جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آنتی بیوتیک » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Maintaining sperm quality and reducing contaminants will ensure the success of fertilization. The presence of bacterial contamination in the reproductive system of animals and their transfer to the semen causes a decrease in sperm quality and problems of disease transmission through inseminated. During the process of freezing and thawing, cold shock as well as environmental microbial pollution causes sperm quality to decrease. Zinc oxide nanoparticles, in addition to increasing the antioxidant capacity, also have antibacterial effects. The sperm membrane of ruminants are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and Zinc is as a cofactor of biological antioxidant biomolecules that suggested zinc increases protecting cell membrane and other inside organelles. Conventional chemical methods are expensive and require the use of chemical compounds/ solvents as reducing agents, which are toxic and as a risk factor for environment. Green chemistry reduces the risk of pollution at the source level, and instead of producing waste, it can use waste materials as a source of producing nanoparticles. This technology focuses on selecting reactions (for example biological molecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, carbonyl and protein compounds) that are compatible with the environment. In this research, green zinc oxide (gZnO) nanoparticles are produced from saffron petals. Sperms were collected from 6 Afshari rams and after checking and confirming the quality, the sperms were mixed together in a 4x4 factorial design with 4 levels of antibiotics (0, 50, 75 and 100) recommended percentage and 4 levels of gZnO (0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5) μg/ml were added to the each diluent and entered to the freezing process. In order to check the quality of sperm after freezing CASA system were used. Membrane functionality was measured using osmotic method. The total microbial load was estimated using the colony count on blood-agar medium method. The results showed that 12.5 µg/ml level of gZnO nanoparticles becomes destructive and reduced quality of sperm, but the lower levels of gZnO significantly (P<0.05) increased the quality of sperm motility.  Rapid progressive motility, progressive motility and total motility were significantly increased at 7.5 and 10 μg/L levels compared to other levels (P<0.05).  Also, the addition of 7.5 μg/ml of gZnO significantly improved the membrane integrity performance compared to other levels (P<0.05). Antibiotic and gZnO significantly decreased microbial loaded (P<0.01). The strong positive correlation between zinc and both total motility and progressive motility is attributed to zinc's high antioxidant power. Zinc reduces the production of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, thereby protecting sperm cells from damage. Zinc nanoparticles stabilize the peroxidation of membrane lipids and increase the mitochondrial and functional activity of sperm without having a negative effect on sperm motility parameters. Concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml of gZnO nanoparticles had toxic effects on sperm, which has been noted by other researchers. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles reduces the amount of antibiotics needed in the production and processing of frozen sperm, reduces the cytotoxicity of both substances, greatly reduces the amount of antibiotic consumption, and increases the antimicrobial effects. The synergistic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and antibiotics have recently been given great importance, and in various researches, conjugated antibiotics have been invented. It was shown that the combination of zinc oxide nanoparticles and ampicillin increased the antibiotic power six times and greatly reduced the need for antibiotics.The addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the diluent caused a significant increase in the quality of frozen-thawed sperm, so that the levels of 7.5 and 10 mg/μL had the greatest improvement in quality after freezing and thawing. The use of concentrations of 7.5 and 10 μg/ml of gZnO nanoparticles along with reducing the consumption of antibiotics to half of the recommended amount has increased the quality of frozen sperm after thawing, reduced antibiotic resistance and finally reduced purchase cost of antibiotics in sperm production centers. studies show that the use of nanoparticles and antibiotics together not only reduced the toxicity of both substances on human cells, but also increased the effectiveness of antibiotics effects. Even the simultaneous use of nanoparticles and antibiotics caused the reversal of antibiotic resistance. Nanoparticles increase the antibiotic concentration at the site of antibiotic-bacterial activity and increase the binding of the antibiotic with the microorganism.

In the recent years, many countries have banned or restricted the usage of antibiotics as growth-promoting, due to their undesirable effects on human and animal health. Using probiotics as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics play an important role in improving performance, health and increasing the quality of poultry products. Lactobacilli are the most popular probiotic bacteria that have beneficial effects on host’s performance and health. In this study, the effect of two native strains of Lactobacillus ruteri isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of native chickens in north-western and south-western of Iran were investigated on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters and immune response of broilers.

In this experiment, 300 Arbor-Acres® Plus+ male broiler chickens were divided in to 5 treatments, 4 replications (15 chickens per replication), in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments include: 1- Basic diet as a control treatment, 2- Basic diet + Avilamycin antibiotic, 3- Basic diet + commercial probiotic (Bio-Poul®), 4- Basic diet + Lactobacillus reuteri isolate MG547731 (Plr2), and 5- Basic diet + Lactobacillus reuteri isolate MG547727 (Plr3).

Under the condition of this experiment, commercial probiotics, antibiotic and either Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) isolates, significantly improved daily weight gain in final period (p<0.05). Native isolates probiotics and commercial probiotics significantly (p<0.05) reduced the relative weight of gizzard and proventriculus, though no significant (p<0.05) differences were recorded for other carcass components in broiler chickens. After the first injection of SRBC, treatments include antibiotic and Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) isolate caused a significant increase of IgM, and after the second injection, Lactobacillus reuteri (Plr2) and commercial probiotic treatments, showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in immunoglobulin G and Total immunoglobulin. The antibody titer against Newcastle vaccine did not show a significant difference between treatments and the control group. There was no significant difference between serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and LDL between treatments and the control group. No significant difference was obtained in serum HDL level in probiotic treatments, while antibiotic treatment appeared with a significant decrease in HDL.

Addition of native Lactobacillus reuteri isolates to poultry diets can have beneficial effects similar to commercial probiotics, on performance, immune response and blood parameters of broilers.

In this study, the effect of probiotic supplements (Protexin® (PR) and Multi Behsil® (MB)) and oxytetracycline antibiotic was evaluated on performance, egg and carcass quality, immune response and acidity of the small intestine contents of laying Japanese quails from 7 to 13 weeks of age. A total of 240 laying Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 4 replications and 10 birds in each replication. The experimental treatments included 1- basal diet without additive (negative control; NC), 2- basal diet+ 50 mg/kg Oxytetracycline (positive control; PC), 3 and 4 were basal diet+ 50 and 100 mg/kg of MB probiotic, and treatments 5 and 6 were basal diet+ 50 and 100 mg/kg PR probiotic, respectively. The results showed that the diets containing MB and PR probiotics improved feed conversion ratio (2.96 and 2.77 vs. 3.05), feed intake (29.49 and 29.13 vs. 30.56 gr) and egg mass (10.47 and 10.66 vs. 10.37 gr), respectively in comparison to NC treatment (P<0.05). The utilization of PR probiotics decreased the feed cost per each kilogram of egg when compared with NC treatment (P<0.05). The treatment containing 100 mg/kg PR probiotic had the maximum shell thickness (P<0.05). The utilization of probiotic had no significant effect on immune response and pH of small intestine and cecum contents of laying quails (P>0.05). Generally, the use of probiotic in the diet of laying quails was able to show the ability to compete with Oxytetracycline growth promoter antibiotic by improving performance and egg qualitative traits.

In this research the effect of using domestic (Multibehcil) and imported (Bioplus B2) probiotic supplements and Avilamycin antibiotics wereinvestigated on performance, parameters of blood lipid and small intestine morphology by a sample of 360 male Ross-308 broilers aging 11 to 42days-old in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 4 replications and 15 chickens per each replicate. Experimental treatments included 1)without additive (control), 2) diets containing 0.1% of commercial bioplus B2 probiotic, 3) diets containing 0.01% of avilamycin antibiotic andtreatments 4) to 6) diets containing 0.05%, 1% and 0.15% of Multibehcil, respectively. The results showed that body weight and feed conversion ratiowas improved by using bioplus B2 probiotic and antibiotic (P < 0.05). Body weight and feed conversion ratio in birds receiving 0.1% and 0.15% ofMultibehcil were not significantly different from birds receiving bioplus probiotic. Feed intake was not affected by the experimental treatments.Humoral immune response and intestinal morphological parameters in birds receiving 0.15% of Multibehcil was not significantly different from thecontrol group and it was statistically equal to the groups receiving bioplus probiotics and antibiotics. The LDL level of blood showed a significantdecrease in Bioplus B2, antibiotic and 0.15% of Multibehcil treatments (P < 0.05). In general, the results indicated that using of Multibehcil at thelevel of 0.15 percent can be a suitable alternative for both Bioplus B2 and Avilamycin during grower and finisher period in broilers.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of multi behsil probiotic, protexin probiotic and Tetracycline supplements and feed form on performance, immune response and blood parameter of broiler chickens. A total of 960 1 day old unsexed broiler chicks (ROS 360) were randomly distributed with 4 replicates per treatment and 30 birds per replicate per cage in 2×4 factorial arrangement. The factors were two feed forms (mash and pellet) and four treatments were included control (basal diet), basal diet + Multibehsil probiotic, basal diet + Protexin probiotic and basal diet + Tetracycline. Diets were given adlibitumfrom one to 42 day of age. The result showed that the effect of feed form on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at different growth phases was significant (p<0.05) hence pelleted diet improve weight gain, FCR and increased feed intake compared to mash diet. Dietary supplements could significant improved broiler performance (p<0.05). Interactions between feed form and dietary supplements in the entire experiments was not significant (p>0.05). Dietary supplements had a significant effect on serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and total (p<0.05). Multi behsil probiotic had the greatest effect.Additives did not significant effect on blood parameters in treatment, main and interaction effects (p>0.05). Considering the similar effects of these two types of probiotics, it can be recommended that Multi behsil probiotic have the ability to replace protexin probioticand Tetracycline in poultry diets.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding different levels of cinnamon powder (CNP) on production performance and egg quality traits of laying hens in wheat–based diets. In this experiment 168 White Leghorn laying hens with 60 week age and average weight of 1550 grand average production of 65% was assigned to 7 treatment with 6 replications and 4 birds each based on completely randomized design. Experimental diets were formed as follows: control diet based on wheat-soybean, control diet + 0.05% antibiotics, control diet + 0.05% xylanase enzyme ,control diet + 0.05% vitamin E, diet + 1% CNP, control diet + 2% CNP and control diet + 3% CNP. The results showed that all experimental treatments except antibiotics increased egg production compared to control treatment (P <0.05). None of the experimental treatments had a significant effect on the eggs weight. Treatments containing CNP, vitamin E, and the xylanase enzyme significantly increased the egg mass (P <0.05). Treatments containing CNP and vitamin E significantly reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P <0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on most egg quality traits was not significant. The results showed that the use of 2% CNP in the diet of laying hens leads to improved performance and egg storage durability.

Effect of probiotic Bioplas 2B was tested on morphologic and cecal microbial populations in quails. Experimental treatments included control; 30 mg/kg antibiotic; 0.1% probiotic; 0.05% probiotic. 320 one-day quail with four experimental treatments in four replications were used in a completely randomized design. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in quails fed with 0.05% probiotic and the worst FCR was obtained in quails of the control group which had a significant difference compared with other treatments (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in duodenal villi length (P<0.05). The highest values of crypt depth and thickness in fed birds were 0.1% probiotics, which, in contrast to 0.05% probiotic treatment, were significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05). The lowest depth and thickness of the crypt was also observed in the antibiotic treatment. The results of jejunal morphology showed that the use of probiotic treatment improved the vili length, villi thickness, crypt depth and crypt thickness compared to the control and antibiotic treatments (P<0.05). The probiotic treatment also improved the length of the villi and thickness compared to the control treatment. The probiotic treatment also improved the crypt depth and the thickness of the ileum fraction compared to the antibiotic treatment (P<0.05). In addition, the results of cecal microbial population showed that 0.1% probiotic treatment and control treatment increased Lactobacillus population and E. coli and total bacteria compared to other treatments. The results of the present study showed that probiotic supplementation significantly improved the morphology and microbial conditions of intestine in quails and can be a good alternative to antibiotics.

Effect of different levels of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium and flavophospholipol antibiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and immune responses was studied using 200 day-old chickens, Ross 308 broilers with five treatments, four replicates and 10 chickens per each replicate with completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were included basal diet withno additives (control group), and the basal diet containing hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium (150, 300, 450 ml/kg diet) and flavophospholipol antibiotic (500 mg/kg diet). During the experimental period, birds fed with diet containing 450 ml/kg Allium hirtifolium extract had a higher weight gain than control birds (P<0.05). The effect of treatments on carcass characteristics was not significant. Themalondialdehyde value of legs muscles in birds fed with different levels of Allium hirtifolium extract was lower than the control group (p<0.05). The meat water holding capacity and drip loss in chickens fed with diet containing 450 ml per kg of Allium hirtifolium extract were higher and lower than birds receiving antibiotic respectively (p<0.05). The antibody titer against sheep red blood cells in chickens fed withdiet containing 450 ml per kg diet of Allium hirtifolium extract was higher than control birds or birds receiving antibiotic (p<0.05). According to the results of the present experiment, using 450 ml/kg diet of Allium hirtifolium extract could improve performance, meat quality and immune responses of broiler chickens, and can be used as a good replacement for antibiotic growth promoters.

In recent years, the advances made in the field of genetics, food, breeding, and marketing in the poultry industry have led to the use of modern methods and devices to achieve the highest production with the lowest cost in the industry. So today, food additives are used in the poultry industry to achieve high production with the lowest cost. Medicinal plants contain substances called active ingredient or active ingredients are made and stored and have physiological effects are on the body of a living creature leave. Medicinal plants due to certain compounds can affect the production and improving digestive and finally affect the bird feed digestibility. This plant contains active ingredients: Capsaicin and is capsanthin. Some antimicrobial compounds extracted from plants including: Terpiner, Betapinen, alfapinen, Linaleolandterpineol.

n this study 160 day-old male (Ross 308) broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates per treatment, were used from age 1 to 42 days. In each
experimental unit 10 chicks were reared in the same environmental conditions. Experimental diets (treatments) were as consisted of 1) basal diet without additives (control), 2) control diet containing 0.04 percent Flavophospholipol, 3) control diet containing 0.1% of red pepper powder, 4) control diet containing 0.3% of red pepper powder, diets were fed in two periods. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly and daily mortality was recorded and then these data were used to calculate the performance parameters of body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio. To study the structure of the ileum villus tissue sample of the target tissue as much as 4 cm from the beginning of the ileum supply and after unloading
the contents and washing was kept in 10% formalin paraffin wax technique for producing histological slides were thin.

The results showed that weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by treatments. The addition of red pepper powder did not have a significant effect on the body
weight of broiler chicks, consuming more than one percent of the red pepper extract had no effect on weight gain, possibly due to an increase in the intake of red pepper fruit in broiler chickens. Capsaicin stimulates fat metabolism from stored tissue and also activates both liver enzymes G6PD and lipoprotein lipase and thus does not affect weight gain. Adding capsaicin 0.2% does not affect feed intake. It has also been reported that no difference was found in the consumption of broiler chickens fed with Pune, Cinnamon and Pepper extract with five grams of Lamiaceae plants. Medicinal plants, as part of active substances, are very mischievous or may have a nasty taste, and in the diet may cause the animal to refuse eating and reduce feed intake. Adding
capsaicin 0.2% does not affect feed intake (13). It has also been reported that no difference was found in the consumption of broiler chickens fed with Pune, Cinnamon and Pepper extract with five grams of Lamiaceae plants. Based on these results, feeding with 0.1% red pepper powder increased the lactobacillus population as compared to the control and antibiotic group (P <0.05). Also, the total amount of the formulas in the treatment fed with 0.1% red pepper and antibiotic was decreased in comparison with the control (P <0.05). Red pepper powder, due to capsaicin, reduces the pH of the diet and thus increases the bacteria producing lactic acid and reduces the total bacterial form. A mixture of capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde and caracole
reduced the number of pericardial cholera and pericardial cholestridium in the intestinal tract. Vegetative herbicides reduced the number of asherikhakli e coli and Clostridium perfringens in the intestines of broiler chicks. Also, a mixture of herbal essential oils can reduce colonies of clostridium performs in the intestine and feces of broiler chicks. Lactobacilli is produced by the production of lactic acid as an antimicrobial that eliminates the external membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and, by decreasing the intestinal pH, inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants is directly related to the concentration and composition of the active ingredients. These compounds reduce the thickness of the intestinal epithelium, modify the microbial population and reduce the pathogenic microorganisms of the poultry function Improve The results of this study showed that feeding with red pepper powder increased the length of upper ileum compared to the control group (P <0.05). Upper ileum increased in chicken fed 0.1% red pepper in comparison with the control and antibiotic groups (P <0.05). Crypt depth was not affected by experimental treatments. In the case of herbs, there are various reports of increasing, no change, as well as a decrease in the length and depth of the intestines of broilers during the use of medicinal plants.

In the present study, the use of red pepper powder increased the useful bacteria (lactobacilli) and reduced the harmful ones (total polymorphisms). It also increased the length and width of the intestines of broiler chickens, although it did not have a significant effect on yield. Therefore, red pepper can be thought of as a suitable alternative to flavophospholipol antibiotics by reducing the overall bacterial form and increasing the intestinal parenchyma

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary acidification supplement on performance and biochemical parameters of quail chicks. Four hundred one-day old Japanese quail chicks (mixed sexes) were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments. Each treatment group consisted of 5 replicates of 20 birds. Treatments included 1- basal diet (control group), 2- basal diet+300 mg / kg virginiamycin, 3- basal diet+ 0.2% Bio acid ultra, 4- basal diet+ 0.4% Bio acid ultra. The results showed that the highest and lowest feed intake was observed in control treatment and antibiotic treatment, respectively. There was a significant difference between treatments (P <0.05). The highest weight gain was observed in the group containing 0.4% of acid, which did not show any significant difference with other treatments except control group (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference between the birds receiving acid and the birds receiving antibiotic in terms of feed conversion ratio, and the worst feed conversion ratio was observed in the control treatment. The highest amount of triglyceride and low density lipoprotein was found in control treatment, which had a significant difference with other treatments (P <0.05). Birds fed with acid or antibiotics had the lowest values for these two parameters. There was a significant difference between treatments for liver enzymes, so that the highest amount was observed in control treatment and the lowest in acid and antibiotic treatments. Overall, the results showed that Bio-acid ultra could be used as an alternative to antibiotics in quail diet and of course, 0.4% had better results.

About 65 to 70 percent of total cost of livestock breeding is related to nutritional issues. Sometimes antibiotics are used as feed additives to prevent the growth of intestinal pathogens, reduce metabolic abnormalities, stimulating growth and improving feed conversion efficiency in farm animals. The creation of resistance in pathogens and the possibility of antibiotics remaining in products are the main disadvantages of antibiotics usage in livestock and poultry nutrition as a growth stimulator. The tendency to use secondary plant metabolites has increased as a way to improve livestock and poultry performance. This study was carried out to determine the effect of using Bioherbal plant powder on digestibility, blood parameters and gas production parameters in Holstein fattening calves.

Ten male Holstein fattening bull-claves with average weight of 310±30 Kg divided into two groups and randomly were allocated to one of the experimental treatments. Animal on Bioherbal group are received basal diet plus 20g of Bioherbal per day. Daily rations were offered to calves during three meals adlibitum rations. Calves were weighed every two weeks before the morning feeding. At the end of each experimental period, fecal sample was collected from each calf through a rectum and stored in a freezer. At the last day of each period, the blood sample was taken from the jugular vein and the plasma isolated and kept in the freezer for further analysis. At the end of the experiment, the feed or fecal samples were dried in an oven at 60 ° C for 48 hours, and milled for further analysis for chemical composition and nutrients digestibility. Statistical analysis for data were done with the proc mixed of SAS software.

The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent insoluble fiber (NDF) and acid detergent insoluble fibers (ADF) was greater in Bioherbal group when compared with control group (P<0.01). Daily weight gain was numerically higher in the Bioherbal group (1.78 Kg) than the control group (1.35 Kg), but no significant difference was observed (P=0.06). Feed intake in the Bioherbal group (11.54 Kg) was significantly higher than the control group (10.81 Kg) (P <0.05). Conversion coefficient in Bioherbal group (6.50) was lower than control group (8.02) (P<0.05). Blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration didn’t show any meaningful variance between groups (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between control and Bioherbal treatment in terms of gas production (P <0.01). The highest amount of gas production was related to Bioherbal treatment and the lowest amount was related to control ones.

The results of this study indicate that the Bioherbal plant supplement improves the digestibility of nutrients, dry matter intake, feed conversion and weight gain of Holstein fattening calves.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of anise and angelica extracts (200 mg/kg) in comparison with antibiotics oxytetracycline (200 mg/kg) and probiotic Primalace® (100 mg/kg) on immune response, ileal microflora and jejunal morphological characteristics of broilers. A total of 400 Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to five experimental treatments. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates and 20 one-day old chicks per replication. The evaluation of immune response of chicks was conducted by injecting 5% SRBC suspension, assessment of ileal microflora by removing the ileum contents of the birds and examination of jejunal morphological characteristics by cutting the middle part of the jejunum after slaughter. The results of this study showed that experimental treatments had no significant effect on antibody titer against SRBC. The frequency of heterophils and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio decreased significantly affected by anise and angelica extracts (P<0.05). The total population of aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria decreased significantly by angelica extract (P<0.05). All treatments containing additive caused significant increase in jejunum villus height when compared to control treatment (P<0.05). The villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunal was significantly increased by anise and angelica extracts (P<0.05). Generally, the results of this experiment showed that the use of anise and angelica extracts by amount of 200 mg/kg diet may improve immune response, reduce the harmful ileal microflora and improve jejunal morphological characteristics of broiler chickens.

Many researches have been conducted to find suitable alternatives for antibiotics and were all looking for additives that could produce similar results in the control of infectious diseases, improving the growth performance and feed efficiency. Essential oils and herbal extracts are considered as one of the main sources of natural pharmaceutical compounds with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties. In the study of Rostami et al. (2015), it has been shown that dietary supplementation with Scrophularia striata powder at the level of 0.8 % of diet improved performance and immune response of meat-type chickens when compared with antibiotic supplement. However, due to the lack of research about the influence of S. striata extract on broiler performance, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of S. striata extract on male broiler growth performance, blood biochemistry and hematology, and to compare them with three feed additives (antibiotic, probiotic and vitamin E + vitamin C + selenium complex). A total number of 450 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided into 30 groups of 15 chicks each (six treatments and five replicates per treatment). The six experimental treatments were as follows: corn – soybean meal basal diet with no additives (control diet) and basal diet containing salinomycin antibiotic, probiotic, vitamin E + vitamin C + selenium complex (VS, 200 mg/kg vitamin E and C and 0.3 mg/kg selenium), 200 and 400 mg/kg S. striata extract (SSE1 and SSE2). Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded in each phase feeding periods as starter (0-10 d), grower (11-24 d) and finisher (25-42 d) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. To study the effects of different treatments on blood biochemistry and hematology, blood samples of two birds from each replicate were collected from the wing vein at the end of experiment. Samples containing EDTA were stored in ice box and immediately transferred to the laboratory for analyses. The other samples were centrifuged at 2,000×g for 10 min and frozen at −20°C until analysis. The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were determined by a hemocytometer method using Natt–Herrick solution; hematocrit (packed cell volume) and hemoglobin values were measured by microhematocrit and cyanmethemoglobin methods, respectively (Kececi et al. 1998). To determine blood leukocyte profiles, 100 leukocytes per samples were counted by an optical microscope according to protocol described by Lucas and Jamroz (1961). The heterophil (H)/lymphocyte (L) ratio was then calculated. Biochemical parameters consisted of glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), lipase, calcium and phosphorus. All analyses were made using the commercial kits (Pars Azmoon, Iran) and a standard auto analyzer apparatus (Biotecnica, BT-3000, Rome, Italia), except for calcium. Calcium (Ca) value was determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu AA-6200, Tokyo, Japan). The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design by ANOVA using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS Institute. In the grower (days 11–24) and the overall (days 1–42) experimental periods, the FI of the SSE1 and SSE2 groups was lower (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. During the finisher (25-42 d) and whole experimental periods, the BWG and FCR were better (P < 0.05) in all experimental treatments compared with control group, where the birds fed diet SSE1 and SSE2 had the best BWG and FCR. The blood protein and albumin in the birds fed diet SSE2 was significantly higher than in birds fed the control and antibiotic diets. All diets, except diet M, decreased cholesterol and LDL levels compared with the control diet. Feeding SSE1 and SSE2 diets increased blood phosphorus concentration and blood lipase activity protein deposition; additionally, feeding SSE2 diet significantly increased blood calcium level. Furthermore, broilers fed the antibiotic and SSE2 diets had higher blood hemoglobin level and lower WBC counts compared with VS treatment (P < 0.01). The birds fed any of the diets, except diet SSE1, exhibited lower H/L ratio than those fed the control diet. The better BWG and FCR in broilers which fed 200 and 400 mg/kg S. striata extract reveals that the impact of phytogenic products on performance could be related to the presence of growth-promoting substances in these herbs. In general, an improvement in FCR of chickens when feeding herbal products has been proven in the majority of the studies recently reviewed by Brenes and Roura (2010), who indicated that in most researches the improvement in FCR comes as a result of decreasing in FI at a largely unaffected BWG. However, in this study S. striata extract-containing treatments not only decreased FI, but also increased BWG. Polyphenolic compounds inhibit the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) enzyme; hence, the synthesis of cholesterol is inhibited. This action increases the LDL receptors at the surface of the hepatocytes and, as a result, accelerate LDL catabolism. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, reduce blood LDL, and to a lesser extent, blood triglyceride concentrations and slightly increase HDL concentrations (Barreto et al., 2008). Monsef-Esfahani et al. (2010) discovered that the essential oils and extracts from S. striata contain quercetin, which have important antioxidant activity. Therefore, enhanced lymphocyte percentage and decreased H/L ratio by the SSE2 treatment, along with the cell protection against oxidative stress, seemed to contribute to the higher WBC count reported in this study. According to the results, the 400 mg/kg S. striata extract can be used as an alternative to antibiotics and other commonly used additives at the level of to the diet of broiler chickens.

  Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a serious threat to human health. According to increasing
of bacterial resistance to current antibiotics and their side effects, study of medicinal plants to use in treatment
is necessary. In the present study, the antimicrobial effects of honey also essential oil and extracts of Thymus
daenensis, which is an Iranian native species was examined. In this study,the antimicrobial effects was examined on standard strains of Staphyloccus
aureus, Pseudomonas aueroginosa and Escherichia coli. The effects of honey,extracts and essential oil against
bactria was assessed by agar well diffusion, Disc diffusion and Dilution test methods. The results showed that studied honey has low antimicrobial effect on these bacteria, in tested
concentrations of essential oil, S.aureus were showed more sensitivity. As well as aqueous extract hadn’t effect
on E.coli and Ps.aueroginosa and in concentrations of alcoholic extract S.aureus were showed more sensitivity. According to antimicrobial effects of honey and Thymus daenensis, studies on antimicrobial
effect for clinical application in treatment of infections is necessary.

In order to evaluate the effect of Anise and Angelica extracts as an alternative to antibiotics to stimulate growth, 400 male and female Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications at the age of 1-42 days. The control diet was based on corn-meal soybean with no additive, and four other treatments were prepared by adding 200 mg per kilogram of diet of Anise seed extract, Angelica seed extract, oxytetracycline antibiotic and 100 mg probiotic Primalac per kilogram of diet. On day 38, one chick was selected from each replicate and three mL of blood were collected from the wing vein in the test tube to examine the biochemical parameters. The highest (57.9 g) and lowest (52.6 g) average daily gains were observed in the birds fed with control and probiotic treatment, respectively (P<0.05). The daily feed intake of birds fed with Anise, Angelica extract, and probiotic treatments was lower than birds were fed with control (P<0.05), but there was no significant deference between antibiotic treatments with others treatments. The effect of experimental diets on feed conversion ratio was not significant. The highest and lowest carcasses without skin of broiler chicks were observed in the birds fed with control and antibiotic treatment, respectively (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, the use of Anise and Angelica extracts can be used as alternatives to antibiotics in broiler chickens diets.

This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of microencapsulated Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) powder on performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal microflora of broiler chicken. A total of 360 one-day old broiler chicks (male sex) Ross 308 strain was divided in 9 treatments, 4 replicates and 10 chicks in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments include: basal diet, basal diet antibiotic, basal diet vitamin E, basal diet 0.33 % Spirulina, basal diet 0.66 % Spirulina, basal diet 1 % Spirulina, basal diet 0.33 % microencapsulated Spirulina, basal diet 0.66 % microencapsulated Spirulina, basal diet 1 % microencapsulated Spirulina. Results showed that during grower period the feed intake of group fed with 0.33 percent Spirulina was higher than control group (P

The effects of the herbal extracts (Rosemary officinalis L., Salvia officinalis), propolis, virginiamycin antibiotic and the herbal coccidiostat were studied on broiler chickens challenged with two E. coli strains (O78K80 & O2K12). A total of 476 female cobb 500 broilers was allocated in a completely randomized design considering seven treatments with four replicates and 17 birds per each for 42 days. Negative and positive control groups received a basal diet with no supplementation. The two herbal groups received a basal diet with 1 mL of ethanol herbal extracts (Rosemarinus officinalis & Salvia officinalis) / L drinking water, respectively. The virginiamycin (10%), the herbal coccidiostat and the ethanol extract of propolis groups fed the basal diet plus 150, 200 and 500 mg / kg diet, respectively. All groups except negative control challenged with two E. coli strains (O78K80 & O2K12) in 14d of rearing period. Herbal extract decreased the intestinal population of E. coli and Salmonella compared to the positive control (P

The aim of this experiment was to assess the effects of encapsulated oregano oil on microbial population, morphology, length and weight of different parts of digestive tract of Aryan broiler chicks. A total of 625 Arian broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized trail with 5 treatments and 5 replicates at the age of 1 to 42 days. Treatments were including: 1- basal diet (negative control), 2- basal dietꚺᮊ譢 (0.1 g Protexin/kg), 3- basal diet橻扮⨭ (0.15g Avilamycin/kg), 4- basal dietꊷꁪ oil (0.2 g/kg) and 5- basal diet穷᪦쮥櫗 oregano oil (1 g/kg). The results showed that broiler performance at the end of 42 days were not affected by treatments (p0.05). Finally, according to result of intestinal microbial count, it seems that encapsulated oregano essential oil can improve the intestine microbial population and bird's health.