جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آرد ماهی" در نشریات گروه "شیلات"

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal with sunflower meal in the diet and its effect on the growth performance and biochemical compositions of Rutilus frisii fingerlings. For this purpose, 240 specimens with an average weight of 1.14±0.8 g and an average total length of 5.03±0.3 cm in 12 tubs with a density of 20 in each and in four different treatments of 0 (control), 25, 50, and 75% sunflower meal with food ration formulated with the same percentage of protein, fat and energy levels were tested for eight weeks. In the parameters of food conversion factor, protein efficiency rate, growth factor, weight gain, length increase, average daily growth, survival percentage, final length, initial and final weight, no significant differences were observed (P>0.05), but in terms of mean status coefficient, a significant difference was observed (P<0.05). Also, the analysis of fish carcass analysis parameters showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of carcass moisture percentage (P>0.05), but in terms of ash percentage, protein percentage and carcass fat percentage, there was a significant difference was observed (P<0.05). The results showed that different levels of replacing sunflower meal with fish meal have no negative effect on the growth performance of R. Frisii. Therefore, to reduce the cost of feed production and economic efficiency of the studied fish breeding, up to 25% of sunflower meal can be replaced with fish meal in the diet composition.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal with corn gluten in the diet and its effect on the growth performance and biochemical composition of common carp fingerlings. For this purpose, 180 common carp fingerlings with an average weight of 5.04±0.5 grams and the average total length of 8±3 mm in 12 tubs with a density of 15 in each tub and in four different treatments of 20, 40 and 60% corn gluten along with a control treatment with a diet formulated with the percentage of protein, fat and The same energy levels were tested over an eight-week period. At the end of the test period, based on the obtained results, there was no significant difference between the growth indices in the investigated treatments and the control sample (P>0.05). Also, the analysis parameters of baby fish carcasses showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the treatments in terms of carcass moisture percentage (P>0.05), but in terms of ash percentage, protein percentage and carcass fat percentage, there is a statistically significant difference between all treatments. was observed (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that the use of corn gluten at the levels used in this research was favorable for fingerling carp.

Fish meal due to its protein richness is main source of food for animal husbandry and fish farming. Since our country has several fish meal factories in different coastal and non-coastal areas with specific management methods, therefore the present study aims to evaluate the quality of the product and their management methods in 17 fishmeal processing and production companies from 9 selected provinces consisting of 190 people (personnel, senior staff and management) usinf analytical-survey method. The results showed that the management capacity of fish meal factories in the country based on the opinions of employees is below the average and does not have proper conditions. However, the level of eight management skills varies in various province factories. The factories in the provinces of Guilan, Tehran, Sistan and Baluchestan and Isfahan have managers with high decision-making power. Taking into account the evaluation criteria of managers, the results showed that the factories of Hormozgan Province have the most suitable condition and Alborz Province had the weakest quality. The results of TVN survey showed that the provinces have a significant difference and the strongest are those factories of Semnan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces and the weakest are those of Khuzestan and Guilan provinces.

Fishmeal factories produce a large amount of wastewater during the production process, which contains protein. The aim of this study was to recover protein from the effluent of fishmeal factory by isoelectric method and investigate the functional properties of recycled protein. The effluent sample was obtained from fishmeal production plant in the Konarak city and proximate composition analysis of the effluent sample was investigated. The protein in the effluent was recycled using the isoelectric precipitation method and pH changing. The functional properties of the recovered protein including solubility, oil and water holding capacity, emulsifying index and emulsion stability, foam formation and foam stability were measured using standard methods procedures. The results showed that the amount of protein in the treated sample has no any significant differences under the effluent effects (p >0.05). The highest and lowest solubility were obtained at pH 2 and pH 6, respectively. The water and oil holding capacity of recycled protein was 0.45 and 0.4 ml/g, respectively. The highest emulsion activity was observed at pH 10 and the highest foam formation capacity at pH 2. The highest emulsion stability was observed at pH 2 and the highest foam stability was observed at pH 2 and 10. Recycled protein showed good functional properties and changed with pH, but not all properties followed a specific trend.

Apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy for fish meal (kilka fish meal, mixture fish meal, batch fish meal and south fish meal), some of the animal sources (poultry by product, meat and bone meal, blood meal cow), plant sources with high protein (wheat gluten and corn gluten) and plant sources with low protein (wheat meal, corn meal, canola meal, prepared soybean meal and soy bean meal) in juvenile Huso huso (160.42 ± 23.35 g) were investigated. Experimental diets were formulated based on 70% of the content of the reference diet and adding 30% of the ingridient test. One percent of chromium oxide was added as an indirect marker to all diets. Fish were reared in fiberglass tanks (500 L- 1) for 8 weeks and fed satiation two times daily. Collction of settlement faecal were carrird out half or one hour after feeding via siphon deposited on the tank floor. Reslts indicated that Kilka fish meal had the highest protein digestibility (94%), but significant differences in the digestibility of batch, South and Combined fish meal (93 to 89%) with wheat gluten and corn (94 to 89%), prepared soybean meal and soybean meal (87% to 82%) and poultry by product (81%) were not found (P>0.05). The highest lipid digestibility was found in batch fish meal (92%), followed by kilka fish meal (91%), south fish meal (90%), combined fish meal (89%) and poultry by product (83%) (P <0.05). Current study showed that prepared plant sources have digestibility such as fish meal, although poultry by product and soy bean meal can be considered as a possible alternative to fish meal for the formulation of commercial diet in Huso huso juvenile.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fish meal replacement with single cell protein on growth performance and proteolytic enzymes activity of pepsin, trypsin and alkaline protease in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry (weight: 2.51±0.55g) for 6 weeks. Five experimental diets were prepared with replacement levels of 0 (A), with 25% (B), 50% (C), 75% (D) and 100% (E) of fish meal with microbial protein as isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Parameters of body weight gain, relative growth rate, protein, lipid and feed efficiency ratio in diet C were significantly the higher than other treatments (p<0.05), while feed conversion ratio was shown the highest and the lowest values in diet C and E, respectively , with a significant difference than those from other treatments (p<0.05). The survival rate was 100 % in the diets. The highest activity of trypsin and alkaline protease enzymes from pyloric caeca and intestine was observed in diet C, which showed a significant difference compared to D and E diets (p<0.05). Also, pepsin had significantly the highest activity in C diet than that from other diets exception for B diet (p<0.05). The findings of growth performance and pepsin, trypsin and alkaline protease activity were revealed the diet containing 50% single cell protein could be appropriate for rainbow trout growth.

The decrease in the availability and the increase in the prices of fish meal have prompted the search for sustainable alternatives for aquaculture feeds. Insects, which are part of the natural diet of fish, leave a small ecological footprint and have a limited need for arable land, may represent a good candidate. Fast growth, fast and easy propagation, low-cost production, optimal feed conversion to biomass, and the similarity of the amino acid profile (except for histidine, threonine and lysine) with fish meal are considered to be the benefits of insects. However, the amount of fatty acids of insects varies with fish. Some fish meals are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and dioxaacetanoic acid (DHA), which is not commonly found in insects. But there are higher ratios of omega-6 fatty acids and unsaturated fats in insects. Insect meal has more protein but less fat than fish meal. Among the insect orders, the Diptera order is most similar to fish meal. The results of the research show that whilst the breeding of some species, such as salmon, African catfish and Nepal's Tilapia, can be used to completely replace meal of insects, but also species that are less compatible with insect meal. Therefore, further research is needed in this field.

In this study, the replacement effect of dietary fish meal with AquPro (Processed soybean meal) was assessed on growth performance, body composition and total protease activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) over a period of 6 weeks. In this experimental study, at the beginning of the trial, 5 experimental diets were formulated with fish meal as control (A) and diets with 25% (B), 50% (C), 75% (D) and 100% (E) AquPro, respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance, body composition and total protease activity from pyloric caeca and intestine were measured. The results indicated that the WG, SGR and ADG in experimental diet C were the highest and showed a significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). However, the status index in experimental diet C was lower than other treatments, but did not show significant differences (p>0.05). The moisture content, fat, and body ash were respectively, significantly higher in experimental diets A, B and E than those of other treatments (p<0.05), But the highest amount of protein was observed in the experimental diet of C, which did not show any significant difference with other treatments (p>0.05). The highest total protease activity from pyloric caeca and the intestine was observed in the fish fed with diet C which showed a significant difference with other diets (p<0.05). Based on the results of growth performance, body composition, and total protease activity was revealed that the diet containing 50% AquPro could be appropriate for rainbow trout growth.

Dietary formulations for carnivorous aquatic animals have high levels of protein and fat. This set of nutritional needs is provided by fish powder and fish oil. The supply of these items requires high cost and, on the other hand, in the long run due to the reduction of the amount of fishing and fishing with unpredictable supply problems. Subsequently, the consumption of these items is associated with an increase in the use of aquaculture products in the manufacture of food. These factors have inevitably led to the use of alternative protein sources in aquaculture. The high fat and protein content of terrestrial animal sources has made them suitable for use in aquatic resources. These useful supplies are from several key nutrients, including lysine, amino acids, histidine, arginine and phosphorus. The results showed that poultry by-product meal has nutritional composition and feeding value similar to that of fish meal for fishes. Feed utilization may be reduced slightly (~5%) at high use rates. Meat and bone meal has somewhat lower feeding value than PBM due to deficiency in amino acid content and digestibility. At high rates of substitution, amino acid balance and supplementation must be carefully examined. Diets should be formulated with adequate level of essential fatty acid, regardless the source of protein ingredient.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of fishmeal replacement with by-product meal on growth performance, survival rate and blood indices Acipenser baerii. A total of 135 Acipenser baerii with average (±SE) weight of 169.4 ± 2.39gr were stocked in 15 fiberglass tanks (Volume:500 lit,temperature:18/54 ± 0/53C0) and fed satiation to 9 weeks by five diets including replacement levels of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80% of fish meal with poultry by-product meal. At The end of rearing period, growth performance parameters, survival rate and blood indices were analyzed. The results showed that, there were no significant differences on growth performance among the different treatment (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in red (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, monocytes, eosinophils, MCV, MCH and MCHC indices (P>0.05). But there were significant difference among the different treatment Neutrophil and lymphocytus (P

Taurine, or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is an end product of metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids. Taurine is found in eggs, fish, meat, and milk, but not in vegetable proteins. It is present in high concentrations in heart, retina, skeletal muscle, brain, large intestines, plasma, blood cells and leucocytes. Therefore, this amino acid plays significant roles in many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, antioxidation, detoxification, modulation of immune response, calcium transport, myocardial contractility, retina development, bile acid metabolism, osmotic regulation and endocrine functions. In the past, taurine has not been considered as an essential nutrient for fish. However, recent studies have indicated that taurine synthesis widely differs between fish species and demonstrated that it plays a key role in nutrition of fish and shellfish. Fish meals, which are the primary protein source in aquaculture feed industry, have become costly and of limited availability. In recent years, plant-based protein sources, have been receiving considerable attention as a partial or total fishmeal replacer in aquaculture feed industry. However, most ingredients of plant origin are limited in a number of nutrients, including taurine, which might be necessary for the optimal performance and metabolism of farmed aquatic animals, particularly for carnivorous fish. Plant protein sources are deficient in taurine or its precursors, namely cysteine and methionine. The inclusion of high levels of plant protein in fish feeds is cause deterioration in fish performance, possibly due to the inability, or low ability, of these fish to synthesize taurine. On the other hand some freshwater teleost fish are able to synthesize taurine from methionine and cysteine. In this review we describes the taurine sources, requirement levels in some farmed species, and highlights the biological activities of taurine.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substitution of fish meal with poultry waste byproducts in the diet of gold severum (Cichlasoma severum). In this regard, four experimental groups, each with three replicates, introduced and specimens being reared for 93 days. Four diets contain different levels of poultry by-product meal (25, 50, 75 percentages of fish meal were being replaced). 144 Severum juveniles with an average initial weight of (1/39±0/17) and initial length (1/15±0/71) were stocked 12 aquariums, specimens were fed every six hours a day and biometry conducted every fourteen days. At the end of the 97 days, the results were being analyzed by use of one- way ANOVA routine and growth performance indices and FCR revealed that the replacement of 50 percent of fish meal with poultry by-product meal significantly impact the gold severum and shows that this ingredient could be used effectively in fish feed formulation process.

The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of replacing fish meal with modified soybean powder (HP310) on growth performance and immunity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). So Fishmeal was replaced with HP310 at levels of 0، 25، 50، 75 and 100% in five experimental diets. A diet with 100% fishmeal (0% HP310) was used as control. Diets were fed to four replicate groups of 15 fish with an initial weight of 1. 17±0. 03 g for a period of 60 days. The results showed that diets with 25 and 50% of HP310 increased Feed Intake and thus increased Weight Gain، Specific Growth Rate and reduced Food Conversion Ratio (p<0. 05). But fish growth parameters decreased when 75 and 100% of substitution were used (p<0. 05). Furthermore، the results of blood parameters analysis، indicated that the amounts of Hemoglobin، Hematocrit and Red Blood Cells decreased by increasing the level of HP310 in experimental diets. But the difference between the control and the other treatments were not significant up to 75 percent replacement levels of diet. And only 10% HP310 treated showed a significant decrease compared to the control (P<0. 05). Study of white blood cells showed a significant increase with increasing levels of fish meal replacement diets compared to the control (P<0. 05). The present results indicated that soybean meal (HP310) can be replaced up to 50% of fish meal in rainbow trout’s diet without negative effects on growth performance and blood parameters.

The effect of different levels of canola meal on growth indices¡ body composition and survival rate of white leg shrimp (average weight 1.63 ± 0.09 gr) was studied. The experiment was according to completely random design with five dietary treatments (0¡ 5¡ 15¡ 25 and 35 percent of canola meal) in triplicate groups. Four hundred and fifty shrimp were randomly distributed between 15 tanks of 300 L capacity (30 shrimp per tank). Shrimps were fed three times a day according to their body weight at a temperature of 31 ± 0.09 °C for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding¡ growth and nutritional indices such as weight gain (WG)¡ specific growth rate (SGR)¡ protein efficiency ratio (PER)¡ feed efficiency (FE)¡ average daily weight gain (ADG)¡ percent of body weight increase (BWI)¡ percent of protein production (PPV) survival rate¡ price index were measured. Results showed that replacing canola meal by fishmeal in the diet of white leg shrimp have not any negative impact on shrimp growth performances up to 25 percent. There is no significant differences were observed in body composition and survival rate between treatments. Results of this study showed that fish meal can be replaced by canola meal up to 25 % and reliable price index in the diet of juveniles shrimp.

The effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal in diets for red pacu on growth performance, body composition and hematological indices was evaluated in an 8-week trial. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated containing 32.04 ± 0.46 crude proteins and 17.26 ± 0.31 KJ gross energy g-1 diet. The control diet was formulated to contain 50% fish meal, whereas in the other four diets soybean meal was included at 16.5, 33, 49.5 and 66% to replace 25 (SBM25), 50 (SBM50), 75 (SBM75) and 100% (SBM100) of the fish meal protein. One hundred and ninety fish (with average weight 1.8 ± 0.07g) were randomly distributed into five treatments (each treatment included 3 replicates). Weight gain and specific growth rate in fish fed SBM25 and SBM50 diets were significantly higher than any of other treatments. Feed consumption in fish fed SBM50 diet was significantly higher than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio in fish fed SBM100 diet was significantly higher than fish fed other treatments, while no statistical significant difference was observed between the four other treatments. Whole body composition fish fed SBM50 diet had significantly lower crude protein, lipid, ash and higher moisture compared with other treatments. Fish fed SBM100 diet had a significantly higher hemoglobin and lower hematocrit than other treatments. The results indicated that an economical diet can be formulated using 50 percent soybean meal in red pacu diets without adverse effect on growth performance.

Effects of Goldstrip sardine (Sardinella gibossa) and poultry by-product protein hydrolysate on amino acid composition, growth and alevines survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Two hydrolyzed protein sources were incorporated into six diets for start-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevines, in 3 different replacing levels (10%, 25% and 50%) of fish meal. Goldstrip sardine protein hydrolysate (SPH) and poultry by-product protein hydrolysate (PPH) were used, respectively. To compare the results, we used the same diet without protein hydrolysate. The diet with 25% SPH and 10% PPH offered the best results in terms of growth, survival, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and condition factor. Alevines fed with 25% SPH and 10% PPH showed more balanced amino acid composition in their body. By enhancing the protein hydrolysate in the diet, free amino acid composition in the diet and fish body was enhanced. The protein hydrolysate enhancement showed negative correlation with growth factors. Also, non essential amino acid composition of the body composition showed positive correlation with the lipid/protein percentage of the alevines. We conclude that an optimum level of protein hydrolysate can improve growth and performance of the rainbow trout alevines. However, excess protein hydrolysate can cause imbalanced amino acid composition in fish body and reduces the growth and survival factors. Based on this study, the optimum replacement of fish meal by SPH and PPH in rainbow trout alevines’s diet is 25% and 10%, respectively.