جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "immunity" در نشریات گروه "شیلات"

AbstractThe study investigated the effects of substituting fishmeal with different levels of hydrolyzed protein on the serum biochemical composition and immune system of beluga (Huso huso) fry over a 48-day period. A total of 750 fish were randomly assigned to five groups: a control group (no hydrolyzed protein), three groups with varying levels of hydrolyzed protein (2.75%, 5.5%, and 8.25%), and a positive control group (commercial feed). The study found significant differences in glucose levels among the groups (P<0.05), with the control group having the highest glucose level. Treatment 2 had the highest total protein and lipid levels, which significantly differed from the other groups (P<0.05).  Liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST and ALP) did not vary significantly among the groups (P>0.05).  There were no significant differences in cholesterol levels (P>0.05). Regarding immune factors, treatment 2 exhibited significantly higher total immunoglobulin levels compared to all other groups except for treatment 3 (P<0.05). Lysozyme levels did not differ significantly between the control group and treatments 1, 3, and 4 (P>0.05); however, treatment 2 displayed the highest level. IgM and ACH50 activity did not differ significantly across all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, replacing fishmeal with hydrolyzed protein at a concentration of 2.75% to 5.5% improved performance in blood biochemical and immune parameters of beluga fry when compared to the control group.

The bacterium Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of yersiniosis or red mouth disease, which leads to significant economic losses in aquaculture, especially salmon, worldwide. An infectious disease that leads to a septicemic condition with the condition of the body surface and internal organs. Despite this disease, investigation and its effect on this disease was studied in rainbow trout. This study was conducted on 180 pieces of rainbow salmon randomly weighing (25±2 gr), which were exposed to Y. ruckeri (5% and 10% LC50) for 30 days. Accepts. Results The results obtained with the increase in final weight, growth rate, alanine aminotransferase enzyme, high and low lipoprotein, total immunoglobulin, glutathione peroxidase of rainbow trout decreased and on the other hand with the increase of the drug, aspartate aminotransferase enzyme, total oxidant and Malondialdehyde increased so that there was a significant difference between the control group treated with 5% and 10% LD5 of Y. ruckeri bacteria. Based on the results of this research, the density of bacteria has a negative effect on most of the measured indicators.

The emergence of diseases poses significant challenges for the aquaculture sector. While diseases are natural components of aquatic ecosystems, they often lead to economic repercussions for both aquaculture and fisheries. The restrictions on antibiotic use in aquaculture have prompted the development of environmentally friendly alternatives, such as probiotics and organic acids, which serve as immune stimulants. Short-chain fatty acids and organic acids, along with their corresponding salts are emerging as potential alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in aquaculture, garnering increasing interest. Probiotics, on the other hand, are live microbial feed supplements that help maintain a healthy microbial balance in the host's gut.

This study was carried out to evaluate individual and combined effects of the dietary Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate supplementation on the growth performance and immunity of zebrafish (Danio rerio). A total of 120 zebra fish (335.22 ± 0.23 mg) were placed in 12 tanks with 10 fish per tank and fed with diets containing 0 % Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate (control, T1) 0.1% Lactobacillus casei (5 x 106 CFU, T2), 1% sodium propionate (T3), and 0.1% Lactobacillus casei bacteria and 1% sodium propionate (T4) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, feeding was halted for 24 hours. Eight fish from each tank were anesthetized with clove oil at a dose of 50 μl/l. After removing the head and tail, the fish were frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenized using a manual homogenizer. The resulting homogenate was then prepared in 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) for the measurement of immune factors.

The experimental diets significantly affected the final weight and weight gain of the fish. Fish fed with Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate had a higher weight compared to the control group (Table 1, p<0.05). The specific growth rate also varied among the diets, with the lowest growth rate observed in the control group and the highest in the groups receiving sodium propionate and Lactobacillus casei, which differed significantly from the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found among the treatments in triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose levels (Table 2, p<0.05). Serum albumin analysis indicated no significant difference between treatments 1 and 3, nor between treatments 2 and 4 (Table 2, p<0.05). However, significant differences were noted between treatments 1 and 3 and treatments 2 and 4, with the highest levels found in treatments 2 and 4. Regarding the globulin index, there was no significant difference between the control group and treatment 3, but significant differences were observed with the other two treatments (Table 2, p<0.05). The highest activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were recorded in treatment 4, which significantly differed from the control group (p<0.05) but showed no significant difference from treatment 3 (Table 3, p<0.05). Significant differences were also observed in total serum protein and immunoglobulin levels, with the highest levels in treatments containing Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate (treatments 2, 3, and 4), which differed significantly from the control group (Table 4, p<0.05). Notably, significant variations were found in lysozyme and complement levels among the treatments, with the highest levels in treatments 3 and 4 (Table 4, p<0.05).

Fish growth and immunity improved in fish fed supplemented diets compare to the control group. Improving fish performance through organic acids and probiotics is possible in several ways, including reducing gastric pH, which increases pepsin activation, reducing intestinal pH, which leads to increased mineral dissolution and subsequent absorption by organic and probiotics. It can be concluded that the use of a diet containing Lactobacillus casei and sodium propionate in zebrafish has numerous positive effects. Overall, the findings suggest that these supplements can be effectively utilized both separately and in combination, specifically at levels of 1% sodium propionate and 0.1% Lactobacillus casei (5 × 106 CFU) in aquaculture.

A experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of four levels of stocking density (30, 45, 60 and 75 fish/m3) on growth parameters and biochemical factors of blood serum of Oncorhynchus mykiss larvae with average mean weight 0.235±0.08 g were stocked in 12 fiberglass tank (10 L) was studied for a period of 45 days. At the end of the experiment, were observed no significant differences between growth parameters and feed efficiency among treatments (p>0.05). However, Analysis of biochemical factors of serum blood showed significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). The highest amount of blood serum of total protein (7.40±0.10), ALT (23.00±1.00) and ALP (243.00±8.18) activity enzymes, amylase (23.66±1.52), lipase (111.00±6.55) and calcium (15.66±0.05), as well as the lowest amount of cortisol (36.00±1.73) and albumin (10.76±0.11) was observed in treatment containing maximum stocking density level at 75 fish larva per m3 (p<0.05). Also, the highest amount of glucose (139.00±5.56) was observed in treatment at 60 fish larva per m3 and the highest AST activity enzyme (7.33±0.57) was observed in two treatment at 30 and 45 fish larva per m3 (p<0.05). Finally, according to the results, an increase in stocking density of O. mykiss larvae cannot be affected the efficiency of fish farming. But, this increasing density had significant effect on immune factors and stressors.

The skin is the first protective barrier against physical injuries and pathogens. Spirulina microalgae can be used to improve skin damage in fish due to its content of micronutrients, such as essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, and more. In this study, 360 rainbow trout weighing 50 grams each (with ethical code number 9821316001) were used at Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Before the final test, the effects of spirulina extract at concentrations ranging from 1% to 15% were evaluated on the fish. Subsequently, three doses—3%, 7%, and 10%—were selected for oral and poultice testing. After inducing skin injuries, the fish were treated both orally and with poultices for 28 days. On the 28th day, blood samples were collected, and biochemical and immune parameters were measured. The observed increases in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, globulin, and immunoglobulin plasma levels, along with elevated lysozyme activity after skin damage, indicate physiological responses aimed at recovery and the restoration of tissue integrity. The results of this study showed that administering spirulina supplements, particularly in the group that received a 7% concentration orally and used an ointment of the same concentration, had beneficial effects on various physiological parameters in injured fish.

In this study,the immunogenicity of streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis vaccine in rainbow trout was investigated in farm.900 fish with an average of 50±5 g were divided into three treatments and three replications (injection treatment, immersion treatment and control group).Fish were kept for 60 days and samples were taken on the 30th and 60th days.Then the fishes were challenged for 14 days with three bacteria, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Yersinia ruckeri.Sampling was done to evaluate lysozyme activity,complement, antibody titer and survival rate. The results indicated a significant increase in serum complement and lysozyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).Antibody titers against S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05).The  relative percentage survival after 14 days of challenge with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri in the injected group was (70, 60, and 76.6%),respectively, which was significant compared to the control group (P<0.05).Also, the relative percentage survival in the immersion group with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri was(30, 36.6 and 53.3%),respectively, which was significant only in the group immersed with S. iniae (P<0.05).In general,it can be concluded that the use of polyvalent vaccine by injection and immersion has significant effects on the immunity and survival rate of rainbow trout. However, the injection method is more effective and suitable than the immersion method.

The basis of biofloc technology is biomaterials, dead organic particles, microbes, algae, protozoa and other organisms. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofloc system on blood indices in juvenile H. huso in the International Sturgeon Research Institute of the Caspian Sea during one year. For this purpose, 120 fish with an initial weight of 168.2 ± 2.9 g were introduced in 6 fiberglass tanks with volume 2000 liter. Treatments included control treatment and one biofloc treatment and each treatment had 3 replications. During the experiment blood and immunological indices of fish were measured. In terms of blood indices, biofloc treatment was better. The lowest number of white blood cells, neutrophils and the highest number of red blood cells, hematocrit and Measn corposcular volume (MCV) were observed in the biofloc treatment and there was a significant difference with the control treatment (P<0.05). Immunological results showed the levels of immunoglobulin M, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin in biofloc treatment improved compared to the control, but were not significant difference (P <0.05). In addition, biofloc treatment had more bacteria than the control and showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Therefore, biofloc treatment can be selected as the superior treatment according to its performance. Because it improved the conditions and increased the efficiency of the breeding system and also improved the living conditions.

Brown, red, and green marine macroalgae marine macroalgae are rich sources of diverse bioactive components with valuable pharmaceutical and biomedical potentials that could be exploited as functional health-promoting ingredients in animal feeds. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of red seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum extract (SE) on fatty acid compositions and antioxidant status of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, after 60 days. Four experimental diets were prepared: SE0 as a control treatment; SE5, SE10, and SE 15, which included 0, 5, 10, and 15 g SE kg-1 diet, respectively. One hundred twenty grey mullets weighing 9.56±1.02 g were randomly divided into four groups corresponding to the different feeding regimes. After 60 days of feeding, the results showed that the significantly lowest amount of myristic acid (14: 0) (1.06±0.09%) and stearic acid (0.08 C) (4.17±0.09%) was observed in treatment 4, whereas the amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n0-3, 2.52±0.03%) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 42.69±2.09%) (60.60 09 2.09) of the PUFAs in treatment 4 were significantly higher than the control one (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in catalase (CAT) between the control group and treatments (P>0.05). The lowest level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was shown in SE15. Treatments containing different levels of SE showed significantly different in superoxide dismutase (SOD and GSH compared with control treatment (P<0.05). The results of the experiment revealed that grey mullets fed SE15 diets showed improvement in the fatty acid composition and antioxidant status and the use of a diet containing 15 g/kg S. marginatum extract could suggest for grey mullet.

Improving the immune system and growth of fish with seaweed instead of antibiotics can be a good idea for aquaculture. For this purpose, twenty four hundred red tilapia fish after adaptation to laboratory conditions were divided into four treatments with three replicates, and then fed diets contained control (without sargassum extract), 1, 2, and 3% of Sargassum ilisifulium extract for 8 weeks. The results showed that 2% Sargassum extract causes a significant increase in growth indices (specific growth factor, weight gain) and a significant decrease in food conversion ratio (P<0.05). All fish fed with different levels of Sargassum extract had more protein and less fat contents in the body compared to the control group (P<0.05). The amount of total protein, immunoglobulin, and lysozyme activity of the mucus in the fish fed with 2% Sargarsum extract was significantly higher than other experimental groups. (P<0.05). As a result, it is suggested to use 2% of dietary Sargassum extract to improve immunity and growth performance of red tilapia fish.

Formic acid is simplest member of carboxylic acid family. The effects of formic acid on growth, blood indices, and immune parameters of goldfish fry were examined over 60 days. The goldfish fries (mean weight of 5.10±0.15g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no formic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (10, 20, 30 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and status index in the formic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group. In addition, adding formic acid to goldfish fry food ration improved blood factors and immunity in the fish. The results of study showed that inclusion of folic acid resulted an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of red blood cells, number of white blood cells, lysozyme, immunoglobin, and total immunoglobin compared to the control group. In general, adding folic acid to the food of goldfish fry improved growth parameters along with blood and immune parameters. According to obtained results, a diet containing 10 g/kg diet proposed to enhance growth performance and immunity of goldfish.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of Magnolia (Sambucus ebulus) fruit extract on growth performance, serum antioxidant activities and immune-related genes in Cyprinus carpio. 120 healthy common carp with an average weight of 7± 1.08 g were fed with Magnolia fruit extract including: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% and the control group for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, growth indices, serum antioxidant activities and expression of genes involved in immunity were examined. The results showed that different levels of Magnolia fruit extract had no significant effect on growth performance compared to the control group (P>0.05). Serum antioxidant activities of the treated diet with a level of 0.3% caused a significant decrease in comparison with other treatments and the control group (P<0.05). In addition, evaluation of the results of the relative expression of Lyz and TNF-α genes in common carp showed that different levels of Magnolia fruit extract significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this study showed that using 0.3% fruit extract of Magnolia could be as a dietary supplement to improve the immunity and serum antioxidant activities in common carp. Therefore, it is recommended to add 0.3% of Magnolia fruit extract to the diet of common carp.

In order to investigate the resistance of shrimp against white spot disease by Gracilaria corticata algae, 300 Vannamei shrimp in two groups were fed with and without algae extract for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, half of the shrimp of each group were exposed to the white spot virus. After the challenge, during days 0, 3, 9, 18 and 25, the survival rate and immune factors of shrimp were examined. According to the results, survival rate of shrimp fed with algae extract was higher than the shrimp were fed by commercial pellet without the algae extract (positive control) significantly (P < 0.05). Immune system enhancement from the first to twenty fifth day and the highest levels of THC, TPP, SOD, POD and PO were observed in group Algae on twenty fifth day of the experiment. This condition was also observed in group AV, but less than group A with a significant difference (P <0.05). Considering the function of algae in stimulating the immune system, it seems that during the culture period, algae supplementation in the diet can be used as a proposed strategy to control white spot disease.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on hematologic and blood biochemistry of rainbow trout in a 4-day period. To that end, total 300 fingerlings with an average body weight of 12.5±2.5 g were randomly allocated into 15 polyethylene tanks (with 100L volume). Fingerlings were exposed to five concentrations of acetaminophen, namely, 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1. 10 mg/L for 4 days. Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Acetaminophen were measured. According to the results, the number of white blood cells was significantly different compared to the control group and other treatments at concentration of 10 mg/l. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin volume (MCV) and hematocrit were higher in the control group and And the lowest amount was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/l and There was a significant difference between these parameters in different treatments. There wasn´t significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) between experimental treatments. There was a significant difference in serum lysozyme enzyme and complement (ACH50) activity in fingerling exposed to acetaminophen. There was a significant difference in cortisol and glucose levels in different treatments so that the most amount of cortisol and glucose showed in the control group and the less amount was observed in treatment 5.

Due to the emergence of nanotechnology and insufficient knowledge of the potential dangers of these particles on the one hand and the beneficial effects of probiotics on aquatic animals on the other hand, in this study the effect of emerging nano-silver contaminants with bacterial probiotic Lactobacillus as a dietary supplement Some liver indicators in common carp were discussed. The fish were subjected to 6 experimental treatments and after 42 days of feeding with probiotics based on lethal toxicity test and sub-lethal according to OECD standard method, they were exposed to nanosilver for 4 and 10 days, respectively, with adaptation. At the end of the lethal toxicity test, liver tissue samples were extracted from the fish and hepatic histopathology indices were evaluated. Nano-silver alone caused structural abnormalities including deformation and necrosis, bleeding, swelling and dehydration, as well as lateralization of the nucleus in the liver. Probiotics alone drastically reduced the amount of these side effects. Also, the combined use of probiotics and nanosilver, although associated with increased bleeding, stimulated nonspecific immunity in common carp and improved other liver complications.

Beluga is one of the important endangered species in the Caspian Sea and the main farmed species of sturgeon in Iran. Therefore, the idea of ​​using the growth stimulants through the feed under the low water temperature can be useful for improving its growing efficiency. In this study, 120 fish with the mean weight of 440.15 ± 23 g were fed different animal protein-based diets containing zero, 5, 10, and 15 grams of taurine/kg (Considering the amount of taurine in the basic diet, the amount of total taurine in the diets reached to 3.1, 8.3, 13.0, and 18.1 g / kg, respectively), and reared at 10 ± 1 °C for a 56 –day period. The results of growth indicated a significant and positive effect due to presence of taurine in diet comparing the control treatment. In fact, all the three doses were able to improve the feeding and growth of fish, and the highest percentages of weight gain, specific growth rate, and the lowest food conversion ratio were obtained in treatment containing 8.3 g taurine in diet (a treatment that received an additional 5 g / kg taurine). There were significant differences in condition factor, liver and visceral indices among the treatments (p >0.05), and no mortality was observed among the experimental treatments as well. Also, the highest amylase, lipase and protease enzymes activities were measured in 8.3 g taurine treatment. While the concentration of taurine increased in the diet, the carcass lipid and ash percentages decreased and the protein and moisture percentages increased without any significant difference (p >0.05). Different concentrations of taurine had little effect on nonspecific immunity of fish. Whereas, there were not significant differences in the lysozyme enzyme activities, total immunoglobulin and C3 complement (p >0.05). The highest amount of C4 complement was measured in 8.3 g taurine treatment, which was significantly different compared to other treatments (p <0.05). As a conclusion, the diet containing 5 gr/kg taurine could be the optimum growth stimulant diet, and it can improve the growth efficiency of Beluga fish at the low water temperature (10 ± 1 °C). 
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