جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « insecticides » در نشریات گروه « گیاهپزشکی »

Chemical control and biological control are an important part of integrated pest management (IPM). Insecticides affect the physiology or behavior of insects, posing risks to non-target organisms. The green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea which is the best predator natural enemies to control pests on farms, orchards and forests of the country widely perceived to be in nature and play an important role in preventing the rapid proliferation of pests and shall have the vital balance The green lacewing most attention as a promising biological control agent released against pests in greenhouses, farms and gardens has attracted. In this study, the effects of sublethal doses of Primicarb, Imidacloprid and Oxydemetonmethyl against Chrysopa carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) were determined and compared. The results showed that these insecticides at LC30 had significant effect on the stable population parameters. Intrinsic rate of population increase (r) values for control‚ Primicarb, Imidacloprid and Oxydemetonmethyl were 0.142‚ 0.141‚ 0.140 and 0.134 (day-1), respectively. According to our results, there was significant differences in Imidacloprid and Oxydemetonmethyl rate of population increase (P≤0.5) compared to the control; also, three insecticides had significant effect on survival rate and life expectancy compared to control. These results provided that Primicarb had lower toxicity on C. carnea but theoretical basis for the rational use of Imidacloprid and Oxydemetonmethyl insecticides and the utilization and protection of C. carnea.

Trichogramma wasp is one of the most successful parasitic species in the world, mainly used to control many pests. The effects of field (RC) and half recommended concentrations (half RC) of four insecticides: 1. Tetraniliprole, 2. Chlorantraniliprole 3. Lufenuron, and 4. Thiocyclam was studied in different preimaginal stages of 1. Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko and 2. Trichogramma evanescens Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Parasitized eggs of the angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were treated by 1. The dipping method at the larval, 2. Prepupal, and 3. Pupal stages of the parasitoid. For persistence evaluation, the insecticides were applied at the recommended concentration on tomato plants in a pot by a hand sprayer till the Runoff point. Plants were maintained under a transparent polyethylene rain cover in the field. Leaves of the treated tomato plants were sampled and transferred to the laboratory at time intervals of 3, 5, 16, and 31 days after application. In this experiment were adults (< 24 hours old) of T. brassicae and T. evanescens. Based on our results, thiocyclam at both RC and half RC was the most harmful insecticide for immature stages of both parasitoids. This insecticide at the prepupal stage (at both RC and half RC) had more adverse effects than in pupal or larval stages. Tetraniliprole, with 23.33% and 21.11% mortality in less than five days, was classified as the short-lived insecticide for T. brassicae and T. evanescens, respectively. The same result was obtained in the chlorantraniliprole treatment. That caused 25% and 26.11% mortality to the parasitoids, T. brassicae, and T. evanescens. Lufenuron, with 30.55% and 30.00% mortality in less than five days, was short-lived. However, thiocyclam, with 14.44% and 16.67% mortality in less than 30 days and 65.55% and 69.44% mortality in less than five days, was classified as moderately persistent for those two species. Therefore, according to the results, 1. tetraniliprole, 2. chlorantraniliprole, and 3. lufenuron can control lepidopteran pests by observing the appropriate spraying distance to release Trichogramma wasps. Thiocyclam, on the other hand, should be employed with extreme caution.

 Pistachio fruit moth is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchads. In spite of severe damage of this pest in some orchards, the variety of recommended pesticides against it is very limited. Oxydemeton-methyl and fentione have been registered and recommended against this pest. Low efficiencies of these compounds and also the harmful effects of these pesticides on natural enemies are the problems of using these insecticides. In this study, the efficacy of two avermectine based compounds including abamectin and emamectin benzoate+lufenouran, which are effective on the larvae of some lepidopterous pests were tested against pistachio fruit moth. The experiments were performed in two consecutive years in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with different doses of the insecticides. To evaluate the effect of pesticides on the pest, dried and damaged seeds by larvae of pest were counted 7, 12, 18 and 25 days after spraying. The final number of seeds per cluster was also recorded and the efficiency of treatments was calculated. The results showed all treatments were effective against larvae of the moth. In general, higher doses of abamectin (0.4 and 0.6 lit/1000 lit) and higher doses of emamectin benzoate+ lufenouran (200 and 250 gr/1000 lit) were more efficient than other treatments. In general aspects, it seems that abamectin in rate of 0.6 lit/1000 lit is the best treatment for controlling this pest.

The Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a key pest of greenhouse cultivated cucumber which is economically important due to its wide host-range and cosmopolitan status. Due to its high potential for evolving resistant biotypes against insecticides, it is necessary to test and present new insecticides against it. This research was conducted in the greenhouses of Tehran and Yazd provinces, based on a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments  included pirimicarb (WP 50%)  at the rate of 1/1000 L, flonicamide (Teppeki ® WG 50%)  at the rate of 0.2/1000 L and 0.25/1000 L, pymetrozine (Chess ® WG 50%)  at the rate of 0.5/1000 L, palizin insecticide soap  at the rate of 2.5/1000 L and control (water spray). The sampling was done one day before the treatment and 3, 7 and 14 days after the treatment. Analysis of variance of data was performed by SAS software and means were compared using Duncan multiple range Test. On the third day after treatment, the mean efficacy of Teppeki (0.2/1000 L), pirimicarb, pymetrozine, Teppeki (0.25/1000 L) and palizin was 97.83%, 87.7%, 82.43%, 90.53% and 76.94%, respectively. On the seventh day after treatment, the highest and the lowest efficacies were observed in Teppeki (0.25/1000 L) and palizin treatments, which were 92.27% and 38.7%, respectively.   The mean efficacy in Yazd province, on the third day after treatment was 90.25%, 79.66%, 86.28%, 88.74% and 75.25% for Teppeki (0.2/1000 L), Teppeki (0.25/1000 L), pirimicarb, pymetrozine, palizin, respectively. In general, the new insecticide, Teppeki, has an acceptable efficacy against this pest in the greenhouse.

 Demographic toxicology is usually the best way to evaluate total effects of pesticides on a population of natural enemy. Lethal and sublethal effects of imidacloprid, pymetrozine and Dayabon® were investigated on the sexual population of Lysiphlebus fabarum at laboratory conditions. Toxicity of the insecticides on immature stages of L. fabarum was evaluated, by dipping leaves containing parasitized Aphis fabae. These insecticides significantly reduced adult emergence rate when parasitized aphids were treated with field-recommended concentrations at larval stage. Imidacloprid had more toxicity than pymetrozine and Dayabon® at pupal stage. Imidacloprid was significantly more toxic than pymetrozine at adult stage. Dayabon® did not have residual effect on adults. In order to assess sublethal effects of three insecticides on life-table parameters of L. fabarum, the concentrations that had 25% mortality threshold and field-recommended concentrations were used for larval, adult and pupal stages treatments, respectively. Adults’ longevity, mean fecundity, females' oviposition period, sex ratio and some population parameters (r,λ, R0) were negatively affected by application of imidacloprid in comparison with other insecticides and control at larval, pupal and adult stages treatments. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) values for imidacloprid treatment and control at larval, pupal and adult stages of parasitoid were 0.2035 ± 0.01, 0.2240 ± 0.01 and 0.2273 ± 0.01 (day-1) and 0.2635 ± 0.01, 0.2759 ± 0.01 and 0.2687 ± 0.01 (day-1), respectively. According to obtained results, pymetrozine and Dayabon® could be used to control A. fabae in combination with L. fabarum.

Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) is one of the major pests of cruciferous crops that invades cabbage fields and leave white ash colonies. Due to the recommendation and suitable effect of chlorfluazuron against Plutella xylostella, in this study, the lethal and sub-lethal effect of this insecticide was evaluated on the population of cabbage aphid as a side pest. The method used in the experiments was insecticide spraying on leaves containing aphids. LC10 concentration (25.90 ppm) was used to investigate the sublethal effects of the insecticide on cabbage aphid. According to the results, the female lifespan/longevity was significantly reduced by sublethal concentration. The fertility mean of control and treatment exposed by chlorfluazuron sub lethal dose was 25.38 and 21.05 nymphs/female, respectively. Results indicated that the sublethal concentration (LC10) also affected progeny of treated adult aphids. Accordingly, the sublethal concentration of Chlorfluazuron significantly reduced intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) in comparison with control. Net reproductive rate (R0) in control and sublethal concentration treatment were 23.92 and 4.87 nymphs per female, respectively with meaningful difference. However, the mean generation time (T) between control and treated aphids have not considerable statistical difference. Based on the findings of the present study, even a very low concentration (LC10) of chlorfluazuron insecticide can be effective in cabbage aphid control and keep its population in low levels.

One of the most biological control agents is Habrobracon hebetor especially for Indian meal moth. Functional response studies are suite index for successful using natural enemies in pest control programs. Using pesticides could be affected on functional response indexes and efficiency of natural enemies. In this research, has been studied the effect of sublethal doses of Deltametrin and Trichlorofen on functional responses of H. hebetor at controlled condition (26±1 Celsius, 65±10% humidity, 16:8 L: D). larvae, pupae and adults of Indian meal moths has been used separately at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 densities, for larvae and pupa dipping method and for adults contact method in exposed cages are used. Functional response and its parameters determined respectively by logistic regression and non-linear regression with SAS software. Results showed H. hebetor on larvae and pupae had functional response type 3 but on adults was functional response type 2 affected by both insecticides. Searching efficiency of bees that affected by Deltametrin for control, larvae, pupae and adults were determined respectively 0.009, 0.008, 0.009 and 0.056 /h and handling time were 0.74, 0.86, 0.91 and 0.96 houres. Searching efficiency was affected by Trichorfen in control, larvae, pupae and adults were recorded respectively, 0.009, 0.008, 0.007 and 0.78 /h and handling time were 0.74, 0.99, 1 and 2.13 hours. These results showed that sublethal doses of both insecticides have been affected only on adult moth’s functional response parameters of H. hebetor and showed significant difference.

A Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) study based on Genetic Algorithm  Multiple Linear Regressions (GA-MLR) were carried out for the prediction of the toxicity (logIC50) and the logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient (logPow) of some carbamate derivatives as insecticides. The optimized conformation of compounds were obtained at HF/6-31G* level with Gaussian 98 software. Dragon software is used to calculate molecular descriptors. A data set of these compounds was randomly divided into 2 groups: training and test sets. The QSAR models were optimized using multiple linear regressions (MLR).The most relevant molecular descriptors were collected by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and backward regression. The best GA-MLR models are obtained using statistical parameters, such as squared correlation coefficient (R2), adjusted squared correlation coefficient (R2adj), root mean square error (RMSE) values for training and test sets. The best QSAR models are obtained based on the statistical parameters Leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation, external test set, external validation parameters (Q2F1, Q2F2, Q2F3) and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to quantify the predictive ability of GA-MLR models. The results showed that GA-MLR models could be used to predict the activities of carbamate derivatives.

Background and Objectives The lacewings are predatory insects which are widely used in biological control programs. Meanwhile, the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), has attracted considerable attention as a promising biological control agent for greenhouse and field pests. Green lacewing is considered as an important bio-control agent due to its geographical distribution, broad host range, potency of suitable compatibility in agro-ecosystems, high searching ability, easy mass rearing in laboratory, high reproductive potential and broad resistance to numerous insecticides especially in larval and pupa stages. In this regard, it is highly important to reduce the consumption of the conventional pesticides which are compatible with predators and have low negative effects on beneficial organisms. In addition, life tables should be highlighted as the most reliable and effective technique for assessing the fitness of a population. Among the methods for selecting suitable pesticides in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, evaluating all of its effects on the different biological parameters of both sexes is the prime tool for population ecology studies. Materials and Methods Laboratory bioassays were investigated to evaluate the sub-lethal effects (LC30) of thiamtoxam, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid on biological characters and population parameters of C. carnea. The sub-lethal effects of thiamtoxam, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid on the demographic parameters of green lacewing were evaluated in vitro at 25±2° C, relative humidity of 65±5%, and light period of 8:16 h (light: dark). The raw data were analyzed based on two-sex life table analysis. Results All sub-lethal concentrations caused a significant decrease in oviposition period, total fecundity, longevity, and total life span in comparison to the control. Maximum and minimum mean lifespans of C. carnea individuals were observed in the untreated group and LC30 concentration of thiamtoxam. Total fecundity varied from 208.7 (offspring/individual) in treatment with LC30 thiamtoxam to 302.3 (offspring/individual) in the control treatment. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase (r, λ) were not affected by the imidacloprid concentration. The net reproduction rate (R0) reached its lowest level (141.1 offspring /individual) in acetamiprid treatment. Discussion The adaptability of pesticides with biological agents is one of the major concerns of IPM practitioners. Hence, it is essential to have necessary information about the action mode of pesticides on non-target insects. Furthermore, finding efficient biological control agents is considered as the first step in developing biological control programs. Therefore, the effects of sublethal concentrations of thiamtoxam, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid in combination with C. carnea were discussed in order to design integrated management programs.

Spodoptera cilium Guenee is one of the pests of grasses in the landscape of the southern regions of Iran and many countries of the world. In this study, the effects of some insecticides, including, indoxacarb, fanvalerate, diflubenzuron, Imunit® (Alpha Cypermethrin +Teflubenzuron) and Bt were investigated against larvae of S. cilium in laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory bioassays were performed by leaf dipping method at 250C, 60±5% RH, and 16:8 light: dark conditions. The results indicated the LC50 values from low to high of imunit®, indoxacarb, diflubenzuron and fanvalerate, 48 h after lavae exposure were 27.7, 60, 187.8 and 1057.0 ppm, respectivley. In the second experiment, grass leaves were treated with recommended and half recommended concentration of tested insecticides using leaf dipping method. Then, the mortality of second and fourth instar larvae were counted daily up to five days. A day after exposure, the highest mortality percentage of the second instar larvae was related to the recommended concentration of indoxacarb, fenvalerate and imunit®, respectively, with 99.0±1.0, 92.0±2.3 and 89.0±1.0%, respectively. In this time, the highest mortality level of fourth instar larvae was related to the recommended concentration of imunit® and indoxacarb with the mortality of 58.0±2.0% and 56.0±5.9%, respectively. The greatest reduction in the damage percentage in the field test was reported 19 days after spraying is related to the recommended concentration of indoxacarb, and imunit® with 6.0±1.0 and 28.0±0.0%, respectively. According to our results, immunit and indoxacarb have been shown to control the population and reduce the damage of S. cilium, and can be used in this pest control programs.

In this study, the immature stages of T. brassicae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) were exposed to the recommended field concentration and half of the recommended field concentration of four insecticides abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamipride, and flubendiamide.  The dipping method was carried out for the treatment of immature stages. The percentage decrease in emergence, rate of parasitism, longevity and sex ratio were determined. The results show that these concentrations of abamectin, emamectin benzoate, acetamipride and flubendiamide, especially the recommended field concentrations, affected the biological parameters of the wasp compared with the control. In the flubendiamide treatment with the recommended field concentration the percentage emergence of F0 and F1 larval, prepupal and pupal stages were (69.58±1.07, 81.67±2.15 and 78.75±2.20) (70.33±2.78, 80.25±3.57 and 88.45±3.60) and were classified in class 1 respectively and abamectin with percentage emergence of F0 and F1 (44.58±1.34, 49.58±1.19 and 40.00±3.02) (44.72±1.97, 42.35±7.28 and 48.76±2.87) were classified in class 2 in all the stages. Emamectin benzoate and acetamipride were also classified in some stages as class 1 and in the other stages as class 2. Furthermore, the most and the least side effects of other parameters of the pesticides were related to abamectin and flubendiamide, respectively. The results reveal that flubendiamide could be recommended for the control of butterfly pests in IPM programs due to lower toxicity to natural enemies.

Water is an important carrier for pesticide spraying. Physical and chemical properties of water can affect the quality control indexes and the efficiency of diluted pesticides. So, the study of the water characteristics in different regions of the country is very important. For this purpose, water samples from Mazandaran, Fars, Isfahan, Markazi, Guilan, Qazvin, Kerman (two regions), Khorasan Razavi, Yazd and Tehran provinces were collected. The effects of water hardness, pH and electrical conductivity (ec) on the quality control of two insecticides chlorpyrifos (EC 40.8%) and imidacloprid (SC 35%) as prevalent and highly-consumption formulations in the country were studied. The results of water hardness test showed that water sample from Kerman with 2255 ppm and then the water of Fars with 744 ppm had the highest hardness and sample of water in Guilan region with 60 ppm had the lowest degree of hardness in water tested areas. The emulsion stability of chlorpyrifos in water samples from Qazvin, Guilan and Khorasan Razavi (with low water hardness), showed no creaming, while in provinces which hardness was high, including Kerman, Fars and Yazd, creaming at diluted insecticides were high. The suspensibility of imidacloprid in water samples showed that suspension in water from Kerman, Fars and Yazd samples was unacceptable and suspensions from the other areas were acceptable.

One of the serious plant diseases in Iran is Citrus Greening disease. Trees infected with the disease die within a few years. Research on the vector is essential due to the presence of its vector, Diaphorina citri, in our country. Because of high reproduction rate and rapid development, this insect has a propensity to develop resistance to many classes of insecticides. One way to delay pest resistance is application of insecticides from different classes, so studying new insecticides is essential and inevitable. This experiment was done based on a completely randomized block design with 6 treatments (clothianidin (300 ppm), acetamiprid (500 ppm), Dimillin® (750 ppm), chlofluazuron (400 ppm), pyriproxifen (750 ppm), and control (spray with water)) and three replications A two-year study (2011 – 2012) was conducted in a citrus garden in Kerman Province. Sampling of trees was performed one day before spraying, and on the 3rd and 10th day after treatment. Ten days after spraying, the highest and lowest mortality percentage (89.88, 27.34) were observed on clothianidin and pyriproxifen, respectively. Ten days after spraying, efficacy on nymphs were 83.18, 7.94, 84.80, 74.32 and 63.33 percent for clothianidin, stamiprid, diflubenzuron, chlofluazoru and pyriproxyfen, respectively. Diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen had lower efficacy on adults compared to nymphs. In general, all insecticides, except pyriproxyfen, can be recommended for citrus psylla control.

Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hom.: Aleyrodidae), causes economic damages in most of agricultural areas, which several natural enemies are restricting its damage. Among its natural enemies, Encarsia formosa (Hym: Aphelinidae) role in its population control is undeniable. Chemical pesticides can affect several various aspects of natural enemies’ biology. In the current research effects of three insecticides, Buprofezin, Pyriproxyfen and Fenpropathrin on host preference and functional response of E. formosa was studied. Wasps were exposed to insecticides by using leaf disc method. Experiments were carried out under controlled conditions, 26 ± 1 ºC, 60 ± 5 RH and 16:8 (: D). According to obtained results parasitized hosts, third instar, were not significantly different in control and Buprofezin treated wasps (P > 0.05) and also between control and Pyriproxyfen treated wasps (P > 0.05). However control wasps significantly parasitized more hosts than Fenpropathrin treated wasps (P

The common green lacewing is one of the important predators in the field and greenhouse. In this study, lethal effects of azadirachtin, flonicamid, thiacloprid and thiocyclam againstegg and first instar of Chrysoperla carnea were studied in the laboratory. Larval bioassay was carried out with contact method in glass Petri dishes, while egg bioassay was conducted with immersion method. Mortality of eggs and larvae were measured after 72 h and 96 h, respectively. In order to study the sub-lethal effects of the treatments, first instars were subjected to LC25 of each treatment, and the effects were estimated based on IOBC method. Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 2 ºC, 65 ± 5% relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L:D). The estimated LC50 of azadirachtin, flonicamid, thiacloprid and thiocyclam for eggs were 510, 451, 394, 862 ppm, while for the first instar, it was 596, 37, 124 271 ppm, respectively. The mean fertility rate for control, azadirachtin, flonicamid, thiacloprid and thiocyclam were 291.32±13.7, 279.67±11.86, 235.75±12.84, 177.84 ± 13.87 and 99.85 ± 10.58 eggs, respectively. Based on IOBC classification method, azadirachtin and flonicamid were categorized as 'not harmful', while thiacloprid and thiocyclam were categorized as 'slightly harmful' against C. carnea. If our results are corroborated with field tests, flonicamid and azadirachtin can be incorporated in integrated pest managements of the field where this predator is active.

The cutworms (Agrotis spp.) are cosmopolitan polyphagous pests and cause damage to a variety of crops including chickpea. In this study, the efficacies of some safe insecticides on chickpea cutworms, Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiff.) were examined. The experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design with 6 treatments in 4 replications. The insectiside treatments included spraying with: tebufenozide (Mimic® SC 20%) at the rates of 0.75 and 0.5L/ha, fipronil hexaflumuron (EC 5%) at the rate of 1 L/ha, emamectin benzoate (Emamectin® SG 5%) at the rate of 200 g/ha, indoxacarb (Avaunt® EC 15%) at the rate of 0.25 L/ha and the control treatment. The results in both Markazi and Kurdestan provinces based on the number of damaged plants and total production, show significant differences among the treatments at level of 1%. Tebufenozide (Mimic® SC20%, 0.75 L/ha) with 5.75±0.85 and 5.67±0.48 damaged plants and the yield equivalent of 401.525±8.25 and 415.65±9.07 kg/h respectively, was the most effective insecticide and Indoxacarb (Avaunt® EC15%) with 23.75 ± 2.86 and 24.25 ± 2.56 damaged plants and 279.15 ± 4.02 and 300.25 ± 3.89 kg/h a yield, respectively showed maximum loss and minimum product after the control. Therefore tebufenozide is recommended for the control of cutworms on chickpea.

The leaf gall midge is a serious pest of mango in Baluchestan. Mango leaf gall midge produces wart-like galls on leaves resulting in reduced photosynthesis, leading to leaf drop and lowered fruit production. Younger trees may die while older trees fail to recover normal growth after repeated attacks. In Kahir village a field experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of Five insecticides alone and in combination with oil against the mango leaf gall midge, when the new leaves sprouted. The treatments were Abamectin EC1.8%, Dimethoate EC40%, Malathion EC57%, Cyromazine WP75% and Acetamipride SP20%. In this study a completely random blocks design with 11 treatment and 4 replicates were tested in 2 years. To evaluate the effectiveness of the insecticides, the number of galls on the leaves was counted one day before spraying, 5 and 14 days after spraying. The results of insecticides application in two years showed a significant difference among treatments at level of 5%. Insecticides used were effective in reducing pest populations. Fourteen days after spraying of insecticides excellent control was obtained with Malathion alone (93.76%) and in combination with oil (98.75%) and trigard cyromazine (91.48%) in first year. Fourteen days after spraying of insecticides excellent control was obtained with Malathion alone (93.93%)and in combination with oil (94.90%) and trigard cyromazine (82.42%), Dimethoat(83.65%) and Acetamipride (83.12%) in second year. while one percent volk oil was markedly less effective.

In this research، we used a new model to determine the risk of 58 current use insecticides and acaricides، mosly applied for agricultural purpuses. The OECD POV & LRTP Screening model used to calculate the environmental risk of pesticides using indices of overall persistence (POV)، long-range transport potential (LRTP)، and intake fraction (IF) was calculated using USES-LCA 2. 0 & Simple Box 3. 0. Integrating these parameters with acceptable daily intake (ADI)، LD50 bee، LD50 mice and LC50 fish made possible the risk assessment of 58 of current used pesticides. Screening and raking results showed that of 13 acaricides، 38% calssified with low، 38% with medium and 24% with high risk level. Of 45 studied insecticides 31. 7% showed low risk، 26. 9% showed medium، 23. 8% with high and 15. 8% showed very high risk. Risk assessment based on the most important crop/fruits demonstrated that pome and stone fruits 42. 9%، pistachio 41. 2%، citruses 35%، soybean 10%، sugarbeet 29. 4%، vegetables 17. 6%، cotton 26. 3% and cereal (wheat and rice) 31% of insecticides and acaricides are classified with low risk. Therefore، according to the results of the current research، it is clear that risk management of insecticides and acaricides in Iran toward reducing risk level is possible.