dehloran in 2021. The main plots included irrigation management with two methods of drip irrigation (type) and furrow irrigation and the sub-plots included 20 varieties of corn. Vegetative traits including plant height were measured by meters, stem diameter, flag leaf area, number of cob rows, number of seeds per row and 1000-seed weight. Finally, after drying the plants, biological yield and grain yield were weighed using a digital scale. Water use efficiency was also calculated based on biological yield.

The results showed that cultivars 704 (122.3 days), BK74 (123.5 days) were known as early cultivars and NS640 (129.8 days), 89MAY70 (129.5 days) were known as late corn cultivars. Conserv cultivars (242.5 cm), 704 (225.2 cm) had the highest plant height. The highest leaf area of ​​flag was observed in cultivars AGN820 (279.5 cm2), AGN837 (274 cm2). Also, Conserv (3.33 cm), Barakat 3 (3.32 cm) cultivars had the largest stem diameter. The lowest plant height in BK66CTM cultivars (214 cm), BK65 (216.7 cm), the lowest stem diameter in BK66CTM cultivars (2.8 cm) and the lowest flag leaf area in 89MAY70 cultivars (199.2 cm2) and BC678 (199.7 cm2) were observed. Highest grain yield in cultivars AGN823 (9866.67 kg.ha-1), KSC703 (9760 kg.ha-1), AGN824 (9653.33 kg.ha-1) and lowest grain yield in BK66-CTM cultivars (5937.78 kg.ha-1) and Simon LF (6257.78 kg.ha-1) were observed, cultivars 704 with 348 g and AGN822 with AGN822 with 356.67 g had the lowest 1000-seed weight and cultivars AGN823 with 400.83, AGN824 with 393.33 g, AGN816 and Simon LF (394.17 g) had the highest 1000-seed weight, 1000-seed weight was higher in type irrigation method compared to furrow irrigation. AGN824 cultivars with 24808.87 kg.ha-1 had the highest biological yield and BK66CTM cultivars with 17644 kg.ha-1 had the lowest biological yield. the mean grain yield in type irrigation (9152 kg.ha-1) compared to the average grain yield in furrow irrigation (7980 kg.ha-1) has increased by about 14.7%. The amount of water consumption in the drip method (5966.7 m3.ha-1) compared to the amount of water consumption in the furrow method (8950 m3.ha-1) decreased by 3.3 3 shows. The effect of drip irrigation and furrow management methods on water productivity based on biological yield showed that water efficiency based on biological yield in strip drip irrigation method is equal to 3.65 kg.m3 and in furrow irrigation method is 2.25 kg.m3. Which indicates a 62.2% advantage of water efficiency in the drip strip method over the furrow method.

The general results of this study indicate the superiority of drip irrigation and the introduction of cultivars for cultivation in the tropics. The strip drip irrigation method, considering the reduction in the volume of water consumption, showed a significant increase in the yield and yield components of the corn plant. Strip drip irrigation with lower water consumption was able to produce more performance compared to leak irrigation. The strip drip irrigation method reduced irrigation water by 33.34% compared to the leak irrigation method.

canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants that has been ranked third in the oil production after soybeans and oil palm. Drought is seriously the most important factor limiting the growth and production of canola in Iran. By foliar application of micronutrients, plant growth condition can be improved under stress. Salicylic(SA) acid plays an important role in abiotic stress tolerance, and more interests have been focused on SA due to its ability to induce a protective effect on plants under adverse environmental conditions. It is necessary to know the traits related to drought tolerance and their relationship with seed yield. due to the important role of roots in the absorption and conduction of water and nutrients, recognition the root system and how it is distributed in the soil is special importance. therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the Effect of foliar application of some micronutrients and salicylic acid on root characteristics and seed yield of canola (Brassica napus L.) under water deficit stress.

the experiment was conducted as split factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Lorestan University, Iran, in two cropping seasons (2016-2018). water deficit was considered as the main factor in levels irrigation at 80 (control) and 30% of field capacity, and the combination of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer (non-consumption and spraying at a concentration of 0.2%) and salicylic acid concentration of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM were considered in sub-plots. the time of water deficit stress coincided with the stage of the beginning of regrowth (BBCH32). foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer in rosette stage (BBCH29) and foliar application of salicylic acid in two stage of flowering beginning (BBCH60) and pod filling (BBCH72). the measured traits included root dry weight, root volume, root area, seed yield, oil percentage, and water use efficiency. the data was analyzed by statistical analysis system (SAS version: 9.1). the means were analyzed using the Duncan test at P=0.05.

the results of analysis of variance showed the effect of year on seed yield, effect of salicylic acid on seed yield and oil percentage, double interaction of micronutrient fertilizer in salicylic acid on root volume and triple interaction of stress in micronutrient fertilizer and salicylic acid on root weight, root volume and water use efficiency were significant. the results of comparative analysis of the mean data showed that the highest percentage of oil was obtained from concentration of 1 to 1.5 mM of salicylic acid.the highest root volume (49.90 cm3) was obtained from the treatment composition (foliar application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid and concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers). the highest root dry weight (28.95 gr), root area (4360 cm2) and water use efficiency (1.26 kg m-3) from the treatment composition (no stress + 1.5 mM salicylic acid spraying and concentration of 2 per thousand fertilizers Micronutrients) was obtained. the highest seed yield (4955.7 kg ha-1) was obtained from foliar application 1.5 mM of salicylic acid, In the first year, the highest seed yield (4427.7 kg ha-1) from the combination (no stress + foliar spraying of 1.5 mM salicylic acid and a concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers) and in the second year of the combination (no stress + foliar spraying of 1 mM salicylic acid) and a concentration of 2 per thousand micronutrient fertilizers with an average (4955.7 kg ha-1) was obtained.

therefore, a triple micronutrient fertilizer (iron+zinc+ manganese) with a concentration of 0.2% is recommended along with a concentration of 1.5 mM of salicylic acid to reduce the negative effects of water deficit stress and achieving acceptable seed yield.

Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family, with favorable nutritional value and a high potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions. Despite being three carbon, it has high water consumption efficiency and as a new crop, due to its wide adaptation to different environment conditions such as salinity and drought, as well as being premature, it is suitable for planting in arid and desert areas and has many factors. Genetic and environmental factors such as genotype, density, arrangement and planting date, soil salinity, and drought stress affect yield. Among these, drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that cause great damage to crops and horticulture in the world every year. And especially Iran, which is considered an arid and semi-arid country. The effect of moisture stress on plants varies depending on which stage of plant growth occurs and plants can work through various mechanisms such as reducing growth parameters, closing pores, reducing photosynthesis, changing regulatory mechanisms of ion transport, and increasing activity. Antioxidant enzymes cope with drought stress to some extent, although such mechanisms are energy-intensive and cause a decline in performance.

order to investigate the optimal density of quinoa at different levels of irrigation, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University. The first factor was irrigation levels (based on 50, 75, and 100% water requirement) and the second factor was plant density at 5 levels (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 plants m-2). Measurement traits included relative leaf water content, stomatal conductance, electrolyte leakage, number of branches, number of grains per branch, branch weight, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, water use efficiency, and grain protein.

The results showed that the yield components in response to low irrigation conditions were significantly reduced, so that the highest 1000-seed weight, number of branches, number of seeds per branch, branch weight and yield at the level of 100% water requirement were, respectively, 0.1 (g), 1368.4 (branching per square meter), 132.64 (grains per branching), 2377.8 (grams per square meter) and 3265.25 (kg ha-1) have been obtained. The maximum orifice conductivity measured at 35.66 (mol CO2 per square meter) was obtained at the beginning of flowering at 100% water requirement. Also, with decreasing irrigation level, physiological traits including relative leaf water content decreased significantly and traits such as electrolyte leakage and grain protein increased. The optimal density at the irrigation level of 100, 75, and 50% of water requirement were 113, 105, and 80 plants per square meter, respectively. The interaction of irrigation levels and density also showed that the highest yield was 100% of water requirement and density of 100 plants with 4226.52 kg ha-1. The results showed that at the irrigation levels of 100 and 75% of the water requirement, the highest yield was obtained at a density of 100 plants and with a decrease in density at these levels by 61.2 and 73.2%, respectively, was associated with a decrease in yield, but at the level of 50%. The highest yield was obtained at a density of 80 plants, which was accompanied by a decrease in yield to 40 plants with a yield of 73.5%. The results also show an increase in optimal density with increasing irrigation level, so that the most optimal density at the irrigation level of 100% of the water requirement is 113 plants per square meter and with increasing the stress to 75 and 50% of the water requirement, respectively, density Optimal yields of 105 and 80 plants per square meter have been achieved.

general, the results show that lack of moisture has an adverse effect on quinoa yield such as 1000-seed weight, branch weight, number of seeds per branch, and number of branches in the main inflorescence and reduces the optimal plant density.

Crops with high WUE and appropriate irrigation methods are critical for irrigation water management. Because of the indeterminate growth habit of the crop, this issue is particularly important in cotton production. Under high irrigation conditions, the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth may be upset. There are many reports showing the superiority of belt irrigation methods over conventional methods such as furrow irrigation. Considering the limited water resources in Iran, this experiment was conducted to study the response of cotton cultivars to irrigation rates and methods.

In this experiment, foreign and domestic commercial cotton varieties were compared in terms of yield and water use efficiency (WUE), in the form of split blocks on CRBD with 3 replications in 2022-2023 cropping seasons. Irrigation after 30% and 100% water evaporation from the pan in the main blocks. 13 cotton varieties were established in sub-blocks (plots) as sub-factors. Cultivars included of Golestan, Latif, Sepid, B557, Khordad, Partow, Taban Mai, Maxa, Lider, Loduz and American Genetics.

the effects of treatments on all traits studied were significant. The interaction between irrigation and cultivar on the traits was significant, except for the number of sympodial branches and fiber content. In the first year, the yield of Golestan and Partov cultivars was higher than the others when irrigated after evaporation of 30% of the husk water. Golestan, B557 and Khordad had higher yield when irrigated after 100% evaporation, which was due to their ability to form and retain more bolls per plant. Sepid and Lodouz varieties had the lowest yield in the first year. In the second year, Golestn and Khordad were superior to the other cultivars when irrigated after 30% pod evaporation. When irrigated at 100% evaporation from the pan, Golestan, Mai, and Taban had higher yield. The lowest yield this year was obtained by Leeder and Loduz varieties when irrigated after 30% evaporation from the pan. The most likely reason for these yield losses was the loss of balance between vegetativeand reproductive growth, which resulted in completely excessive growth, especially in the Loduz variety. This higher vegetative growth resulted in a reduction of the WUE value.

the local cultivars Golestan, Khordad and Partow and the Turkish cultivar Mai showed higher yields under belt irrigation. Due to the high vegetative growth potential in Leeder and Golestan, irrigation management of these varieties is more important than that of the others.

In order to study the effect of different tillage systems and irrigation levels on corn yield, an experiment was conducted as split plot in the form of randomized complete blocks with three replications in the research farm of the University of Tehran in 2016. The main factor in this experiment was tillage with two levels (no tillage and conventional tillage) and the secondary factor was irrigation levels with three levels (without water stress, moderate water stress and severe water stress based on 75, 110 and 150 mm evaporation from Evaporation pan surface, respectively) was considered. The results showed that the effect of tillage on grain yield and water use efficiency was significant at 1 and 5% probability level, respectively. Also, the effect of irrigation levels on plant height, grain number per panicle, grain yield, biological yield and water use efficiency was significant at 1% probability level and on 1000-grain weight at 5% probability level. Maximum plant height(100.38 cm), number of seeds per panicle (2408), 1000-seed weight (31.33 gr), grain yield (5843 kg.ha-1),and biological yield (11575 kg.ha-1) was obtained from irrigation based on no water stress treatment (75 mm evaporation from the surface of the evaporation pan) and the maximum water use efficiency (1.15 kg.m-3) was found from severe drought stress (150 mm evaporation from the surface of the evaporation pan). Also, no tillage method increased grain yield (16.25%) and water use efficiency (13.72%) compared to conventional tillage method.

Despite the high potential of sesame production in the country, its yield and water use efficiency is low. Therefore, identifying genotypes with high grain yield, especially under drought stress conditions, is essential for developing this crop. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted to investigate the qualitative and quantitative response of 21 sesame genotypes to drought stress conditions at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, located in the semi-arid region of Iran, during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The experiment was a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation treatments consisting of normal irrigation and drought stress were assigned to the main plots and the sesame genotypes (20 imported genotypes with one Iranian cultivar as a control) were allocated to the sub-plots. Dongeuy, Local 123, Hail 2 and Anthalya 1 genotypes were found as early maturing, Gynum 11, Kubarez 55, Uusu 1, Songhak, Hoechon 2, Dunae, Pachequero, Haibuk and Sunhua 1 genotypes as the medium maturing, Lao hong zhi ma, Bian gan, Bukbak, Margo, Amaliada, Jungkyung and Black chil sung genotypes as the late maturing and Oltan genotype as the very late maturing group. The Margo genotype showed the highest LAI (3.2), and Sunhua 1 genotype showed the lowest value (1.0). The results also revealed that drought stress decreased the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule and 1000-seed weight by 35, 44 and 35%, respectively. On the other hand, drought stress caused a reduction in grain and dry matter yield in all genotypes. The Dongeuy genotype with 50% reduction and Songhak genotype with 26% reduction in grain yield showed the highest and lowest sufferings from drought stress, respectively. The Margo genotype produced the highest grain yield in both irrigation treatments (1531 and 1107 kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and drought stress treatments, respectively). In conclusion, the Songhak genotype was considered as one of the superior genotypes due to its shorter growing period, less grain yield loss under drought stress, and high oil yield.

Decreasing of water consumption, chemical inputs, production cost and risk are among the most important advantages of transplanting method. The aim of this study was to compare the transplanting and direct seeding methods in sugar beet. For this purpose, root transplanting along with direct seeding were performed in the farmer’s field in Hamedan in 2018. Sugar beet transplants were prepared in planting stock in April and transplanted to the main field in June. Direct seeding of sugar beet was performed in the main field in mid of May. During the growing season, necessary notes were taken and at the end of the season, root sampling was performed. After harvest, two planting systems were evaluated in terms of quantitative, qualitative and economic characteristics. Root transplanting system caused an increase in root yield and sugar yield by 15 and 47%, respectively compared with direct seeding system. Water consumption under root transplanting was 10080 m3 ha-1 which was about 18% less than direct seeding. In terms of water use efficiency, root transplanting method with an efficiency of 9.66 kg root m-3 was about 40% more than direct seeding method (6.90 kg root m-3). The economic evaluation of two planting methods also showed that the increase in net income by changing planting pattern from conventional to root transplanting system was higher. In general, results showed that root transplanting system had higher quantitative and qualitative yield and economical income compared with direct seeding method.

Dust creates fine particulate matter and industrial and urban pollutants including factories of cement, gypsum, stone crasher, flour, daily winnowing of grain storage silos, heavy and light machinery traffic on dirt roads, car smoke and burning oil derivatives, power plants, etc. The dust damages the plants in various forms. The first damage the photosynthetic system by entering through the pores, and then by deposition on the leaf surface, reducing the light reached to the leaf, reducing the amount of photosynthetic pigments, changing the leaf temperature, and reducing the quantum yield, reducing the assimilation and closing stomata, exacerbated fungal and bacterial activity, pests and diseases, and ultimately reduce growth and yield. The amount of damage to the plant depends on the type of plant, cultivar, leaf area characteristics, the growth stage of the dust on the leaf surface, the type of dust and wind speed, the amount of dust thickness on the leaf, and the irrigation regime. Accordingly, the simulation of the effect of dust deposition and the reduction of light intensity due to it and their interactions on the growth and yield of chickpea cultivar Bivanich was performed as the dominant cultivar in the region. 

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of dust and light intensity on yield and some physiological and agronomic characteristics of chickpea cv. Bivanich, at the Research Field, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016-2017. Experiment was Factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included light intensity (100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% light intensity) and dust deposition at flowering onset and no dust deposition. Sowing date was in late March 2016 in dryland with 25 cm line spacing and 13.5 cm inter-plant spacing in 6 lines with 3 m plots long. Shading was applied with plastic wrap fasteners that were 1 cm wide. The amount of chlorophylls a, b, total and carotenoides and soluble carbohydrates were investigated in mid grain filling. Yield traits and components of grain yield were studied at physiological maturity. The water requirement and water use efficiency were calculated for both total dry matter and grain yield. The data were analyzed by SAS software and the means were compared with LSD at 5% probability level. 

The results showed that from flowering stage, the interaction effects of dust deposition and different light intensities were significant on yield traits such as biomass yield, grain yield and number of seeds per plant. Both biomass and grain yields at 100 and 75% light intensities were not significantly different in non-dust treatments, but the number of seeds per plant decreased at 75% light intensity compared to 100%. In dust conditions, there was a significant difference between the light intensities of 75% and 100%, which was reduced significantly. This indicates that the deposition of the dust by increasing stress on the plant increased the sensitivity of chickpea to the amount of light intensity. In this experiment, the number of grains per plant was ranged between 13.6 to 16.9 for the light intensity levels and 9.3 and 14.3 between the dust conditions. The effects of dust deposition on the 100-grain weight were not significant but were significant due to light intensities and the light intensity of 0% decreased maximum of 8.4%. The effects of two treatments on photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates were significant. In general, the dust deposition reduced the amount of photosynthetic pigments and soluble carbohydrates. With decreasing light intensities decreased chlorophyll a and carotenoids, but increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll. Water requirement and water use efficiency were also affected by treatments. 

In general, the results showed that the deposition of dust from flowering stage caused damage to biomass yield, grain yield, grain number per plant, 100 seed weight, photosynthetic pigments and water use efficiency. Rate of this damage for biomass yield was 24.4%, grain yield 16.8%, grain number per plant 15.4%, chlorophyll a 13.5%, chlorophyll b 21.7%, carotenoids 10.7%, soluble carbohydrates 18.8% Water use efficiency was 24.6%. By reducing the light intensity up to 75% were not significantly decreased in no-dust conditions (control treatment), total dry matter yield, grain yield and grain number per plant. Effect of light intensity reduction from 50% (at no dust treatment) until 0% (without direct light) reduced the most important traits such as biomass yield, grain yield and grain number per plant, but in dust treatment with decrease in light intensity from 100% decreased significant. Both the deposition of dust and the reduction in light intensity had severe effects on the water use efficiency of chickpea. Accordingly, the ranges of changes were for water use efficiency between 0.61 and 1.23 (based on total dry matter).

Wheat is globally one of the most critical cereals. It is necessary to increase its yield to cope with the increasing population through management improvement or breeding due to decreased arable lands. Soil moisture before planting and rainfall during the growing season are the two primary water supply sources for rainfed wheat production. However, the non-uniform distribution of rainfall during the growing season leads to drought, affecting crop water consumption and natural wheat growth. Irrigation is the primary way to meet the plant's water requirement for growth, development, and high yield. Since water availability is limited in Iran and on the other hand, different cultivars have different sensitivities to drought stress at various stages of growth, so reducing different degrees of water consumption may have unequal effects on crop yield. This type of management, known as deficit-irrigation, often increases water use efficiency. Drip irrigation provides optimized use of water and nutrients during the growing season. In addition to water consumption, the balanced application of fertilizers is an influential factor in increasing agricultural production, and nitrogen is the most critical fertilizer recommended to improve wheat yield. Nitrogen can increase wheat yield by increasing the number of spikes per square meter, the number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight. This study aims to determine the optimum water consumption and nitrogen fertilizer under the drip irrigation system according to wheat physiological traits.

This experiment was performed as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan located in the Dehgolan plain in 2018-19 cropping year. Factors were in various irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of crop water requirement) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (fertilizer application of 50, 75, 100, and 125% of plant nitrogen requirement based on soil test) as subplots. Sampling was done in all three replications to calculate soil weight moisture and determine the irrigation water requirement in each irrigation stage. The soil moisture balance method was used to determine the crop's water requirement according to the volume percentage of moisture in the control plot (treatment of providing 100% water requirement). Based on the soil test results, the optimal nitrogen application in the control treatment was considered equivalent to 200 kg.ha-1 of urea. Other experimental treatments were calculated based on the control treatment. In this experiment, traits such as biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), remobilization, grain protein content, protein percent, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SAS statistical software, and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability.

The results showed that the effects of different irrigation and nitrogen levels were significant on biological yield, grain yield (P <0.01), and grain protein percent (p≤0.05). The interaction effect of irrigation and nitrogen was significant on WUE (p≤0.05), chlorophyll content, remobilization, and ANUE (P <0.01). In comparing different irrigation levels, The highest and lowest biological yields were obtained in the treatments of 120% water requirement (15976 kg.ha-1) and 60% water requirement (12975 kg.ha-1), respectively. Among different nitrogen treatments, the highest and lowest biological yields were observed in 125% fertilizer requirement (15141 kg.ha-1) and 50% fertilizer requirement (12640 kg.ha-1), respectively. The highest and lowest yields were observed in the treatments of supply of 120% (6498 kg.ha-1) and 60% (4933 kg.ha-1) of water requirement, respectively. The rate of yield increase in 120% water requirement treatment was 9, 18, and 24%, compared to 100, 80, and 60% of water requirement treatments, respectively. However, the highest WUE was obtained in 60% crop water requirement treatment and providing 100% of nitrogen consumption (3.08 kg.m-3). In water deficit conditions, providing 100% of the plant's nitrogen requirement keeps WUE in high level. If the amount of nitrogen is reduced, WUE was also decreased. The highest and lowest ANUE were observed in 100% water requirement treatment fertilized with 75% of nitrogen requirement (79 kg.kg-1) and 120% water requirement treatment fertilized with 100% nitrogen requirement (9 kg.kg-1), respectively. With decreasing water consumption, the rate of stem remobilization increased to the highest level, which was observed in the treatment of 60% of water requirement fertilized with 100% nitrogen requirement. The highest chlorophyll concentration was related to the 100% crop water requirement treatment fertilized with 100% of nitrogen requirementirement.

The scientifically named potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world that belongs to the Solanaceae family, an autotetraploid plant (2n=4x=48), with complex inheritance patterns and in terms of nutritional importance, it ranks fourth after wheat, rice and maize and plays an important role in the nutrition and food basket of the global population. This research aims of this study was to investigate the effect of planting date and planting depth on some quality traits, glandular function and water use efficiency of potato cultivars in autumn and spring cultivation of temperate cold region in Araloo Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station farm in Ardabil region for 2 years (2017-2018).

Split-factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design in three replications of planting date at three levels (10 Novomber, 10 December and 10 May)  as the main factor and factor combination of four potato cultivars (Sprite, Marfona, Savalan and Agria) And four planting planting depths (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) were considered as a secondary factor. After performing the normality of the data and the experimental error uniformity of the compound analysis based on the statistical factor design and comparing the mean based on the LSD test at 5% probability level by SAS9.1 software and correlation between traits using Minitab.16 software. And the graphs were drawn with Excel software.

The results of analysis of variance of the evaluated traits showed that the simple effect of planting date (gland function and water use efficiency) and simple effect of planting depth (nitrogen content, fiber percentage and soluble sugars) had a statistically significant difference between 5 and 1% probability. In terms of the quadrilateral effect A×B×C×D, the traits (percentage of dry matter and soluble sugars) had a significant difference. Water Use efficiency was higher in November and December planting at depths of 10, 15 and 25 with the number of sprays with water efficiency of 6 (kg/m3).The average yield of the tuber in Marfona cultivar was 30 tons per hectare in May and 24 tons per hectare in November cultivation and 20 tons per hectare in December cultivation.The difference in glandular function between spring and autumn planting was on average 8 tons per hectare. Meanwhile, in the autumn cultivation, about 4551 cubic meters per hectare (4 irrigations) and in the spring, about 14214 cubic meters per hectare (12 irrigations) were done. In this study, the number of irrigation times in autumn and spring planting was reduced from 12 irrigations to 4 irrigations and the difference in water consumption was 9663 cubic meters per hectare.The gland with the traits of the percentage of glandular starch and the percentage of fiber of the gland was negative and significant and with the percentage of dry matter of the gland was positive and significant.
 

Finally, it can be concluded that autumn cultivation of potato is suitable, especially in areas with water shortages. The highest water use efficiency in autumn cultivation at depths of 10, 15 and 25 cm was related to the Esprit cultivar.

Most of the Produced fodder in Iran is provided by alfalfa and corn. These two forage products have a relatively high water requirement. Among cereal forage plants, sorghum is a great plant due to its high production capacity, adaptation to different climatic conditions and different uses. Iran, with an average rainfall of 240 mm per year, is classified as arid and semi-arid regions. One of the most fundamental issues of the country is water and irrigation. Food security concerns are a major threat due to climate change and water scarcity, hence replacing plants with high water use efficiency is essential. this experiment was carried out for 1(investigate the possibility of cultivating sorghum as a substitute for common forage plants in drought stress conditions in the south of Kerman province and 2) also to determine the most suitable sorghum cultivar under the different Irrigation levels in terms of forage characteristics in Jiroft region.

In order to identify the most suitable cultivar resistant to drought sorghum, an experiment was carried out as strip plot design based on randomized completely block design with three replications in 2019-2020. Vertical plots were drought stress levels (irrigation after 90, 130, 180 and 220 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan). Horizontal factors were sorghum genotypes (Speedfeed, Pegah, KFKFS18 and KFKFS2. Each experimental plot consisted of four planting lines. Plant density was 220,000 plants per hectare. The planting date was April 17th. The first irrigation was done after measuring soil moisture and calculating moisture deficiency. Irrigation was done uniformly every 5-7 days until the 4-leaf stage. The time of application of stress was after 4 to 6 leaf stage and ensuring complete establishment of plants. Early cultivars such as Speedfed were harvested based on the beginning of flowering and late cultivars were harvested based on 150 cm plant height by cutting from 10 to 15 cm above the soil surface. In each row, all plants were harvested from two middle lines of each plot and the fresh weight of leaves and stems was immediately measured. Water use efficiency in kilograms per cubic meter was calculated from the ratio of dry forage yield in kilograms per hectare per water consumption in cubic meters per hectare. Finally, combined analysis of variance of data was performed using SAS statistical software version 9. The means were compared using the LSD test at the level of 5% probability.

Combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on fresh forage yield, leaf and stem fresh and dry weight, plant height and leaf area. Mean comparison of simple effects were studied only for dry forage yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that Speedfeed cultivar had the highest fresh forage yield (298.42 tons.ha-1) at the 90 mm level irrigation. Lowest forage yield (142.49 tons.ha-1) resulted from the combination of KFS18 and irrigation after 220 mm evaporation. Highest dry forage yield was obtained at 90 mm irrigation level (46.22 tons.ha-1). Lowest dry forage yield (39.70 tons.ha-1) was related to the irrigation after 220 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan. Speedfeed and KFS18 had the highest and lowest dry forage yield (41.69 and 31.17 tons.ha-1), respectively. The highest and lowest water use efficiency were related to Speedfed and KFS18 (4.08 and 3.68 Kg.m-3), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between 90 mm (4.76 Kg.m-3) and 220 mm (4.49 Kg.m-3) levels of irrigation.

According to the results of the experiment, speedfeed cultivar with irrigation after 130 mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation pan can be suggested for forage production in southern Kerman province.

In recent years, researchers have considered increasing the water productivity of crops, including cotton, by changing the timing and planting density. On the other hand, studies have shown that transplanting cotton compared to no-till has a significant effect on reducing water use and thus increasing water use efficiency in Iran. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting date and method (no-till or transplanting) on quantitative and qualitative yield of cotton in Fars province.

This factorial trial was conducted in a randomized block experiment with three replications in 2020 at a research farm in Darab city, Fars province. The experimental factors included cropping systems at three levels of planting 35 and 45 days old transplants and no-till cotton as main factors and date of planting and no-till at three levels of May 4 and 19 and June 4 as sub-factors. In this study, seedling establishment percentage, plant height, leaf area index, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, lint yield and early maturity percentage and finally water use efficiency were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.4 and the means were compared using Duncan's test at 5% probability level.

The results of this study showed that most of the evaluated indices of cotton were higher in 45-day planting than 35-day planting and no-till. Thus, the highest establishment percentage (87.18%), leaf area index (2.24), plant height (96.78 cm), number of bolls (27.61) and single boll weight (4.56 g), lint yield (2862.4 kg/ha) and early maturity percentage (68.3) were obtained in 45-day transplants. In general, transplanting increased the average leaf area index, plant height, percentage of establishment and number and weight of bolls compared to direct planting. In most cases, the highest number of traits measured was on May 19. The highest establishment percentage (81.14%), leaf area index (2.16), plant height (97.44 cm), number of bolls per plant and weight of individual boll and yield (2694.6 kg/ha) were measured at this planting date. The results of this study showed that transplanting significantly increased water use efficiency compared to no-till. The highest water use efficiency (0.66 kg/m3) was obtained in 45-day-old transplanting, which was significantly different from other planting systems. Overall, transplanting improved the water use efficiency of cotton by about 25% compared to no-till (0.50 kg/m3).

transplanting increases the quantity and quality of cotton compared to no-till, as seedlings are not exposed to adverse environmental conditions such as frost at the beginning of the season and flowering time is prolonged. In irrigated farming, transplanting is one of the most acceptable methods to achieve high yield. The results of this study show that transplanting cotton seedlings on May 19 leads to a significant increase in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cotton. On the other hand, the highest water use efficiency of cotton was obtained under these conditions, so transplanting cotton seedlings at the end of May is recommended in Darab region of Fars province.

To determine the effect of irrigation levels and planting date on savory, an experiment was carried out in Agricultural, Medicinal Plants and Animal Sciences Research center of Islamic Azad University of Birjand, Iran in 2016-2017. The experimental design was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation levels (25, 50, 75 and 100% of evaporation (E) from the class A evaporation pan) and planting dates (March 17, April 10 and May 5) were as main plots and sub- plots, respectively. Results showed that shoot WUE increased (69%) in 25% E compared to 100% E treatment. The effect of planting date on all studied traits was significant. The highest plant height, number of branches, dry weight of flowering branches and shoot, flowering branches WUE, shoot WUE, essential oil WUE and yield were obtained in the 5 May planting date. Also, the highest percentage of essential oil and leaf RWC was observed in the April 10 planting date. The interaction of irrigation and planting dates showed that 100% E and 5 May planting date resulted in the highest (31.28) and 25% E and 17 March planting date produced the lowest (18.14) number of branches per plant. The results of this experiment showed that considering WUE, to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative performance of savory in Birjand, it is better to sow it on May 5 and irrigate it at 25% evaporation from pan, in five days irrigation intervals.