جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "organic matter" در نشریات گروه "علوم دام"

The high cost and scarcity of feed, and increasing demand for animal product such as meat and milk increased the need for efficient utilization of high lignocellulose roughages for ruminant production. Iran is one of the arid and semi-arid desert regions and is facing a shortage of crops and fodder. On the other hand, there is always the problem of providing cheap and acceptable quality feed for livestock, and one of the ways to solve this problem is to use unusual feed such as crop residues and food factories; But most of these foods have not been studied and their chemical composition and level of consumption for animals are not well known. This requires the study of the effect of different levels of food sources on the diet and the determination of animal production responses. Sugarcane bagasse can be used as a substitute for part of the diet forage (wheat straw) for animal feed due to its high cellulose content and high palatability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing different levels of old or fresh bagasse as a substitute for wheat straw in ewes's diet on chemical composition, fermentation parameters and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter by gas production method. The in vitro gas production system helps to better quantify nutrient utilization, and its accuracy in describing digestibility in animals has been validated in numerous experiments. Based on the strong relationship between measured digestibility and that predicted from gas production, regression equations have been developed and the method has been standardized.

A sample of bagasse was obtained from a sugarcane factory located in Khuzestan province and a sample of wheat straw was obtained from agricultural farms and immediately transferred to a nutrition laboratory. The old bagasse was stored in storage for a year. Experimental diets were adjusted based on the nutrient requirements of ewes (NRC, 2007) and included 50% forage (20% alfalfa and 30% straw) and 50% concentrate (32.5% barley, 10% soybean meal, 7% wheat bran and 0.5% of vitamin and mineral supplements were based on dry matter. The experimental treatments, old or fresh bagasse was replaced with wheat straw at different levels, so that the experimental diets in the first experiment (old bagasse) included: Diet 1: Diet containing 30% wheat straw, Diet 2: Diet containing 22.5% Wheat straw and 7.5% old bagasse, Diet 3: Diet containing 15% wheat straw and 15% old bagasse, Diet 4: Diet containing 7.5% wheat straw and 22.5% old bagasse and Diet 5: Diet containing 30 Percentage of old bagasse; And in the second experiment (fresh bagasse) including: diet 1: diet containing 30% wheat straw, diet 2: diet containing 22.5% wheat straw and 7.5% fresh bagasse, diet 3: diet containing 15% wheat straw and 15 Percentage of fresh bagasse, diet 4: diet containing 7.5% wheat straw and 22.5% fresh bagasse and diet 5: diet containing 30% fresh bagasse. The fresh bagasse sample was dried in an oven at 60 ° C for 48 hours and after determining the dry matter content, along with the old bagasse sample, wheat straw and experimental diets ground through a 1-mm screen using a Wiley mill, and analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) (AOAC, 2019), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) (Van Soest et al., 1991). For measurement of methane production, the final gas production (end of 24 hours) was recorded after 24 hours of incubation of the sample in ruminal fluid + phosphate buffer. Then 10 M sodium hydroxide was added to the contents of the glass bottle to absorb the carbon dioxide gas. After absorbing carbon dioxide (after about 10 minutes), the gas remaining in the syringe or glass bottle will be methane (Fievez et al., 2005). The chemical composition of the treatments statistically analyzed in a completely randomized design and gas production, separation factor, dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial mass production and production efficiency and methane production statistically analyzed in a randomized complete block design. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS (2006) software.

The results showed that wheat straw compared to fresh or old bagasse had a higher content of DM, CP, ash, Total gas accumulation 24h (ml), digestibility of DM and OM and lower content of OM, NDF, ADF and ADL (P˂0/05). The ADL and NDF contents of fresh bagasse was lower than old bagasse (P˂0/05). Among the experimental diets, the highest content of DM and ash, and the lowest content of OM and ADF belonged to the diet containing 30 percent wheat straw (P˂0/05). Diets containing different levels of old or fresh bags had higher and lower NDF content, respectively, compared to the diet containing wheat straw (P˂0.05). The digestibility of DM and OM in the diet containing 30 percent of old and fresh bagasse tended to decrease compared to its lower levels (P = 0/08 and 0/07). In general, if the price of each kilogram of wheat straw is low compared to bagasse, it can be suggested that a maximum level of 22.5 percent of bagasse be used instead of wheat straw in the diet of ewes; Of course, the 30 percent bagasse level can also be used with caution. It is recommended to use fresh bagasse instead of old bagasse in the diet of ewes.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of activated carbon on reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin on gas production, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of sheep diet ration under laboratory conditions. In this experiment, we assumed that activated carbon was able to reduce the negative effects of aflatoxin. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates per treatment. Expermental treatments were: 1- control (untreated diet), 2- control with methanol (control + methanol), 3- contaminated diet with methanol solution containing AFB1 at 800 ng/ml, 4- contaminated diet treated with activated charcoal at 7mg/200mg, 5-contaminated diet treated with activated carbon at 75 mg/200mg and 6-contaminated diet treated with activated carbon at 150 mg/200mg. To measure gas production and digestibility, glass bottles with a volume of 100 ml was used in a constant culture. All bottles were purged with anaerobic CO2, sealed with rubber stoppers and incubated in a water bath for 96 h at 39 degree centigrade and their gas production at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h incubation times was measured. The amount of gas produced was measured by means of a pressure gauge. The results showed that aflatoxin B1 treatment decreased the amount of gas production but the amount of gas production was increased in treated group as supplemented activated carbon level increased (p <0.05). Regarding the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, there is a similar process to gas production, where aflatoxin treatment reduces both, but in treated group as supplemented activated carbon level increased the amount of them increases (p <0.05). Ammonia N concentration was highest in aflatoxin group and declined with addition of increasing level of activated carbon. Partitioning factor, microbial mass and efficiency of microbial synthesis were distinctly lower in aflatoxin group than other groups (p <0.05). However, treatments that containing high level of activated carbon had higher Partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and efficiency of microbial synthesis. It can be concluded that activated carbon has the potential to improve detrimental effect of aflatoxin on ruminal fermentation.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of aflatoxin on the gas production, in vitro fermentation parameters, dry matter and organic matter digestibility of sheepchr('39')s diet. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicate per treatment. The treatments included 1.diet without aflatoxin and methanol (control), 2.control with methanol, 3.diet containing 400 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1, 4.diet containing 800 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1, and 5.diet containing 1200 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1 in ruminal fluid. Treatments were incubated at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 hours and the amount of gas produced was measured using a barometer at 39 °C. The results showed that treatments with high levels of aflatoxin, especially 1200 ng / ml rumen fluid, significantly decreased gas production compared to those without aflatoxin. Addition of different levels of aflatoxin significantly decreased dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial mass production, and biodegradability index compared to control group. The results of this study showed that rumen microorganisms have the ability to neutralize aflatoxin at low levels and fermentation conditions are not significantly affected. With increasing level of aflatoxin in the diet, the gas production, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, and also microbial mass production and PF was reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that aflatoxin modifies ruminal fermentation processes with reduced nutrient degradability, which is dependent on aflatoxin concentration.

This experiment was carried out in order to determine of nutritive value of canola straw and its effect on fattening performance of male Holstein cluves. Canola straw (okapy variety) was provided from the seed and plant improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Canola straw was processed by urea, molasses, ammonia, peroxide and was stored in plastic bags for 28 days. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 replicates in each treatment. Treatments included: 1 - not processed canola straw (control), 2- processed with urea (5.3 % of DM), 3- processed with urea + molasses (5.3 % of DM urea + 2 % of DM molasses of DM), 4- processed with ammonia (5.3% of DM) 5- processed with sodium hydroxide (5 % of DM), 6- processed with peroxide + sodium hydroxide (5% of DM sodium hydroxide + 2 % of DM hydrogen peroxide), 7- processed with water (71 % of DM). The rates of degradation of the treatments were evaluated in an in situ experiment using three non-lactating Holstein cows with average body weight of 670±15 kg. Experimental treatments were incubated intraruminally for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Degradability parameters were calculated for dry matter, organic matter and cell wall by Neway software. In the second section were used 16 calves with average initial weight 266±64 kg to test the effect of straw processed on fattening performance of male Holstein calveswith average initial weight 266±64 kg. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two experimental diets and 8 replicates for each diet. This noitces was done in 90 day. Feed intake was measured daily and body weight was measured monthly. The results of the first section showed that canola straw processed with urea and urea + molasses had the highest CP percentage. Processing of canola straw with urea + molasses, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide + peroxide significantly decreased the cell wall content. Processing with urea + molasses made significant difference in (a) parameter of DM and OM (p <0.05). Effects of processing with sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide + peroxide, urea and water on parameter of (b) for DM and OM were significant (p <0.05). On the base of present results, processing of canola straw with sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide + peroxide was suggested. The results of second part showed that the final weight, daily gain and feed conversion ratio was not significantly different in the both of calves groups.The dry matter intake in calves that fed with unprocessed canola straw was significantly less than calves fed processed. Results of the digestibility was not significant different between the two groups.