جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فراسنجه های خونی » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Although minerals include a small part of the total cost of poultry feed, they perform special functions in the body. Given that today's birds are primarily raised under stressful conditions (including high production demands, environmental stress, heat, and exposure to various other stress factors), their nutrient metabolism, including the absorption of minerals, has changed. This has led to decreased feed consumption, reduced mineral absorption, and consequently, increased excretion of minerals. Minerals that serve as cofactors for many enzymes are crucial; thus, to support proper functioning and enhance the immune system's response, higher amounts of these nutrients are required in diets. Chromium (Cr) is a critical micronutrient for humans and animals. It contributes to physiological and nutritional efficiency. Chromium increases glucose glycogenesis, promotes glucose transport, and increases protein synthesis. Chromium is important in protein digestion and reduction of lipid peroxidation and increased growth production. Chromium deficiency is associated with reduced growth rate, and glucose, and protein metabolism. Under environmental, nutritional, and hormonal stress, the benefits of chromium supplementation clearly demonstrated. Considering that with the increase in age and egg size, the egg quality decreases, and also the function of the immune system decreases at the late phase of egg production. Therefore, supplementation of layer hen diets with some nutrients at the end of the production period can improve the egg quality and potentiate the humoral immune response. Thus, the subject of the current study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of chromium-methionine on egg laying performance, egg quality traits at different storage times and temperatures, humoral immune response, and some blood biochemical parameters of laying hens at late–phase of the egg production cycle.

A total of 120 Leghorn laying hens (Hy-line W36, 73 weeks- old) were assigned in a completely randomized design with 6 dietary treatments, 5 replicates and 4 laying hens in each replicate for 6 weeks. The experimental treatments were 6 levels of chromium-methionine supplementation (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 μg/kg of diet) of corn-soybean meal-based diet. The hens were housed in a 60 × 60 × 40 cm cage. All hens were housed in an environmentally controlled house with temperature maintained at approximately 25ºC. The house had controlled ventilation and lighting (16L: 8D). All hens were supplied with feed and water ad libitum. The hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded daily. The feed conversion ratio was expressed in kilograms of feed consumed per kilogram of the egg mass. The effects of organic chromium supplementation of laying hens on egg quality traits were evaluated every 2 weeks at 75, 77, and 79 weeks of age. The egg shape index was calculated by dividing egg length to egg width. At the end of the experiment, to measure certain blood parameters, one bird from each replicate was selected, and blood was drawn from the wing vein. After preparing the serum, the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, glucose, and malondialdehyde were measured using Pars Azmoon kits according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Supplementing the diet with chromium-methionine had a significant effect on laying performance (including feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and egg production) and egg quality traits (such as eggshell weight, yolk color, yolk weight, albumen height, and Haugh unit). The results showed that birds fed 2000 µg/kg chromium-methionine had the lowest feed intake and the best feed conversion ratio and egg production percentage were observed with the addition of 1600 and 2000 g/kg organic chromium. By suppressing stress factors, chromium can increase the ovulation rate and increase the percentage of egg production. Addition of organic chromium except 2000 μg/kg improved albumen height and Haugh unit compared to the control group. The interaction effect between egg storage time and storage temperature on the yolk height and yolk percentage, albumen and yolk pH were significant. Carotenoids are responsible for the color of the yolk and they are a part of the fat-soluble compounds, so any factor that can improve the digestion and absorption of fats will probably lead to an increase in the color of the egg yolk. Haugh unit is a measure to determine the quality of egg white, which determines the quality of the egg. The higher HU means better egg quality (fresher, higher quality eggs have thicker whites). Blood serum cholesterol of chickens fed with 800 µg/kg of chromium-methionine decreased compared to the control group. The lowest serum concentration of malondialdehyde was observed using 1600 and 2000 µg/kg organic chromium. Addition of 1600 µg/kg of chromium-methionine increased total immunoglobulin production against sheep red blood cells. The effects of dietary chromium supplementation on improving immune responses can be attributed to its antioxidant activity. By enhancing antioxidant activity, chromium reduces the production of corticosterone, a potent suppressor of immune system function. This reduction in corticosterone levels prevents the decrease in lymphocyte production and proliferation, ultimately supporting the continued production of antibodies.

In total, dietary supplementation of 1600 μg/kg chromium-methionine can improve egg laying performance including feed conversion ratio, egg production, and egg mass, as well as egg quality traits such as egg shell weight and albumen height of laying hens at the late-phase of laying cycle. Supplementation of layer diets with 1600 μg/kg organic chromium improved the humoral immune response at the late-phase of egg production cycle by increasing the production of total immunoglobulin against sheep red blood cells.

During the last stages of incubation, avian mortality commonly happens due to the lack of enough nutrients and amino acids (Fardoost et al. 2019). However, in ovo injection or in ovo feeding is considered a new technique for improving growth of chickens (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Most studies indicated improving effect of in ovo feeding of nutrients (especially amino acids) on small intestine growth and histology as well as higher absorptive capacity of digestive system (Ebrahimi et al. 2017, 2018a,b; Elwan et al. 2019; Fardoost et al. 2019). Previous studies indicated an improving effect of excess feeding of arginine on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and intestinal histology of broilers (Ebrahimi et al. 2013, 2014, 2016b). However, there are few records regarding the impact of in ovo injection of arginine on intestine histology of chickens. Accordingly, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of different levels of arginine on carcass traits, blood metabolites, and small intestine histology of broiler chickens.

For this reason, 300 fertile broiler breeder eggs were divided into three treatment groups: 1- 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 2- 1% L-arginine in ovo injection group (100 eggs), 3- control group included distilled water injected (sham-control subgroup, 50 eggs) and non-injected (control subgroup, 50 eggs). Eggs were then set into the incubator for the first 18 days with the temperature of 37.8°C and six rotations per day. At d 14 of incubation, eggs were injected into the amniotic fluid (Ebrahimi et al. 2017) as follows: 1- in ovo injection of 5 mg L-arginine/ ml distilled water, 2- in ovo injection of 10 mg of L-arginine/ml distilled water, 3- control group included sham-control (in ovo injection of 1 ml distilled water) and control (received no injection). For in ovo injection, solution pH was set at 7.0. At d 18 of incubation, eggs were moved into hatchery boxes. After hatching, chicks were reared for 24 days. During the experiment, chicks received standard commercial diets based on Ross recommendations as starter (0-10 days) and grower (11-24 days), (Table 1). At d 24, blood samples of three chickens per each replicate were collected, centrifuged (3000 rpm for 20 minutes), and serum was separated to evaluate cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, and total protein by the Enzymatic Colorimetric method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, all birds were weighed, slaughtered, some carcass traits (scalped carcass, eviscerated carcass, breast, thigh, gizzard, proventriculus, pancreas liver without gall bladder, heart, duodenum , jejunum, and ileum were weighed, and their relative weight to chicken body weight were calculated. Also, length of duodenum , jejunum, and ileum was evaluated and their samples were stored in 10% formalin for fixation to evaluate histological parameters (crypt depth, villus height, villus thickness, mucosal thickness, and crypt diameter) using Hematoxylin - Eosin staining method (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Then, villus height to crypt depth ratios were calculated. Afterwards, data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design by the Proc GLM of SAS software (Ver 9.2). Also, Tukey-Kramer test was used for comparing treatments and results presented as least square means ± standard error.

Based on the results, in ovo injection of different levels of L-arginine did not affect hatchability, day-old chick weight, chick weight to egg weight ratio, 24-day-old chicken weight, feed conversion ratio, relative weight of all carcass traits, cholesterol, glucose, total protein and blood urea nitrogen (P> 0.05), (Table 2). However, serum triglyceride was significantly affected by experimental treatments (P <0.01) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 2). In a similar study, Gao et al. (2017) indicated that L- arginine in ovo injection increased weight gain of broiler chickens. Furthermore, Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al. (2017) reported the improving effect of in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine on chick weight and their carcass traits. Also, they reported higher serum total protein level, while lower blood urea nitrogen of broiler chicks with in ovo injection of different ratios of L- arginine to L- lysine (Abdolalizadeh Alvanegh et al., 2017).Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on most weight and length parameters of small intestine length (P>0.05); however, relative weight of jejunum was significantly affected by in ovo injection of L-arginine (P<0.05) and the highest amount was observed in 0.5% L-arginine in ovo injection group (Table 3). Present results indicated no significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine on duodenal crypt diameter; jejunal villus height, crypt depth and diameter, and mucosal thickness; and ileum villus height, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness (P>0.05), (Table 3). However, significant effect of in ovo injection of L-arginine was observed on duodenal villus height, villus thickness, crypt depth, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mucosal thickness; jejunal villus thickness and villus height/crypt depth ratio; and ilium villus thickness and crypt diameter (P<0.05), (Table 3). Also, the highest amount in most histological parameters was observed in 1% arginine treatment (Table 3). In a similar study, it was reported that in ovo injection of L- methionine had a positive impact on small intestine length and weight with improvement in villus height, crypt diameter, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio of duodenum and jejunum (Fardoost et al. 2019). Also, in ovo injections of L- lysine improved histological parameters of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (Ebrahimi et al. 2017). Ebrahimi et al. (2018b) with in ovo injection of different DL- methionine to L- lysine ratios reported higher small intestinal weight and length along with higher Villus height and Villus height to crypt depth ratio.

Based on the overall results of the study, injection of 0.5% arginine showed a positive effect on the growth and small intestine morphology of broiler chickens.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with poultry slaughterhouse residue powder on performance, milk composition, digestibility of nutrients, and blood parameters of lactating ewes. To perform this experiment, 24 dairy ewes of the Dalaq breed with an average weight of 36±3.7 kg were used in 4 treatments and 6 repetitions in a completely randomized design. The treatments were included: control treatment (diet without poultry slaughterhouse residue powder), second treatment (diet containing 33% replacement), third treatment (diet containing 66% replacement) and fourth treatment (diet containing 100% replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder instead of soybean meal). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental treatments in the final weight of sheep, daily weight gain, dry matter consumption, feed conversion ratio, milk production and feed consumption behavior. By increasing the replacement levels of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal, the percentage of non-fat solids, density and lactose of ewes' milk also increased (P<0.05). Among the different treatments, no significant difference was observed in terms of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin, and albumin-globulin ratio, but blood urea nitrogen concentration increased with the replacement of poultry slaughterhouse residue powder with soybean meal increased (P<0.05). In general, it is possible to completely replace the powder of poultry slaughterhouse remains, which is a source of animal protein, with soybean meal, which is one of the imported items of animal feed, without causing any disturbance in the health and production of animals.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of sulfur bentonite on performance, digestibility of nutrients, rumination behavior, blood and rumen parameters in Dalagh ewes, 18 non-pregnant lactating ewes with an average weight of 38±3.5 kg were used. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications. The treatments included: 1- control (without sulfur bentonite), 2- containing 0.15% dry matter sulfur bentonite and 3- containing 0.3% dry matter sulfur bentonite. The results of this experiment showed that different levels of bentonite sulfur in ewes had no significant effect on the weight at the end of the experiment, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, rumination behavior, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, albumin, globulin and blood albumin/globulin ratio. The use of different levels of bentonite sulfur reduced the apparent digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, increased glucose and blood urea (P<0.05). Also, bentonite sulfur treatments had lower protozoan population, pH of three hours after morning feeding and higher rumen ammonia concentration than the control treatment (P<0.05). In overall, the use of sulfur bentonite up to 0.3% of the dry matter of the diet decreased the digestibility of dry and organic matter, although a tendency to improve the feed conversion ratio and daily weight gain was observed

The domestic rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus from the Leporidae family is a herbivorous mammal and their usual diet is plant sources. Rabbits can tolerate temperatures between 4 and 27 degrees; Of course, the recommended average temperature for them is between 16 and 22 degrees. The average pregnancy period for rabbits is 28 to 31 days. Different forages in rabbit diets affect its optimal growth performance. Rabbits need energy, fiber and protein in their diet. It is recommended to use fodder plants as well as tropical plants to feed rabbits, currently dry fodder such as alfalfa constitutes 40 to 80% of the rabbit's diet. Corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa are plants with high energy levels, and therefore, the consumption of these plants in diets is very high. Due to the high price of alfalfa and barley, the cost of preparing feed increases, as a result of which the economic efficiency decreases. Tropical plants have a significant amount of protein, fat, minerals and carbohydrates that can affect growth and production. Among the tropical plants are Conocarpus erectus and myrtle. Cenocarpus erectus is a common ornamental plant in tropical and semi-tropical regions, which usually has a height of 1.5 to 4 meters. This plant contains bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponin, tannin, phenolic compounds, resin, terpenes, glycosides and antibacterial activity. Myrtle plant is a small shrub with evergreen leaves. Among the effective substances found in the plant, we can mention phenolic acids such as gallic acid, vanillic acid and ferulic acid, tannins, catechin and quercetin. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was the effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus plants in the diet of first-generation rabbits on digestibility, antioxidant capacity, blood parameters and microbial population of the digestive tract.

In this project, 12 breeding rabbits of New Zealand breed (10 females and 2 males) were tested, for this purpose, after 28 days of rabbit pregnancy period and 30 days of lactation period of born rabbits, the considered treatments were applied to the born rabbits (each treatment consisted of five repetitions). The treatments include: 1 control treatment, 2 treatments receiving 25% of myrtle plant and 3 treatments receiving 25% of conocarpus plant in the form of completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted on born rabbits for 30 days, and the average weight of the tested rabbits was 250 grams. At the end of the experiment, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, insoluble fibers in neutral detergent, insoluble fibers in acidic and organic detergents, antioxidant activity of meat during storage in the refrigerator and in the freezer, microbial population of the digestive tract (population of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliform bacteria) ) and blood parameters including cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations were measured.

The effect of the use of myrtle and conocarpus on the digestibility of tested rabbits, the test results showed that Myrtle and conocarpus plants result in decreasing of the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P<0.05). he results of the treatments on the microbial population showed that the populations of Lactobacillus, E. coli and coliforms in the cecum of rabbits were placed on Mord and Cenocarpus treatments (p > 0.05). The effect of myrtle and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant level of meat during storage in the refrigerator showed that the meat of rabbits fed with myrtle plant had a lower concentration of malondialdehyde and more antioxidant properties than the meat of rabbits fed with conocarpus plant (p< 0.05). The results of the experiment on the effect of treatments on blood parameters showed that the concentration of cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose in the treatment using myrtle leaves and the treatment using conocarpus plant were significantly higher than the control treatment. decreased (p<0.05), but regarding the effect of treatments on liver enzymes, the test results showed that there was no significant difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase between the treatments using myrtle and conocarpus compared to the control treatment (p> 0/05).

The results of the experiment showed that using myrtle plant and conocarpus plant as a substitute for part of alfalfa in the diet of newborn rabbits had an effect on digestibility, malondialdehyde concentration and blood parameters, and according to the positive effects of mord plant and conocarpus plant on the antioxidant concentration of rabbit meat. Whether during storage in the refrigerator or during the storage of rabbit meat in the freezer and blood biochemical parameters, and also considering the cheapness and availability of these plants in some areas, especially in Khuzestan, it can be concluded that the use of 25% of Sometimes myrtle and conocarpus have a positive effect as an effective antioxidant and a herbal supplement in the diet.

Due to the climatic conditions and the altitude above the sea level, the northern areas of the Alborz mountain range, from Talash forests to Gorgan forests, which are home to several species of oak trees; The use of oak tree fruit due to its nutritious compounds and relying on the appropriate processing method to reduce anti-nutritional compounds and increase its digestibility, has the potential to be investigated in the discussion of feeding livestock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea on performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass and some blood parameters of Zell fattening male lambs.

To perform this study, 20 fattening Zell and Atabai mixed lambs with an mean age of 5.5±0.38 months and an initial weight of 27±0.4 kg were used in a completely random design for 90 days. The experimental treatments included the control group (without oak fruit + polyethylene glycol) and treatments containing levels of 10, 20 and 40% in the dry matter of oak fruit processed with sodium hydroxide and urea. The feed consumed by the lambs was in the form total mixed ration at the level of appetite on two occasions (at 8:00 and 17:00). The oak fruit (Quercus castaneifolia) used in this research was collected in the late summer and early autumn from oak trees of the Bolandmazo species, Mazandaran province, Sari city. Experimental animals were weighed every 14 days with 12 hours of feed deprivation. To measure the quantitative and qualitative traits of the carcass at the end of the 90th day of the experiment and after 24 hours of the last feed weighing, 3 lambs were selected from each treatment and killed after 12 hours of feed deprivation. To determine blood parameters at the end of the experiment, 3 to 4 hours after feeding, blood was taken from the jugular vein of the lambs using vacuum tubes containing anticoagulant.

The results of the growth performance showed that the treatment of 40% of processed oak fruit significantly had the highest amount of dry matter intke, daily weight gain, final weight and also the lowest feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The results of apparent digestibility of nutrients showed that there was a significant difference between experimental treatments in crude protein and NDF (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of crude protein and NDF was observed in the treatment of 20% and 40% of processed oak fruit, respectively. The results of some blood parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of blood glucose and urea nitrogen between the experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest concentration of blood serum glucose was observed in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit. In blood urea nitrogen concentration, the control group had the highest concentration and the 40% processed oak fruit treatment had the lowest concentration. In quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the carcass, the highest slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, Leg and Shoulder percentage were found in the treatment of 40% processed oak fruit and the highest carcass yield was found in the treatment of 20% processed oak fruit (P<0.05).

The general results of the present study showed that the fattening end weight, daily weight gain, dry matter intake, lowest feed conversion ratio, as well as valuable parts of the carcass in fattening lambs were improved by consuming 40% processed oak fruit treatment. Apparent digestibility of raw protein and NDF was improved by using 20% and 40% levels of processed oak fruit, respectively.

Application of suitable feed additives can increase feed utilization, improve production and improve health. Years ago, growth-promoting antibiotics were used at high levels in diets to increase poultry performance (Ronquillo & Hernandez, 2017). However, its remnants remain in the animal's body and create microbial resistance in the animal, and humans also develop microbial resistance by consuming it. Therefore, there is a need to find substances that can replace antibiotic growth stimulants in the diet. The aim of these alternatives is to increase performance while protecting the environment and animal health (Ogbuewu, koro, Mbajiorgu, & Mbajiorgu, 2019). Therefore, probiotics such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast have been investigated as a feed additive to improve the performance and health of animals (Al-Khalaifah, 2018). It is thought that probiotics improve performance by affecting the natural microbial community and improving the absorption process in the intestine (Sohail et al., 2011). Also, symbiotic are able to work both in the small intestine and in the large intestine and have the effect of probiotics and prebiotics at the same time (Ai et al., 2011; Bengmark, 2002). Gut cognition can affect the amount of nutrient absorption (Miles, Butcher, Henry, & Littell, 2006; Rahimi, Grimes, Fletcher, Oviedo, & Sheldon, 2009) and as a barrier against disease agents (Brown, 2011). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as baker's yeast, is a type of yeast that is added to food formulas in poultry diets (Elghandour et al., 2020). Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains significant levels of digestible proteins, vitamins, magnesium and zinc, whose wall has many features such as polysaccharide α-D-mannan, chitin and β-D-glucan (Alizadeh et al. ., 2016) which plays an important role in beneficial microbial balance in the gut, tissue proliferation in the gut and lymphocytes (Council, 1994). In most studies, no reliable results were obtained with diets supplemented with yeast. Beneficial effects on animal health and performance may be due to the use of detectable yeast strains and levels, diet compositions, animal species and their age (Bolacali & İrak, 2017). Therefore, in order to investigate the potential effects of using commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Japanese quail diet as a feed additive on growth performance, some serum parameters, intestinal morphology and the number of Clostridium perfringens and E-coli bacteria. It was done in the waste.Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different levels of Chitacell commercial yeast on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and blood parameters in the form of a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 6 replications and 12 chicken in each experimental unit and a total of 504 chicken. One day Japanese quail mixed of two sexes was performed. At the end of the experiment (d 35), 2 Japanese quails from each replicate were weighed and slaughtered. Visceral and lymphoid organs were also weighed and recorded. About 8g of the contents from duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected in 80 mL physiological saline for pH value measurement. Blood samples were collected from the same Japanese quails used for carcass traits and were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min, then stored for later analysis at -20°C. In order to measure E. coli and C. Perfringens bacteria in feces, standard plate counting method was used. And also Duodenum specimens were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 24 h, then embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4 μm. The following parameters were measured: (i) villous height (VH), (ii) depth of crypt (CD) and (iii) ratios of VH/CD. The effects of different levels of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance of Japanese quail chicks are reported in Table 2. The results of this study show that the experimental treatments had no significant effect on feed consumption. The group fed with 0.75, 1.1, 1.25 and 1.5 percent of yeast could significantly increase weight compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the food conversion ratio in the groups receiving 0.75 and 1 g/kg of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast feed compared to the control groups and 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg of yeast in the diet decreased significantly (<0.05). P). According to the results of this experiment, it has been reported that live yeast has a favorable effect on feed conversion ratio and final weight gain in broiler chickens (Borda-Molina, Seifert, & Camarinha-Silva, 2018). Abdominal fat and thymus size were significantly affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). Thus, adding yeast levels higher than 0.75 g/kg reduced the fat in the ventricular area, while the size of the thymus increased compared to the control group. It has also been shown that the percentage of carcass, liver, stone, heart, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05). It has been reported that live yeast reduces abdominal fat and increases thymus size. In fact, yeast stimulates the intestinal immune system by acting as a non-pathogenic microbial antigen and creates an effect similar to adjuvants. By adding the level of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the amount of total protein and albumin in the blood increased significantly (P<0.05). On the other hand, cholesterol and triglyceride in the blood decreased significantly by adding different levels of commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (P<0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase in serum increased significantly with increasing yeast consumption (P<0.05). On the other hand, interleukin 1 and 6, as well astumor necrosis factor alpha decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the increase in the level of yeast in the diet. Results of this research showed that the use of commercial yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has favorable effects and it can also be said that the best level used is 0.75 grams per kilogram of feed.

One of the important by-products is the pomegranate pulps which is pulp left after pomegranate juice. The presence of significant amounts of biologically active compounds such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, and tannins in pomegranate fruit ensures its high nutritional value. Pomegranate peel is a part of the fruit that has very high antioxidant properties and contains high amounts of polyphenols such as tannins. There have been numerous reports of the negative effects of tannins on consumer animals. One of the compounds that can bind to tannins and reduce their harmful effects is the tannase enzyme. So, this study aimed to investigate the effects of using different levels of pomegranate pulp without or in combination with tannase enzyme in the diet of fattening lambs on performance, nutrient digestibility, and some blood parameters. After preparing pomegranate pulp, drying it, and preparing tannase enzyme, 25 male Moghani lambs with an average weight of 30±2 kg and the average age is about 7 months, were used in four treatments in a completely randomized design. experimental treatments include 1- control, 2- 2.5% pomegranate pulp powder, 3- 5% pomegranate pulp powder, 4- 2.5% pomegranate pulp powder + 0.05 % dry matter of tannase enzyme 5- 5% pomegranate pulp powder + 0.05 % dry matter of tannase enzyme. During the experimental period, the performance parameters including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were measured. The concentration of blood parameters and the activity of liver enzymes containing ALP, ALT, and AST in the blood of lambs were determined. The Data obtained were analyzed using SAS (9/1) statistical software. The experimental treatments demonstrated no significant impact on the weight gain and feed intake of the lambs. However, when examining the amount of feed consumption and daily feed consumption, higher values were observed during the second 30 days of the rearing period in comparison to the initial 30 days.While nutrient digestibility remained largely unaffected, a notable trend in the digestibility of dry matter was observed. Further comparisons between treatments revealed a higher digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and ash in the group receiving 2.5% pomegranate pomace. These findings provide insights into the potential influence of pomegranate pomace supplementation on specific aspects of nutrient utilization in lamb diets. Fat in the treatment of 2.5% pomace with enzyme and digestibility of crude protein was higher in the treatment of 5% pomace with the enzyme. The comparison of different pomace levels showed that the use of high levels of pomegranate pomace (5%) increased blood glucose and the lowest blood urea concentration was obtained by feeding 5% pomace. The lowest concentrations of HDL and LDL in the blood also belonged to the control treatment. The use of tannase enzymes in the diet also increased the concentration of glucose parameters and decreased blood urea. The highest amount of glucose of the studied lambs were observed in the first thirty days of sampling. In the present study, the use of pomegranate pomace increased glucose in both rearing periods and decreased blood triglyceride levels in the second rearing period. Alanine phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity was significant in the second period, the breeding period (P<0.05). The highest level of activity of this enzyme was observed in the blood of lambs fed with 2.5% of dung. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was not significant between sampling periods (P<0.05). Feeding different levels of pomegranate pomace powder with or without tannase enzyme had no significant effect on blood malondialdehyde concentration as an antioxidant index of the blood of fattening lambs. However, the comparison between the experimental treatments showed that the highest level of this index was found in the blood samples obtained from lambs fed with a diet containing 5% of pomegranate pomace powder + 0.05% of the dry matter of the tannase enzyme diet. The inclusion of different levels of pomegranate pomace in the diet led to a significant difference in the activity of the alanine phosphatase enzyme among the experimental treatments (P<0.05) and increased blood glucose (P<0.05). None of the functional parameters, including weight gain, and feed consumption, were affected by the use of pomegranate pulp with or without tannase enzyme during the entire experimental period. However, the food conversion coefficient improved in the treatments containing pomegranate pomace with tannin enzyme. The highest amount of antioxidant index related to the diet containing 5% of pomegranate pomace powder + 0.05% of the diet's dry matter was tannase enzyme. Therefore, the level of 5% of pomegranate pomace along with the tannase enzyme increases animal health and improves animal growth performance.

In order to investigate the chemical and nutritional characteristics of pea pod silage (PPS) and its effect on the performance of fattening lambs, 24 Zandi male lambs (initial BW, 33.5 ±1.5 kg) were used in a completely randomized design over 75 days. Experimental treatments were: 1) control; (basal diet) 2- pea pod silage (PPS replaced wheat straw and alfalfa in the basal diet). The amount of dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of PPS were determined 20, 11.8, 1.8, 8, 62 and 20.2 percent, respectively, and pH was 6.02. The rumen degradability potential of DM and in vitro gas production potential of PPS after 96 h of incubation were estimated 83 and 58.6 percent, respectively. The use of PPS in fattening lambs rations improved the final body weight and increased the daily weight gain (P<0.05). The amount of DM digestibility was affected by the treatment (P<0.05), but digestibility of other nutrients was not affected by the experimental treatment. Blood parameters (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL) were not affected by the experimental treatments, except for the glucose, which significantly decreased by feeding PPS (P<0.05). The experimental treatments had no significant effect on carcass traits. Based on the results of this study, the use of pea pod silage as a cost-effective alternative forage in replacement with common forages such as wheat straw and alfalfa can improve the performance of fattening lambs.

In order to investigate the effect of feeding milk enriched with garlic powder on performance, digestibility of nutrients, diarrhea status and blood parameters in suckling lambs, twenty-four newborn lambs (birth weight 3.7±0.5) were randomly placed in three treatments and eight replications. The lambs of the control group were fed with milk without garlic powder and the other groups were fed with 1.5 and 3 grams of garlic powder per day, respectively, for 45 days. The results obtained from this research showed that consumption of garlic powder in suckling lambs led to improvement in daily weight gain, final weight and starter feed consumption (P<0.05). Also, treatments caused a significant increase in digestibility of nutrients (P<0.05). The use of garlic powder in experimental lambs improved stool consistency and significantly reduced the number of lambs with diarrhea and the average days of diarrhea (P<0.05). By adding garlic powder, the concentration of glucose and high-density lipoprotein increased (P<0.05). In addition, garlic powder caused a significant decrease in the level of triglyceride, cholesterol and low density lipoprotein in plasma (P<0.05). However, different levels of garlic powder did not make a significant difference on the concentration of urea, albumin, globulin and the ratio of albumin to globulin. According to the present results, it is possible to use garlic powder up to the level of at least 1.5 grams per day as a food additive to improve the performance and health of suckling lambs.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of probiotics (lacto-feed) and stevia leaf powder as phytogenic compound in the diet on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbial population and some blood parameters in Japanese quail.

This experiment conducted as a completely randomized design with 320 Japanese quail chicks and mixture of both sexes (average weight 7-9 g), in four treatments, four replications and 20 chickens per replicate. Experimental treatments included: 1- Diet without additives (control), 2- Diet containing probiotic lactofeed (0.02% up to 21 days and 0.01% up to 42 days) 3- Diet containing 1% stevia leaf powder and 4- Diet containing 2% were stevia leaf powder. The effects of probiotic lacto-feed and stevia leaf powder as phytogenic compound in the diet on yield, carcass characteristics, intestinal microbial population and some blood parameters of Japanese quail.

The results showed that experimental treatments; there was a significant in weight gain and feed conversion ratio between the experimental treatments (p<0.05), which the treatments containing stevia leaf powder had the highest weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio, and the difference increased with increasing the percentage of stevia leaf powder (p<0.05). Carcass weight in treatments containing stevia and lacto-feed was significantly higher than the control treatment (p<0.05). Also, the addition of lacto-feed probiotics and stevia leaf powder caused a significant increase in thigh percentage tin compared to the control group (p<0.05). The control treatment had the highest (1.21%) and the lactofeed treatment had the lowest (0.38%) abdominal fat percentage (p<0.05). The highest of triglyceride and VLDL concentrations was observed in the treatment containing probiotic lacto-feed (p<0.05). Also, the treatments containing Stevia leaves powder had higher triglyceride concentration than the control treatment (p<0.05). Blood glucose was significantly higher in the treatment containing probiotic lactofid and in the treatments containing stevia leaf powder was lower tin compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on the total population of Aerobic microbes and Coliform was not significant, while the population of Lactobacillus in treatments containing stevia leaf powder was significantly higher than the control treatment (p<0.05).

It can be concluded that the use of stevia leaf powder as a phytogenic compound in the diet improved performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail chicks.

The use of dairy by-products as a new feed source in order to reduce the costs of raising livestock is very important. Whey powder is a residual cheese or casein, which is one of the animal proteins used in the human food chain. It is also a feed source of protein and contains some useful minerals. Whey can be used in the diet of livestock due to its proper nutrient balance. Also, the fact that whey can reduce the consumption of concentrate without any negative effect on daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, so the purpose of this study was performed to investigate the effect of using different levels of whey powder in diet on growth performances traits, apparent digestibility of nutrients and some blood parameters in fattening male crossed Zell lambs.

To perform this study, 24 mixed fattening Zell lambs were examined with a means age of 4.5±0.52 months and a means initial weight of 24±2 kg in a completely randomized design for 90 days. Experimental treatments included control treatment (without adding whey powder in the diet) and treatments containing 1.5, 3 and 4.5% whey powder in the diet. Chemical analysis of whey powder used included pH, 6.8 to 5.8, protein 12.5%, lactose 64%, fat 1.5%, moisture 4.5%. Whey powder used in the study was given to the experimental animals at different levels after mixing with the diet. The daily diet was given as a TMR to the animal twice and the amount consumed was recorded. Live weight measurement was performed every 14 days with 12 hours of feed and water deprivation. Measurement of the apparent digestibility of nutrients in the last days of the experiment as well as the study of carcass traits and blood parameters were performed on day 90 of the experiment.

The growth performance results of experimental lambs showed that there was a significant difference in end weight, DMI and daily weight gain between experimental treatments (P <0.05); So that the highest final weight and daily weight gain was observed in the treatment containing 4.5% whey and the highest dry matter intake was observed in the treatment containing 3% whey. The results of apparent digestibility of nutrients showed that there was a significant difference in apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and NDF between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was observed in the treatment containing 4.5% whey and the highest apparent digestibility of NDF was observed in the treatment containing 3% whey. The results of some blood parameters showed that there was a significant difference in the concentration of glucose, triglyceride, HDL and BUN between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The results of quantitative traits of carcasses of fattening lambs showed that there was a significant difference in hot carcass weight, hot carcass percentage, cold carcass weight, cold carcass percentage, thigh percentage and shoulder percentage between experimental treatments (P<0.05). The results of qualitative traits of carcasses of fattening lambs showed that there was a significant difference in the rate of TBARS of the straight muscle 48 hours after slaughter between experimental treatments (P <0.05).

The overall result of the present study showed that the weight at the end of the fattening period, dry matter intake and also the apparent digestibility of nutrients were significantly improved by consuming 3 and 4.5% levels of whey powder. There was a higher carcass percentage and improvement in valuable carcass parts in the treatment containing 3% whey powder.

In the poultry industry, feed efficiency is of great importance in order to reduce the cost of feed by maximizing production efficiency. To achieve this result, the use of synthetic amino acids, such as the amino acids methionine, lysine, arginine, etc. in poultry nutrition can play an effective role in animal performance. Application of monosodium glutamate in animals cause to increased levels of triglycerides, total protein, cholesterol and blood glucose in rats. Addition of 1% monosodium glutamate in broiler diets increased feed intake compared to the control group and also in relation to weight gain at the level of 0.25 and 0.5% monosodium glutamate had a significant decrease compared to the control group. Therefore, considering the role and importance of laying hen performance during the production process and due to the very important role of monosodium glutamate in the occurrence of these changes, the effects of consumption of different levels of monosodium glutamate on performance, egg quality characteristics and blood parameters were investigated.

In this study, 60 laying hens of "Hy-Line W36" strain at the age of 68 to 74 weeks in 4 treatments and 5 replications and 3 hens per replication were used. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in four periods 14-day for 8 weeks. Experimental treatments included 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% levels of monosodium glutamate per kg of feed. To better benefit from the data, all measurement factors except body weight gain were sampled and evaluated at the end of every two weeks. Egg mass was also obtained by multiplying the percentage of daily egg production by the average weight of eggs produced on the same day. Egg quality traits including height and diameter of albumin and yolk, relative weight of yolk and shell and albumin, shell thickness, shape and specific gravity were measured. Blood parameters were selected from two cages in each cage every two weeks and blood samples were taken from their wing veins and the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and VLDL were measured using a Pars azmon kit and a spectrophotometer. Experimental data were statistically analyzed using statistical software (2002) SAS 9.1. Significant differences between treatments were compared with Duncan's multiple range test at a significance level (P<0.05).

The effect of adding treatments on the traits related to egg mass production and feed conversion ratio at the age of 72-74 weeks and feed consumption in all weeks of the experiment was significant. Today, several neurotransmitters have been identified to regulate feed intake, one of which is glutamate, which is most abundant in the central nervous system, which reduces feed intake in broilers. Feed intake is reduced by adding monosodium glutamate throughout the production period. Moreover of experimental treatments on Haugh unit, albumin and yolk height in the whole period was significant so that adding 0.4% of monosodium glutamate to the diet was able to increase the height of albumin and Haugh units and decrease yolk height compared to other treatments. Adding 0.8% monosodium glutamate increased the white diameter in the whole period compared to the control treatment and the treatment containing 0.4% monosodium glutamate. The data showed that adding 0.8% of monosodium glutamate to the diet could increase cholesterol, triglyceride and VLDL concentrations at 70-72 weeks of age compared to other treatments. Also, adding 1.2% of monosodium glutamate to the diet has been able to increase the concentration of HDL and VLDL at the age of 76-74 weeks.

In general, it can be concluded that the addition of monosodium glutamate to the diet has no significant effect on the percentage of production, the relative weight of yolk, albumin and egg weight despite the significant effect on blood parameters that was observed also it did not have qualitative parameters of the shell. On the other hand, the addition of 0.4% monosodium glutamate to the diet reduced feed consumption in the entire production period. Also, this treatment was able to increase the height of the albumin and Haugh unit and decrease the height of the yolk compared to other treatments in the entire production period.

In the poultry industry, the use of agricultural and industrial waste  is one of the economic strategies for providing feed . Corn gluten feed is an industrial waste that is produced through the wet corn milling process and due to its cheap price, good nutritional value and availability, can reduce feed production costs and provide part of the energy and protein required by poultry.

This experiment was performed with 320 on-d-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens in a completely randomized design with 2×4 factorial arrangement including four levels of corn gluten feed (0, 12, 24, 36%) and two levels of multi enzyme (0 and 0.07%) was performed. For each experimental treatment, four replications containing 10 birds were assigned. During the experiment, feed intake and body weight were measured periodically. At the end of the experiment, two birds were selected from each replicate and their carcass characteristics were examined after slaughter. Nutrient digestibility was also assessed by sampling feces at 21 days of age. At 21 and 42 days of age, two chicks were selected based on the average body weight of each replicate and blood was drawn from their wing vein.

The rations containing 36% level of corn gluten feed had more feed consumption in the growth period, as well as the lowest weight gain and the highest food conversion ratio in the initial periods, growth and the entire rearing period, compared to other levels of corn gluten feed consumption (p<0.05). The average weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in treatments containing enzymes in the initial and growth periods. Birds containing enzyme levels without corn gluten feed had the highest weight gain and the lowest food conversion ratio in the entire rearing period compared to other treatments (p<0.05). Addition of enzyme to the diet containing 36% of corn gluten feed increased the relative weight of liver and bursa of Fabricius compared to diets without enzyme (p<0.05). Addition of enzyme also decreased fat in the ventricular cavity (p<0.05). The use of 36% level of corn gluten feed in the diet improved the digestibility of crude fat compared to zero and 12% levels of corn gluten feed in the diet. Addition of enzyme to the diet improved the digestibility of crude protein (p<0.05). At the age of 21 days, treatments containing a mixture of 12 or 24% corn gluten feed and enzyme in the diet caused a decrease in the concentration of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein compared to the levels containing 12 and 24 percent corn gluten feed. Also, by adding enzyme to the diet, blood glucose concentration increased significantly.

In general, the results showed that by supplementation multienzyme in, corn gluten feed up to 36% can be used in the diet of broilers without negative

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides of sesame meal alone or with a mixture of savory essential oil (Satureja khuzestanica) and thyme (Thymus daenensis) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune and blood parameters in broiler chickens. A total of 250 male broiler chickens was used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions. The treatments included a control diet and a control diet with 0.5 gr/kg antibiotic, 0.5 gr/kg essential oil, 3 gr/kg sesame bio active peptide and a combination of 3 gr/kg sesame bioactive peptide and 0.5 gr/kg essential oil. The results showed that body weight gain in the treatments containing bioactive peptide mixture of sesame and plant essential oil were better than the control. Bioactive peptides increased crude protein digestibility in broilers. The change of the antibody concentration of viral diseases related to Gumboro disease in 42 days for the experimental treatments was significant compared to the control group (p<0.05). The highest and lowest antibody titers against Gumboro disease were observed in treatment 5 of bioactive peptide mixture of sesame and plant essential oil and treatment 2 containing antibiotics, respectively. In relation to blood cholesterol concentration, the lowest concentration was related to treatment 3 containing plant essential oil and the highest concentration was related to the control. In conclusion, the combination of bioactive peptide of sesame and plant essential oil with a positive effect on nutrient digestibility improves growth performance in broiler chickens.

One of the most important factors in the profitability of dairy farms is effective management methods in keeping and feeding infant calves. Several factors such as underdeveloped immune system and environmental stress can increase the survival power of the animal. Researchers suggest different factors can to improve the immune system of neonatal calves, including the use of fat-soluble vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids. While these vitamins play a major role in the immune system of animals, the supply of fat-soluble vitamins in the calf's diet is essential for promotion the normal growth of muscles and the skeleton of the body. Common symptoms of a deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins in neonatal calves include retardation of growth, and susceptibility to infectious diseases.

This experiment was performed in the farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Twenty-eight Holstein female calves with an average bodyweight of 37.74 kg (± 4.76) were used from birth to 56 days of age. On the fourth day, the calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments.  All calves received colostrum for the first 3 d and then whole milk at 8% of bodyweight in the two-equal part in the morning (4.00 A.M) and evening (16 P.M) until weaning. The experimental treatments included: 1) whole milk with starter (Control), 2) control diet supplemented with flax seed oil (0.3 ml per kilogram of body weight), 3) control diet and weekly injection of 7 cc of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, E), 4) control diet which supplemented with flaxseed oil (0.3 ml per kilogram of body weight) plus weekly injection of 7 cc of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D3, E). Flax seed oil was mixed into milk (morning feeding) until weaning. During the experiment period, calves had ad libitum access to starter diet and water. Blood sample were harvested from jugular vein for collection of full blood for Complete Blood Count (CBC) test and blood serum metabolites. Serum was stored in -20 centigrade until further analysis. Complete blood count (CBC) test was performed to determine the number of blood cells white blood cells, red blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, granulocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit. Serum blood metabolites, total protein, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, albumin, liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), antioxidant capacity (malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity) were analyzed using Alpha Classic autoanalyzer. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4 as a completely randomized design experiment. For all results, significant differences between treatments were declared at P≤ 0.05 and tendencies were declared at 0.05 < P≤ 0.10. Least square means for each treatment are reported in the tables and were separated using Tukey-kramer test.

The results of this study showed that the use of flaxseed oil and injection of fat-soluble vitamins during preweaning had no significant effect on the Serum concentrations of total protein, creatinine, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity and had no significant effect on the starter feed intake, daily weight gain, rectal temperature of calves. Calves received flax seed oil and fat-soluble vitamins injection had the highest Red blood cells, White blood cells, Hematocrit, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and hemoglobin concentration. Claves received flaxseed oil and fat-soluble vitamins injection have the highest serum cholesterol concentration (P<0.00).

The results of this study indicated that inclusion of flaxseed oil and injection of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E) had no significant effect on blood serum parameters such as total protein, creatinine, albumin, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity, but partially improved the immune system (white blood cells, monocytes, eosinophils) and reduces liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, which indicates an increase in animal health.

Antibiotics reduce the microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract, increase the available nutrients, and improve the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers. Due to the persistence of antibiotics in manufactured products and their transmission to humans, and the emergence of resistance, their use has been banned in many countries. Therefore, the use of antibiotic alternatives in the livestock and poultry industry has been considered, including organic acids. Organic acids modulate the intestinal microbial and improve animal performance by destroying harmful bacteria and providing nutritional conditions for beneficial bacteria. This study was performed to compare the effects of citric acid-based acidifiers with the commercial samples in drinking water on performance, serum biochemical parameters, pH, and intestinal morphology of broilers.

In this experiment, 400 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to 5 treatments with 4 replicates in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included control treatment receiving drinking water without an acidifier and groups receiving drinking water with 0.025, 0.05, and 0.075% of produced acidifier and 0.2% of commercial acidifier.

The results indicated that feed intake (FI) and FCR decreased during the growth period by adding 0.05% of produced acidifier to drinking water compared to the control group (p<0.05). The BWG of broiler chickens increased at the level of 0.075% of the produced acidifier at the stater period and in the groups treated with the commercial sample in the total period compared to the control group (p<0.05). A numerically and significantly decrease in serum triglyceride was observed at treatments containing 0.05 and levels of 0.025 and 0.075% acidifiers respectively. The serum HDL was increased at treatments containing commercial acidifier than the control group (p<0.05). Groups receiving acidifiers had lower serum alkaline phosphatase compared to the control group (p<0.05). A decrease in the pH of the duodenum and jejunum in 42 days, as well as a decrease in the crypt depth and an increase in the villus height were observed in treatments containing 0.2 and 0.05% of commercial and produced acidifiers respectively (p<0.05).

According to the results, the level of 0.05% of produced acidifier in drinking water is recommended to improve the performance, intestinal morphology, and reduce the pH of the gastrointestinal tract in broilers.

High concentrated diets are rapidly degraded in the rumen and lower ruminal pH by rapid and high lactic acid production. The use of chemical or biological buffers improves digestion and fermentation conditions in a high concentrate diet. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of using acid-consuming bacteria as pH regulator (biological buffer) and chemical buffer to improve digestibility and fermentation of high concentrate diets.

In the present experiment, 21 fattening Arabi male lambs with an average weight of 34.35±2.50 kg and an average age of 8±1 months old were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 7 replications for 50 days. Experimental treatments were included: 1- control diet (70% concentrate and 30% forage, without buffer and bacteria), 2- control diet + 1% sodium bicarbonate buffer, 3- control diet + 3 ml of Megasphaera elsdenii bacteria with 2 gram yeasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bacterial-yeast).

Nutrient digestibility and growth performance parameters were not affected by experimental treatments. Rumen protozoa population was significantly higher in bacterial-yeast treatment than control (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen concentration and ruminal pH were affected by experimental treatments, and compared to control treatment, in treatments containing chemical or biological buffer, ruminal pH increased and ammonia nitrogen decreased. But blood and liver parameters, carcass characteristics such as size and weight of carcass parts, meat colorimetric characteristics were not affected by experimental treatments (p<0.05).

Overall, the results of the present experiment showed that the use of acid-consuming bacteria as pH regulators has competitive effects with bicarbonate buffer and even better in some cases.

Studies has been shown that the replacement of % 30 rice straw with alfalfa hay had no adverse effect on lamb grow performance also it had been shown on the goat and cow performance. The use of rice straw decreases the ration prices also it reduces environmental pollution.The goal of this study was to indicate the effect of replacing rice straw with wheat straw on the fattening lamb performance, rumen fermentation, protozoa population and some blood parameters.

In this research, the effect of replacing rice straw with wheat straw on the fattening lamb feeding has been investigated. The 28 male lambs, with an average weight of 30kg, have been divided into four groups of eight animals. The sample lambs in four groups have different accesses to rice straw and wheat straw as follows: the control group has access to 70% concentrate with 30% wheat straw; the second group has access to 70% concentrate with 30% rice straw; the third group has access to 70% concentrate with 30% straw (including 15% rice straw and 15% wheat straw); and the fourth group has access to 70% concentrate and rice straw enriched with urea. The feedstuffs characteristics, weight gain, feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters of lambs during the fatting season have been measured.

The results show that replacement of different levels of rice straw has no negative effect on the final weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion coefficient, dry matter intake, and economic coefficient of fattening lambs; Besides, this replacement has led to a significant increase in ruminal gas (digestibility) in squirrel lambs. Dry matter percentage, raw fat, protein, and ration consumed NDF of squirrel lambs did not affect by replacement of different levels of rice straw. However, the addition of 30% of refined straw has led to a considerable reduction in digestibility of the raw protein ration of squirrel lambs. The overall protein of lambs’ blood who received the ration consisted of 30% rice straw, 15% rice straw+15% wheat straw, and 30% wheat straw was enhanced. However, no change was observed in blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose blood. The small intestinal histomorphometry parameters were improved by the addition of different levels of rice straw. The lambs receiving ration including 15% rice straw+15% wheat straw and 30% refined wheat straw, have higher Dasytricha, Entodiniinae, Diplodiniinae, and Ophrioscolecinae populations than the lambs receiving the control ration. Also, adding different levels of rice straw to lambs’ ration has led to a significant increase in total rumen Protozoa.

The overall results indicate that the rice straw can be utilized in fattening lambs’ ration without affecting the livestock.