جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فراسنجه های خونی" در نشریات گروه "علوم دام"

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different levels of dietary fat and vitamin E on the growth performance and blood parameters of Japanese quail. The experiment was conducted with 320 pieces of one-day-old quail in the form of a completely randomized design with 20 experimental units including 5 groups, 4 replications and A number of 16 pieces of quail chicks were performed in each repetition. The experimental groups include: 1) base diet (control), 2) base diet containing 2% soybean oil, 3) base diet containing 2% tallow oil, 4) base diet containing 2% soybean oil and 200 mg/kg vitamin E, 5) base diet They contained 2% tallow oil and 200 mg/kg vitamin E. The results showed that the treatment containing 2% tallow oil and vitamin E increased the weight of the birds compared to the control treatment (P<0.05). The lowest feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were observed in the birds that received the groups containing soybean oil or tallow along with vitamin E. Persistence percentage was not affected by experimental groups (P<0.05). The highest level of production index was related to the birds fed with the level of two percent tallow oil and E. The effect of experimental groups on blood parameters including total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL was not significant (P<0.05). In general, the use of two percent tallow oil along with vitamin E in the diet of birds improved the performance of quails.

The development of nanotechnology has led to the production of zinc nanoparticles, which possess unique characteristics such as a wider contact surface, higher surface activity, higher catalytic efficiency and stronger absorption ability. This combination has the potential to improve the growth of rumen bacteria and enhance energy consumption. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the effect of zinc nanoparticle supplementation on dry matter intake, milk composition and blood parameters in Holstein dairy cows.

The number of 24 Holstein dairy cows with an average weight (650±20 kg) and the number of calving bellies (2 and more) and lactation days (70±4 days) during a 35-day trial period, 4 trial diets including. The treatments: 1) Basal Diet containing 30 mg/KgDM zinc oxide, 2) Basal Diet + containing 30 mg/KgDM ZnO-NPs, 3) Basal Diet + containing 60 mg/KgDM ZnO-NPs, and 4) Basal Diet + containing 90 mg/KgDM ZnO-NPs. The study followed completely randomized design Zinc nanoparticles were produced in the laboratory using the by co-precipitation method. The cows were milked and fed three times a day. Feed samples and residues were collected twice a week. Milk samples were collected weekly for three consecutive days. To measure, Milk composition, Blood samples were taken weekly two hours after the morning meal using a vacuum syringe from the tail vein to measure serum parameters.

The results showed that the dry matter intake and the amount of milk production were not affected by the experimental diets (P>0.05). The number of body cells significantly decreased under the influence of ZnO-NPs nanoparticle consumption (P<0.05). They were not affected by the consumption of ZnO-NPs particles (P>0.05). Cows in the ZnO-NPs nanoparticle group showed higher concentration of SOD enzyme than the base group (P<0.05). Other compounds measured from the serum of cows were not significantly different among the experimental groups (P>0.05).

Overall, feeding zinc nanoparticles to dairy cows can be suggested as a solution to enhance of the dairy herd management.. The results showed that nano zinc sources in the diet of dairy cows were more suitable as a supplement compared to the mineral form of zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxidative stress is inevitable in broiler chicken production, and it affects the physiological, behavioral, and biochemical status of growing chicken which ultimately deteriorates meat quality. The imbalance among free radicals and antioxidant enzymes within living cells or tissues leads to the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and is a fundamental cause of oxidative stress. When the antioxidant mechanism within living cells weakens, the production of free radicals increases under physiological oxygen metabolism, and reactive species (i.e., reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species) are needed in cells in small quantities because they function as signaling molecules during homeostasis. However, excessive production of these species leads to oxidative stress. There is a mechanism in living cells to reduce the number of oxidative species through physiological scavenging. Numerous reactive oxygen species such assuperoxide and hydrogen peroxide are produced during oxygen metabolism. In addition, some reports showed that after the occurrence of oxidative stress, there are severe inflammatory reactions in the cells involved, which can lead to greater tissue damage and activate tissue apoptosis. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in the emergence of a number of chronic disorders such as diabetes and cancer by inducing inflammation. To protect against free radicals, living organisms have a combined antioxidant defense system including enzymatic system (such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzymes in the cytosol and cell membrane structure) and a non-enzymatic system (such as glutathione, polyphenol, carotenoids, special dipeptides, proteins containing thiol group, polyamines, ubiquinol, flavonoids, bilirubin, uric acid, vitamin E with selenium, and vitamin C) in tissues. Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) have been used as alternative medicine for more than 2000 years due to their multisystemic positive effects. Many active components of black cumin have been identified, including dithymoquinone, thymoquinone, nigellone, thymohydroquinone, nigilline, melanthin, nigelamine, damascenone, pinene, and p-cymene. Black cumin contains minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, phosphorus, cobalt, zinc, and manganese, and vitamins A, B, C, D, and E. Moreover, black cumin is rich in essential oils, proteins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols. The black cumin has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, hypocholesteremia, appetite stimulant, antidiarrheal, diuretic, antiulcer, spasmolytic and bronchodilatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and renal protective activities and has antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of black cumin on growth performance, antioxidant status, inflammatory responses, and biochemical and hematological changes in broilers under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide.

A total of 200 one-day-old chickens (Ross 308) were reared in the form of a completelyrandomized design with four treatments and five replications (10 chickens per replicate). Experimental treatments included: 1. Control group (fed with basic diet), and groups 2, 3, and 4 had levels of 50, 100, and 150 g of black seed per kg of diet. To induce oxidative stress, all birds received 1% hydrogen peroxide per liter of drinking water from 14 to 42 days of age. At 42 d, two birds were randomly selected from each cage and after blood sampling from the wing vein, were killed and dissected for liver and spleen tissue sampling. Growth performance, blood and biochemical parameters such as the number of red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, heterophil and lymphocyte, serum triglyceride, and cholesterol, as well as serum antioxidant parameters including the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, were determined. In addition, liver enzymes present in the serum including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Also, to evaluate the effect of black cumin on the inflammatory response of broiler chickens under induced oxidative stress, serum interleukins including IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured.

The results showed that black seed supplementation in chickens under induced oxidative stress significantly improved the growth performance, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased MDA in serum, liver tissue, and spleen (P<0.05). Black seed supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines of IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine of IL-10 (P<0.05). Also, black seed supplementation did not affect red blood cells, hematocrit, or hemoglobin, but increased white blood cells, lymphocytes, and decreased blood heterophils (P<0.05). Serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, and ALP also decreased significantly under the influence of black seed.

Based on the results of this experiment, it appears that black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed supplement can improve the growth performance of broiler chickens due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

In the past, the use of valine (L-Val) in broiler feeds was limited due to its high price and relatively low availability. However, L-Val is becoming more available for the feed industry, resulting in a more viable price, leading to its inclusion in feed formulas. Moreover, to decrease the dietary content of crude protein, the use of L-Val in broiler diets is becoming more attractive. Arian broiler is one of the meat strains that originated in Iran and considering that several decades have passed since the arrival of the Arian line in our country. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out continuous nutritional experiments to more accurately meet the requirement of Arian broiler with regard to optimizing growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass efficiency by increasing the density of nutrients such as amino acids (AA). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different ratios of dietary valine-to lysine on growth performance, blood parameters, immune system, carcass characteristics and economic indicators in Arian broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted for 40 days with three satges: starter (0-14 days old), growth (15-25 days old) and finisher (26-40 days old). In this study, a total of 500 Arian strain day old broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replicates and 20 birds per each. Feed intake and body weight were measured at the end of each rearing periods and FCR was calculated. The experimental groups included: first group: control (-75; 75% ratio of valine to lysine without using synthetic L-Val), second group: +80 (ratio of 80% valine to lysine using synthetic L-Val), third group: +85 (ratio of 85% valine to lysine using synthetic L-Val), fourth group: -80 (ratio of 80% valine to lysine without using synthetic L-Val and fifth group: -85 (ratio of 85% valine to lysine without using synthetic L-Val). At 40 days of age, six birds from each replicate were randomly selected, weighed, and killed).

Results and Disscution: 

Results showed that diets with ratios of -80 and -85% valine amino acid increased body weight at the age of 0 to 42 days (P<0.05). The diets with a ratios of -85% valine amino acid increased feed intake during the total period of experiment (P<0.05). The intake of diets with ratios of -80 and -85% valine amino acid improved FCR and decreased abdominal fat (P<0.05). The level of albumen and total protein in control treatment were higher than in all experimental groups (P<0.05). Significant differences were not observed in relative size of spleen and bursa of fabricius, antibody titer against Newcastle disease and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio between experimental groups.

The results showed that feeding a diet containing -85% valine amino acid was more obvious on performance in the entire rearing periods, and also will improve serum lipid parameters, reduce fat storage in the abdominal area and increase profitability. Finally, the economic calculations of the project showed that it is possible to use the advantage of using synthetic valine amino acid in ration of Arian broilers.

Today, the use of enzymes to improve feed digestibility and achieve higher productivity has been considered as an effective strategy in the poultry industry. Phytase is an enzyme that is used in most commercial diets with the aim of breaking the bonds of phytic acid to increase the digestibility and absorption of nutrient. On the other hand, by carrying out breeding programs and subsequently reducing resistance to diseases due to the shift of nutrient for more production, more attention has been paid to immunity system and gut health. Therefore, gut health has a key role in the absorption of nutrient resulting from the activity of endogenous and endogenous enzymes. Hence, research in term of gut health modifiers such a prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, parabiotics and essential oils have increased. Among them, phytogenics have become more popular nowadays. Phytogenic supplements are known as their role on growth performance and increase profitability through improving microbiota balance and intestinal health. In addition to dietary phtoygenic supplemets, dietary calcium and phosphorus reduction is probablely effective tool led to phytase activity released nutrient. Results from studies have been showed that, slight decrease in the level of calcium and phosphorus is effective in increasing the efficiency of these mineral and gut health via reducing gut acidity. In the present study, effect of high amounts of phytase in combination with phytogenic additive in diets with reduced calcium and phosphorus on nutrient digestibility, humoral immunity and some related blood parameters of broiler chickens were investigated.

The 672 one-day-old male broilers of Ross 308 strain were assigned to 12 dietary treatments and four replicats in a 2x2x3 factorial arrangement with different amounts of phytase (zero, 500 and 2000 FTU) and two levels of phytogenic supplement (zero and 200 mg/kg of feed) on two dietary calcium (normal=0.81, 0.72, 66%; reduced=0.71, 0.62 and 0.56% for different phases) and phosphorus (normal = 0.36, 0.32 and 0.29%; reduced=0.31, 0.27 and 0.24% for different phases) in a completely randomized design.

Addition of phytase to the diets in combination to calcium and phosphorus reduction increased phosphorus digestibility compared to that normal diets (P<0.05). Increasing phytase from 0 to 500 and 2000 FTU increased digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, phosphorus, calcium and protein (P<0.05). The interaction effect of adding phytase enzyme along with decreasing the amount of calcium and phosphorus on the digestibility of calcium and phosphorus were significant (P<0.05), and the inclusion of phytogenic supplement at the levels of 500 and 2000 FTU of phytase per kg of feed increased phosphorus digestibility (P<0.05). Decreasing dietary calcium and phosphorus concentration and adding phytogenic additive, improved nutrient digestibility of nutrients except protein (P<0.05). Inclusion 2000 FTU of phytase in diets increased digestibility of nutrients and decreased blood calcium compared to the usual amount and diet without phytase (P<0.05). The blood concentratin  of alanine aminotransferase reduced by 2000 FTU of phytase compared to 0 and 500 FTU (P<0.05). Dietary addition of phytase decreased alkaline phosphatase (P<0.05). High levels of phytase inceasded total serum immunoglobulins at the age of 28 and 41 days compared to the zero level (P<0.05), but there was no difference compared to the 500 FTU. Addition of phytase or phytogenic supplement improved antibody level against Newcastle at the age of 41 days (P<0.05).

Based on the results of this research, 2000 FTU phytase compared to 500 FTU and adding phytogenic supplement had positive effects on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and immunity in broilers.

Considering the costs of providing feed for feeding ruminants, agricultural by-products, which are generally cheaper than conventional feeds, can be included in the diet of fattening animals, which will reduce production costs. One of these agricultural by-products is cotton waste from cotton ginning factories, which due to its plant origin and as a source of protein, fat and raw fibers, this product has the ability to be used as an alternative feed in the diet of fattening animals. This edible material is a mixture of woody parts of cotton bolls, stems, remnants of cotton fibers and leaves.This study was conducted to investigate the effects of substituting different levels of cotton waste for dried alfalfa on growth performance, quantitative and qualitative carcass traits, apparent digestibility, blood parameters, and liver enzymes Afshari lambs.

In this study, 24 male Afshari lambs with an mean weight of 30±1.9 kg and an mean age of 4 months were used in 4 treatments and 6 repetitions for 90 days. The experimental treatments included: 1) control group, 2) diet containing 33.33% cotton waste, 3) diet containing 66.66% cotton waste, 4) diet containing 100% cotton waste instead of dry alfalfa. Growth performance traits including daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured during the experiment period. Also, at the end of the experiment, three lambs from each treatment were slaughtered to measure the quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass. On the 90th day of the experiment, blood samples were taken from five lambs from each treatment to measure blood parameters and liver enzymes..

The growth performance results showed that replacing 100% of cotton waste instead of dried alfalfa (1890 gr) in the diet of fattening lambs significantly increased the daily feed intake compared to the control group (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio in the treatment containing 100% replacement of cotton waste instead of dried alfalfa (6.70) was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P<0.05). The final live weight in treatments where cotton waste was replaced by dried alfalfa was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Also, the treatment containing 100% replacement of cotton waste instead of dried alfalfa had a higher final weight (56.22 kg) than the control group and other groups. Apparent digestibility of crude fat (75.11%), NDF (69.31%) and ADF (30.32%) in the treatment containing 100% replacement of cotton waste instead of dried alfalfa compared to the control group It increased significantly (P<0.05). The concentration of blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL in blood serum increased with consumption of cotton waste (P<0.05); But the concentration of HDL decreased (P<0.05). A decrease in cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen was observed by replacing 33.33% of cotton waste (P<0.05). The live weight before slaughter, hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold carcass weight, cold carcass percentage, cold half carcass weight, thigh percentage and head percentage in the treatment containing 100% replacement of cotton waste instead of dried alfalfa increased significantly compared to the control group. had (P<0.05).

The general result of the present study showed that replacing 100% of cotton waste instead of alfalfa improved the growth performance, quantitative traits of the carcass and the apparent digestibility of nutrients.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with corn germ meal in diet on feed intake, rumen parameters and blood metabolites of Atabai fattening lambs. Thirty lambs (with an average weight of 32±2.7 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 repetitions. The lambs of the control group were fed with the feed without corn germ meal. Other groups were fed by replacing 50% and 100% of soybean meal with corn germ meal in the diet for 84 days. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the final weight of lambs and dry matter intake (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed in protozoa population, pH and volatile fatty acids among different treatments (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in rumen ammonia nitrogen during fasting and six hours after morning feeding (P>0.05). However, rumen ammonia nitrogen increased 3 hours after morning feeding (P<0.05). Among the different treatments, there was no significant difference in blood glucose, cholesterol, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio (P>0.05), but replacing soybean meal with corn sprout meal increased the concentration of triglyceride, urea, total proin, and high-density lipoprotein. Low and very low density lipoprotein and decrease of lipoprotein increased with density (P<0.05). In general, corn germ meal can be completely replaced with soybean meal without affecting the health and production of fattening lambs.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of a type of mineral ‎biochar obtained from Kohbanan mine in Kerman on the performance, digestibility, blood ‎parameters and ruminal fermentation of suckling Holstein calves in an industrial cattle farm. For this ‎purpose, 35 Holstein calves with an average weight of 48.88 ± 4.87 were used in a completely ‎random design in five treatments and seven replications.The experimental rations include: 1) milk ‎and ‎starter feed (basal ration), 2) basal diet with 10 g of mineral biochar mixed in the starter feed, 3) ‎‎basal diet with 10 g of mineral biochar dissolved in milk, 4) basal diet with 20 g of ‎mineral biochar ‎mixed in the initial feed, 5) basal diet with 20 g of mineral biochar ‎dissolved in milk. Consumption ‎of 20 grams of biochar in the initial feed increased the daily weight and improved the average feed ‎conversion coefficient . The highest amount of blood glucose and albumin concentrations ‎was related to calves fed with 20 g of biochar in ‎the initial feed. Calves consuming 10 and ‎‎20 g of biochar in the starter feed had the ‎highest apparent digestibility of nutrients. ‎Calves fed with 20 g of biochar in the initial ‎feed had higher rumen pH than the other calves. Therefore, the addition of 20 g mineral biochar to the starter diet of Holstein calves is ‎recommended because of its positive effects on performance, digestibility blood parameters and ‎rumen fermentation.‎

In the dairy cattle industry, the fertility trait is one of the most effective economic components, because the reduction of fertility prolongs the postpartum cycles and increases the costs of open days. Probiotics, prebiotics and microbial products such as bioactive peptides, enzymes and organic acids can be mentioned among the additives that affect reproduction. Probiotics are bacteria and yeast that are beneficial for the health of the body, especially the digestive system. New generation probiotics, besides yeasts, contain some bacteria, including types of bacilli, lactobacilli, streptococcus, etc., which are less studied. Recently, a supplement called Multiact D has been produced by Ariana Biotechnology Supplement Development Company, which claims to be effective on the health and reproductive performance of dairy cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate Multiact-D supplement containing prebiotic, probiotic and postbiotic (manufactured by Ariana Biotechnology Company) on milk production and composition, blood parameters and reproduction in Holstein dairy cows.

Cows were studied in two groups of 50 treated rats (received 80 grams of Multiact supplement daily) and control between 20 and 100 days after calving. Once every month, the amount of milk produced and its ingredients were measured. Blood samples were collected on days 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 from 9 cows in each group and blood parameters were analyzed. Reproductive traits include the number of days until the first insemination, the number of inseminations per pregnancy, the percentage of pregnancy compared to the first insemination and total inseminations (percentage of conception), the percentage of pregnancy up to 100 days of lactation, the percentage of pregnancy up to 120 days of lactation, the percentage of infertility at 200 days and days. Re-registered. SAS software was used to analyze reproductive data.

The results showed that milk production, milk protein percentage, milk protein amount, milk lactose amount and body condition score were all increased in the treatment group, and milk fat percentage, total milk solids percentage, milk urea nitrogen decreased (0.5 0>P). Also, the concentration of total protein and iron increased in the treatment group, but the concentration of cholesterol and MDA decreased (P<0.05). In the treatment group, the percentage of pregnancy increased up to the 120th day of lactation and the number of open days decreased (P<0.05).

The use of Multiact-D supplement in the early lactation period had beneficial effects on the lactation performance and reproduction of Holstein P dairy cows. It also has effects on the concentration of blood parameters of Holstein dairy cows and reduces the level of oxidative stress.

Although minerals include a small part of the total cost of poultry feed, they perform special functions in the body. Given that today's birds are primarily raised under stressful conditions (including high production demands, environmental stress, heat, and exposure to various other stress factors), their nutrient metabolism, including the absorption of minerals, has changed. This has led to decreased feed consumption, reduced mineral absorption, and consequently, increased excretion of minerals. Minerals that serve as cofactors for many enzymes are crucial; thus, to support proper functioning and enhance the immune system's response, higher amounts of these nutrients are required in diets. Chromium (Cr) is a critical micronutrient for humans and animals. It contributes to physiological and nutritional efficiency. Chromium increases glucose glycogenesis, promotes glucose transport, and increases protein synthesis. Chromium is important in protein digestion and reduction of lipid peroxidation and increased growth production. Chromium deficiency is associated with reduced growth rate, and glucose, and protein metabolism. Under environmental, nutritional, and hormonal stress, the benefits of chromium supplementation clearly demonstrated. Considering that with the increase in age and egg size, the egg quality decreases, and also the function of the immune system decreases at the late phase of egg production. Therefore, supplementation of layer hen diets with some nutrients at the end of the production period can improve the egg quality and potentiate the humoral immune response. Thus, the subject of the current study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chromium-methionine on egg laying performance, egg quality traits at different storage times and temperatures, humoral immune response, and some blood biochemical parameters of laying hens at late–phase of the egg production cycle.

A total of 120 Leghorn laying hens (Hy-line W36, 73 weeks- old) were assigned in a completely randomized design with 6 dietary treatments, 5 replicates and 4 laying hens in each replicate for 6 weeks. The experimental treatments were 6 levels of chromium-methionine supplementation (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 μg/kg of diet) of corn-soybean meal-based diet. The hens were housed in a 60 × 60 × 40 cm cage. All hens were housed in an environmentally controlled house with temperature maintained at approximately 25ºC. The house had controlled ventilation and lighting (16L: 8D). All hens were supplied with feed and water ad libitum. The hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded daily. The feed conversion ratio was expressed in kilograms of feed consumed per kilogram of the egg mass. The effects of organic chromium supplementation of laying hens on egg quality traits were evaluated every 2 weeks at 75, 77, and 79 weeks of age. The egg shape index was calculated by dividing egg length to egg width. At the end of the experiment, to measure certain blood parameters, one bird from each replicate was selected, and blood was drawn from the wing vein. After preparing the serum, the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, glucose, and malondialdehyde were measured using Pars Azmoon kits according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Supplementing the diet with chromium-methionine had a significant effect on laying performance (including feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and egg production) and egg quality traits (such as eggshell weight, yolk color, yolk weight, albumen height, and Haugh unit). The results showed that birds fed 2000 µg/kg chromium-methionine had the lowest feed intake and the best feed conversion ratio and egg production percentage were observed with the addition of 1600 and 2000 g/kg organic chromium. By suppressing stress factors, chromium can increase the ovulation rate and increase the percentage of egg production. Addition of organic chromium except 2000 μg/kg improved albumen height and Haugh unit compared to the control group. The interaction effect between egg storage time and storage temperature on the yolk height and yolk percentage, albumen and yolk pH were significant. Carotenoids are responsible for the color of the yolk and they are a part of the fat-soluble compounds, so any factor that can improve the digestion and absorption of fats will probably lead to an increase in the color of the egg yolk. Haugh unit is a measure to determine the quality of egg white, which determines the quality of the egg. The higher HU means better egg quality (fresher, higher quality eggs have thicker whites). Blood serum cholesterol of chickens fed with 800 µg/kg of chromium-methionine decreased compared to the control group. The lowest serum concentration of malondialdehyde was observed using 1600 and 2000 µg/kg organic chromium. Addition of 1600 µg/kg of chromium-methionine increased total immunoglobulin production against sheep red blood cells. The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on improving immune responses can be attributed to its antioxidant activity. By enhancing antioxidant activity, chromium reduces the production of corticosterone, a potent suppressor of immune system function. This reduction in corticosterone levels prevents the decrease in lymphocyte production and proliferation, ultimately supporting the continued production of antibodies.

In total, dietary supplementation of 1600 μg/kg chromium-methionine can improve egg laying performance including feed conversion ratio, egg production, and egg mass, as well as egg quality traits such as egg shell weight and albumen height of laying hens at the late-phase of laying cycle. Supplementation of layer diets with 1600 μg/kg organic chromium improved the humoral immune response at the late-phase of egg production cycle by increasing the production of total immunoglobulin against sheep red blood cells.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of β-alanine levels on performance, quality characteristics of eggs and blood parameters of laying hens. In this research, 180 laying hens of "Hy-Line -W36" at the age of 78 to 86 weeks were used in five treatments and six replication (six hen in each replication). Experimental treatments included 5 level of 0, 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 mg of β-alanine per kg of diet. The results of this experiment showed that the addition of β-alanine at any level of the diet caused an increase in feed consumption in the whole period (P˂0.05). The addition of 400 mg of β-alanine per kg of the diet had more shell weight per surface area in the whole period (P˂0.05). The β-alanine treatments at any level of the diet caused an increase in VLDL concentration at the age of 84-86 week compared to the control treatment. The concentration of cholesterol in the yolk at the age of 82-84 week was higher in hens feed with a diet containing 800 mg per kg β-alanine than control birds (P˂0.05). In general, the results of this research showed that 800 mg of β-alanine per kg of diet can increase feed consumption, VLDL concentrations and egg yolk cholesterol.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with poultry slaughterhouse residue powder on performance, milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, and blood parameters of lactating ewes. To perform this experiment, 24 dairy ewes of the Dalaq breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in 4 treatments and 6 repetitions in a completely randomized design. The treatments were included: control treatment (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (diet containing 33% replacement), third treatment (diet containing 66% replacement) and fourth treatment (diet containing 100% replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder instead of soybean meal). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the final weight of sheep, daily weight gain, dry matter consumption, feed conversion ratio, milk production and feed consumption behavior. By increasing the replacement levels of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal, the percentage of non-fat solids, density and lactose of ewes' milk also increased (P<0.05). Among the different treatments, no significant difference was observed in terms of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin-globulin ratio, but blood urea nitrogen concentration increased with the replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal increased (P<0.05). In general, it is possible to completely replace the powder of poultry slaughterhouse remains, which is a source of animal protein, with soybean meal, which is one of the imported items of animal feed, without causing any disturbance in the health and production of animals.

During the last stages of incubation, avian mortality commonly happens due to the lack of enough nutrients and amino acids (Fardoost et al. 2019). However, in ovo injection or in ovo feeding is considered a new technique for improving growth of chickens (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Most studies indicated improving effect of in ovo feeding of nutrients (especially amino acids) on small intestine growth and histology as well as higher absorptive capacity of digestive system (Ebrahimi et al. 2017, 2018a,b; Elwan et al. 2019; Fardoost et al. 2019). Previous studies indicated an improving effect of excess feeding of arginine on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and intestinal histology of broilers (Ebrahimi et al. 2013, 2014, 2016b). However, there are few records regarding the impact of in ovo injection of arginine on intestine histology of chickens. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of different levels of arginine on carcass traits, blood metabolites, and small intestine histology of broiler chickens.

For this reason, 300 fertile broiler breeder eggs were divided into three treatment groups: 1- 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 2- 1% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 3- control group included distilled water injected (sham-control subgroup, 50 eggs) and non-injected (control subgroup, 50 eggs). Eggs were then set into the incubator for the first 18 days with the temperature of 37.8°C and six rotations per day. At d 14 of incubation, eggs were injected into the amniotic fluid (Ebrahimi et al. 2017) as follows: 1- in ovo injection of 5 mg L-arginine/ ml distilled water, 2- in ovo injection of 10 mg of L-arginine/ml distilled water, 3- control group included sham-control (in ovo injection of 1 ml distilled water) and control (received no injection). For in ovo injection, solution pH was set at 7.0. At d 18 of incubation, eggs were moved into hatchery boxes. After hatching, chicks were reared for 24 days. During the experiment, chicks received standard commercial diets based on Ross recommendations as starter (0-10 days) and grower (11-24 days), (Table 1). At d 24, blood samples of three chickens per each replicate were collected, centrifuged (3000 rpm for 20 minutes), and serum was separated to evaluate cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, and total protein by the Enzymatic Colorimetric method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, all birds were weighed, slaughtered, some carcass traits (scalped carcass, eviscerated carcass, breast, thigh, gizzard, proventriculus, pancreas liver without gall bladder, heart, duodenum , jejunum, and ileum were weighed, and their relative weight to chicken body weight were calculated. Also, length of duodenum , jejunum, and ileum was evaluated and their samples were stored in 10% formalin for fixation to evaluate histological parameters (crypt depth, villus height, villus thickness, mucosal thickness, and crypt diameter) using Hematoxylin - Eosin staining method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, villus height to crypt depth ratios were calculated. Afterwards, data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design by the Proc GLM of SAS software (Ver 9.2). Also, Tukey-Kramer test was used for comparing treatments and results presented as least square means ± standard error.

Based on the results, in ovo injection of different levels of L-arginine did not affect hatchability, day-old chick weight, chick weight to egg weight ratio, 24-day-old chicken weight, feed conversion ratio, relative weight of all carcass traits, cholesterol, glucose, total protein and blood urea nitrogen (P> 0.05), (Table 2). However, serum triglyceride was significantly affected by experimental treatments (P <0.01) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 2). In a similar study, Gao et al. (2017) indicated that L- arginine in ovo injection increased weight gain of broiler chickens. Furthermore, Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al. (2017) reported the improving effect of in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine on chick weight and their carcass traits. Also, they reported higher serum total protein level, while lower blood urea nitrogen of broiler chicks with in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine (Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al., 2017).Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on most weight and length parameters of small intestine length (P>0.05); however, relative weight of jejunum was significantly affected by in ovo injection of L-arginine (P<0.05) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 3). Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on duodenal crypt diameter; jejunal villus height, crypt depth and diameter, and mucosal thickness; and ileum villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness (P>0.05), (Table 3). However, significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine was observed on duodenal villus height, villus thickness, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness; jejunal villus thickness and villus height/crypt depth ratio; and ilium villus thickness and crypt diameter (P<0.05), (Table 3). Also, the highest amount in most histological parameters was observed in 1% arginine treatment (Table 3). In a similar study, it was reported that in ovo injection of L- methionine had a positive impact on small intestine length and weight with improvement in villus height, crypt diameter, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio of duodenum and jejunum (Fardoost et al. 2019). Also, in ovo injections of L- lysine improved histological parameters of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Ebrahimi et al. (2018b) with in ovo injection of different DL- methionine to L- lysine ratios reported higher small intestinal weight and length along with higher Villus height and Villus height to crypt depth ratio.

Based on the overall results of the study, injection of 0.5% arginine showed a positive effect on the growth and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens.

The domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Leporidae family is a herbivorous mammal and their usual diet is plant sources. Rabbits can tolerate temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees; Of course, the recommended average temperature for them is between 16 and 22 degrees. The average pregnancy period for rabbits is 28 to 31 days. Different forages in rabbit diets affect its optimal growth performance. Rabbits need energy, fiber and protein in their diet. It is recommended to use fodder plants as well as tropical plants to feed rabbits, currently dry fodder such as alfalfa constitutes 40 to 80% of the rabbit's diet. Corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are plants with high energy levels, and therefore, the consumption of these plants in diets is very high. Due to the high price of alfalfa and barley, the cost of preparing feed increases, as a result of which the economic efficiency decreases. Tropical plants have a significant amount of protein, fat, minerals and carbohydrates that can affect growth and production. Among the tropical plants are Conocarpus erectus and myrtle. Cenocarpus erectus is a common ornamental plant in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which usually has a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. This plant contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, resin, terpenes, glycosides and antibacterial activity. Myrtle plant is a small shrub with evergreen leaves. Among the effective substances found in the plant, we can mention phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid, tannins, catechin and quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was the effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus plants in the diet of first-generation rabbits on digestibility, antioxidant capacity, blood parameters and microbial population of the digestive tract.

In this project, 12 breeding rabbits of New Zealand breed (10 females and 2 males) were tested, for this purpose, after 28 days of rabbit pregnancy period and 30 days of lactation period of born rabbits, the considered treatments were applied to the born rabbits (each treatment consisted of five repetitions). The treatments include: 1 control treatment, 2 treatments receiving 25% of myrtle plant and 3 treatments receiving 25% of conocarpus plant in the form of completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted on born rabbits for 30 days, and the average weight of the tested rabbits was 250 grams. At the end of the experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic and organic detergents, antioxidant activity of meat during storage in the refrigerator and in the freezer, microbial population of the digestive tract (population of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliform bacteria) ) and blood parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were measured.

The effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus on the digestibility of tested rabbits, the test results showed that Myrtle and conocarpus plants result in decreasing of the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05). he results of the treatments on the microbial population showed that the populations of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliforms in the cecum of rabbits were placed on Mord and Cenocarpus treatments (p > 0.05). The effect of myrtle and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant level of meat during storage in the refrigerator showed that the meat of rabbits fed with myrtle plant had a lower concentration of malondialdehyde and more antioxidant properties than the meat of rabbits fed with conocarpus plant (p< 0.05). The results of the experiment on the effect of treatments on blood parameters showed that the concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose in the treatment using myrtle leaves and the treatment using conocarpus plant were significantly higher than the control treatment. decreased (p<0.05), but regarding the effect of treatments on liver enzymes, the test results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase between the treatments using myrtle and conocarpus compared to the control treatment (p> 0/05).

The results of the experiment showed that using myrtle plant and conocarpus plant as a substitute for part of alfalfa in the diet of newborn rabbits had an effect on digestibility, malondialdehyde concentration and blood parameters, and according to the positive effects of mord plant and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant concentration of rabbit meat. Whether during storage in the refrigerator or during the storage of rabbit meat in the freezer and blood biochemical parameters, and also considering the cheapness and availability of these plants in some areas, especially in Khuzestan, it can be concluded that the use of 25% of Sometimes myrtle and conocarpus have a positive effect as an effective antioxidant and a herbal supplement in the diet.

Application of suitable feed additives can increase feed utilization, improve production and improve health. Years ago, growth-promoting antibiotics were used at high levels in diets to increase poultry performance (Ronquillo & Hernandez, 2017). However, its remnants remain in the animal's body and create microbial resistance in the animal, and humans also develop microbial resistance by consuming it. Therefore, there is a need to find substances that can replace antibiotic growth stimulants in the diet. The aim of these alternatives is to increase performance while protecting the environment and animal health (Ogbuewu, koro, Mbajiorgu, & Mbajiorgu, 2019). Therefore, probiotics such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast have been investigated as a feed additive to improve the performance and health of animals (Al-Khalaifah, 2018). It is thought that probiotics improve performance by affecting the natural microbial community and improving the absorption process in the intestine (Sohail et al., 2011). Also, symbiotic are able to work both in the small intestine and in the large intestine and have the effect of probiotics and prebiotics at the same time (Ai et al., 2011; Bengmark, 2002). Gut cognition can affect the amount of nutrient absorption (Miles, Butcher, Henry, & Littell, 2006; Rahimi, Grimes, Fletcher, Oviedo, & Sheldon, 2009) and as a barrier against disease agents (Brown, 2011). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker's yeast, is a type of yeast that is added to food formulas in poultry diets (Elghandour et al., 2020). Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains significant levels of digestible proteins, vitamins, magnesium and zinc, whose wall has many features such as polysaccharide α-D-mannan, chitin and β-D-glucan (Alizadeh et al. ., 2016) which plays an important role in beneficial microbial balance in the gut, tissue proliferation in the gut and lymphocytes (Council, 1994). In most studies, no reliable results were obtained with diets supplemented with yeast. Beneficial effects on animal health and performance may be due to the use of detectable yeast strains and levels, diet compositions, animal species and their age (Bolacali & İrak, 2017). Therefore, in order to investigate the potential effects of using commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Japanese quail diet as a feed additive on growth performance, some serum parameters, intestinal morphology and the number of Clostridium perfringens and E-coli bacteria. It was done in the waste.Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of Chitacell commercial yeast on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and blood parameters in the form of a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 6 replications and 12 chicken in each experimental unit and a total of 504 chicken. One day Japanese quail mixed of two sexes was performed. At the end of the experiment (d 35), 2 Japanese quails from each replicate were weighed and slaughtered. Visceral and lymphoid organs were also weighed and recorded. About 8g of the contents from duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected in 80 mL physiological saline for pH value measurement. Blood samples were collected from the same Japanese quails used for carcass traits and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, then stored for later analysis at -20°C. In order to measure E. coli and C. Perfringens bacteria in feces, standard plate counting method was used. And also Duodenum specimens were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 24 h, then embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4 μm. The following parameters were measured: (i) villous height (VH), (ii) depth of crypt (CD) and (iii) ratios of VH/CD. The effects of different levels of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance of Japanese quail chicks are reported in Table 2. The results of this study show that the experimental treatments had no significant effect on feed consumption. The group fed with 0.75, 1.1, 1.25 and 1.5 percent of yeast could significantly increase weight compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the food conversion ratio in the groups receiving 0.75 and 1 g/kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast feed compared to the control groups and 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg of yeast in the diet decreased significantly (<0.05). P). According to the results of this experiment, it has been reported that live yeast has a favorable effect on feed conversion ratio and final weight gain in broiler chickens (Borda-Molina, Seifert, & Camarinha-Silva, 2018). Abdominal fat and thymus size were significantly affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). Thus, adding yeast levels higher than 0.75 g/kg reduced the fat in the ventricular area, while the size of the thymus increased compared to the control group. It has also been shown that the percentage of carcass, liver, stone, heart, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). It has been reported that live yeast reduces abdominal fat and increases thymus size. In fact, yeast stimulates the intestinal immune system by acting as a non-pathogenic microbial antigen and creates an effect similar to adjuvants. By adding the level of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the amount of total protein and albumin in the blood increased significantly (P<0.05). On the other hand, cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood decreased significantly by adding different levels of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum increased significantly with increasing yeast consumption (P<0.05). On the other hand, interleukin 1 and 6, as well astumor necrosis factor alpha decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase in the level of yeast in the diet. Results of this research showed that the use of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has favorable effects and it can also be said that the best level used is 0.75 grams per kilogram of feed.

Due to the climatic conditions and the altitude above the sea level, the northern areas of the Alborz mountain range, from Talash forests to Gorgan forests, which are home to several species of oak trees; The use of oak tree fruit due to its nutritious compounds and relying on the appropriate processing method to reduce anti-nutritional compounds and increase its digestibility, has the potential to be investigated in the discussion of feeding livestock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea on performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass and some blood parameters of Zell fattening male lambs.

To perform this study, 20 fattening Zell and Atabai mixed lambs with an mean age of 5.5±0.38 months and an initial weight of 27±0.4 kg were used in a completely random design for 90 days. The experimental treatments included the control group (without oak fruit + polyethylene glycol) and treatments containing levels of 10, 20 and 40% in the dry matter of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea. The feed consumed by the lambs was in the form total mixed ration at the level of appetite on two occasions (at 8:00 and 17:00). The oak fruit (Quercus castaneifolia) used in this research was collected in the late summer and early autumn from oak trees of the Bolandmazo species, Mazandaran province, Sari city. Experimental animals were weighed every 14 days with 12 hours of feed deprivation. To measure the quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass at the end of the 90th day of the experiment and after 24 hours of the last feed weighing, 3 lambs were selected from each treatment and killed after 12 hours of feed deprivation. To determine blood parameters at the end of the experiment, 3 to 4 hours after feeding, blood was taken from the jugular vein of the lambs using vacuum tubes containing anticoagulant.

The results of the growth performance showed that the treatment of 40% of processed oak fruit significantly had the highest amount of dry matter intke, daily weight gain, final weight and also the lowest feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of apparent digestibility of nutrients showed that there was a significant difference between experimental treatments in crude protein and NDF (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of crude protein and NDF was observed in the treatment of 20% and 40% of processed oak fruit, respectively. The results of some blood parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of blood glucose and urea nitrogen between the experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest concentration of blood serum glucose was observed in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit. In blood urea nitrogen concentration, the control group had the highest concentration and the 40% processed oak fruit treatment had the lowest concentration. In quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass, the highest slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, Leg and Shoulder percentage were found in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit and the highest carcass yield was found in the treatment of 20% processed oak fruit (P<0.05).

The general results of the present study showed that the fattening end weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake, lowest feed conversion ratio, as well as valuable parts of the carcass in fattening lambs were improved by consuming 40% processed oak fruit treatment. Apparent digestibility of raw protein and NDF was improved by using 20% and 40% levels of processed oak fruit, respectively.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of sulfur bentonite on performance, digestibility of nutrients, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters in Dalagh ewes, 18 non-pregnant lactating ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg were used. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. The treatments included: 1- control (without sulfur bentonite), 2- containing 0.15% dry matter sulfur bentonite and 3- containing 0.3% dry matter sulfur bentonite. The results of this experiment showed that different levels of bentonite sulfur in ewes had no significant effect on the weight at the end of the experiment, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, rumination behavior, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin and blood albumin/globulin ratio. The use of different levels of bentonite sulfur reduced the apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, increased glucose and blood urea (P<0.05). Also, bentonite sulfur treatments had lower protozoan population, pH of three hours after morning feeding and higher rumen ammonia concentration than the control treatment (P<0.05). In overall, the use of sulfur bentonite up to 0.3% of the dry matter of the diet decreased the digestibility of dry and organic matter, although a tendency to improve the feed conversion ratio and daily weight gain was observed

One of the important by-products is the pomegranate pulps which is pulp left after pomegranate juice. The presence of significant amounts of biologically active compounds such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, and tannins in pomegranate fruit ensures its high nutritional value. Pomegranate peel is a part of the fruit that has very high antioxidant properties and contains high amounts of polyphenols such as tannins. There have been numerous reports of the negative effects of tannins on consumer animals. One of the compounds that can bind to tannins and reduce their harmful effects is the tannase enzyme. So, this study aimed to investigate the effects of using different levels of pomegranate pulp without or in combination with tannase enzyme in the diet of fattening lambs on performance, nutrient digestibility, and some blood parameters. After preparing pomegranate pulp, drying it, and preparing tannase enzyme, 25 male Moghani lambs with an average weight of 30±2 kg and the average age is about 7 months, were used in four treatments in a completely randomized design. experimental treatments include 1- control, 2- 2.5% pomegranate pulp powder, 3- 5% pomegranate pulp powder, 4- 2.5% pomegranate pulp powder + 0.05 % dry matter of tannase enzyme 5- 5% pomegranate pulp powder + 0.05 % dry matter of tannase enzyme. During the experimental period, the performance parameters including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured. The concentration of blood parameters and the activity of liver enzymes containing ALP, ALT, and AST in the blood of lambs were determined. The Data obtained were analyzed using SAS (9/1) statistical software. The experimental treatments demonstrated no significant impact on the weight gain and feed intake of the lambs. However, when examining the amount of feed consumption and daily feed consumption, higher values were observed during the second 30 days of the rearing period in comparison to the initial 30 days.While nutrient digestibility remained largely unaffected, a notable trend in the digestibility of dry matter was observed. Further comparisons between treatments revealed a higher digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and ash in the group receiving 2.5% pomegranate pomace. These findings provide insights into the potential influence of pomegranate pomace supplementation on specific aspects of nutrient utilization in lamb diets. Fat in the treatment of 2.5% pomace with enzyme and digestibility of crude protein was higher in the treatment of 5% pomace with the enzyme. The comparison of different pomace levels showed that the use of high levels of pomegranate pomace (5%) increased blood glucose and the lowest blood urea concentration was obtained by feeding 5% pomace. The lowest concentrations of HDL and LDL in the blood also belonged to the control treatment. The use of tannase enzymes in the diet also increased the concentration of glucose parameters and decreased blood urea. The highest amount of glucose of the studied lambs were observed in the first thirty days of sampling. In the present study, the use of pomegranate pomace increased glucose in both rearing periods and decreased blood triglyceride levels in the second rearing period. Alanine phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity was significant in the second period, the breeding period (P<0.05). The highest level of activity of this enzyme was observed in the blood of lambs fed with 2.5% of dung. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was not significant between sampling periods (P<0.05). Feeding different levels of pomegranate pomace powder with or without tannase enzyme had no significant effect on blood malondialdehyde concentration as an antioxidant index of the blood of fattening lambs. However, the comparison between the experimental treatments showed that the highest level of this index was found in the blood samples obtained from lambs fed with a diet containing 5% of pomegranate pomace powder + 0.05% of the dry matter of the tannase enzyme diet. The inclusion of different levels of pomegranate pomace in the diet led to a significant difference in the activity of the alanine phosphatase enzyme among the experimental treatments (P<0.05) and increased blood glucose (P<0.05). None of the functional parameters, including weight gain, and feed consumption, were affected by the use of pomegranate pulp with or without tannase enzyme during the entire experimental period. However, the food conversion coefficient improved in the treatments containing pomegranate pomace with tannin enzyme. The highest amount of antioxidant index related to the diet containing 5% of pomegranate pomace powder + 0.05% of the diet's dry matter was tannase enzyme. Therefore, the level of 5% of pomegranate pomace along with the tannase enzyme increases animal health and improves animal growth performance.

In order to investigate the chemical and nutritional characteristics of pea pod silage (PPS) and its effect on the performance of fattening lambs, 24 Zandi male lambs (initial BW, 33.5 ±1.5 kg) were used in a completely randomized design over 75 days. Experimental treatments were: 1) control; (basal diet) 2- pea pod silage (PPS replaced wheat straw and alfalfa in the basal diet). The amount of dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of PPS were determined 20, 11.8, 1.8, 8, 62 and 20.2 percent, respectively, and pH was 6.02. The rumen degradability potential of DM and in vitro gas production potential of PPS after 96 h of incubation were estimated 83 and 58.6 percent, respectively. The use of PPS in fattening lambs rations improved the final body weight and increased the daily weight gain (P<0.05). The amount of DM digestibility was affected by the treatment (P<0.05), but digestibility of other nutrients was not affected by the experimental treatment. Blood parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) were not affected by the experimental treatments, except for the glucose, which significantly decreased by feeding PPS (P<0.05). The experimental treatments had no significant effect on carcass traits. Based on the results of this study, the use of pea pod silage as a cost-effective alternative forage in replacement with common forages such as wheat straw and alfalfa can improve the performance of fattening lambs.

In order to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with garlic powder on performance, digestibility of nutrients, diarrhea status and blood parameters in suckling lambs, twenty-four newborn lambs (birth weight 3.7±0.5) were randomly placed in three treatments and eight replications. The lambs of the control group were fed with milk without garlic powder and the other groups were fed with 1.5 and 3 grams of garlic powder per day, respectively, for 45 days. The results obtained from this research showed that consumption of garlic powder in suckling lambs led to improvement in daily weight gain, final weight and starter feed consumption (P<0.05). Also, treatments caused a significant increase in digestibility of nutrients (P<0.05). The use of garlic powder in experimental lambs improved stool consistency and significantly reduced the number of lambs with diarrhea and the average days of diarrhea (P<0.05). By adding garlic powder, the concentration of glucose and high-density lipoprotein increased (P<0.05). In addition, garlic powder caused a significant decrease in the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in plasma (P<0.05). However, different levels of garlic powder did not make a significant difference on the concentration of urea, albumin, globulin and the ratio of albumin to globulin. According to the present results, it is possible to use garlic powder up to the level of at least 1.5 grams per day as a food additive to improve the performance and health of suckling lambs.