جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « immunity » در نشریات گروه « شیلات »

A experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of four levels of stocking density (30, 45, 60 and 75 fish/m3) on growth parameters and biochemical factors of blood serum of Oncorhynchus mykiss larvae with average mean weight 0.235±0.08 g were stocked in 12 fiberglass tank (10 L) was studied for a period of 45 days. At the end of the experiment, were observed no significant differences between growth parameters and feed efficiency among treatments (p>0.05). However, Analysis of biochemical factors of serum blood showed significant difference between treatments (p<0.05). The highest amount of blood serum of total protein (7.40±0.10), ALT (23.00±1.00) and ALP (243.00±8.18) activity enzymes, amylase (23.66±1.52), lipase (111.00±6.55) and calcium (15.66±0.05), as well as the lowest amount of cortisol (36.00±1.73) and albumin (10.76±0.11) was observed in treatment containing maximum stocking density level at 75 fish larva per m3 (p<0.05). Also, the highest amount of glucose (139.00±5.56) was observed in treatment at 60 fish larva per m3 and the highest AST activity enzyme (7.33±0.57) was observed in two treatment at 30 and 45 fish larva per m3 (p<0.05). Finally, according to the results, an increase in stocking density of O. mykiss larvae cannot be affected the efficiency of fish farming. But, this increasing density had significant effect on immune factors and stressors.

In this study,the immunogenicity of streptococcosis/lactococcosis and yersiniosis vaccine in rainbow trout was investigated in farm.900 fish with an average of 50±5 g were divided into three treatments and three replications (injection treatment, immersion treatment and control group).Fish were kept for 60 days and samples were taken on the 30th and 60th days.Then the fishes were challenged for 14 days with three bacteria, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Yersinia ruckeri.Sampling was done to evaluate lysozyme activity,complement, antibody titer and survival rate. The results indicated a significant increase in serum complement and lysozyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05).Antibody titers against S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri on the 30th and 60th days of sampling in the vaccinated groups had a significant increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05).The  relative percentage survival after 14 days of challenge with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri in the injected group was (70, 60, and 76.6%),respectively, which was significant compared to the control group (P<0.05).Also, the relative percentage survival in the immersion group with S. iniae, L. garvieae and Y. ruckeri was(30, 36.6 and 53.3%),respectively, which was significant only in the group immersed with S. iniae (P<0.05).In general,it can be concluded that the use of polyvalent vaccine by injection and immersion has significant effects on the immunity and survival rate of rainbow trout. However, the injection method is more effective and suitable than the immersion method.

Brown, red, and green marine macroalgae marine macroalgae are rich sources of diverse bioactive components with valuable pharmaceutical and biomedical potentials that could be exploited as functional health-promoting ingredients in animal feeds. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of red seaweed Stoechospermum marginatum extract (SE) on fatty acid compositions and antioxidant status of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, after 60 days. Four experimental diets were prepared: SE0 as a control treatment; SE5, SE10, and SE 15, which included 0, 5, 10, and 15 g SE kg-1 diet, respectively. One hundred twenty grey mullets weighing 9.56±1.02 g were randomly divided into four groups corresponding to the different feeding regimes. After 60 days of feeding, the results showed that the significantly lowest amount of myristic acid (14: 0) (1.06±0.09%) and stearic acid (0.08 C) (4.17±0.09%) was observed in treatment 4, whereas the amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n0-3, 2.52±0.03%) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 42.69±2.09%) (60.60 09 2.09) of the PUFAs in treatment 4 were significantly higher than the control one (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in catalase (CAT) between the control group and treatments (P>0.05). The lowest level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was shown in SE15. Treatments containing different levels of SE showed significantly different in superoxide dismutase (SOD and GSH compared with control treatment (P<0.05). The results of the experiment revealed that grey mullets fed SE15 diets showed improvement in the fatty acid composition and antioxidant status and the use of a diet containing 15 g/kg S. marginatum extract could suggest for grey mullet.

Improving the immune system and growth of fish with seaweed instead of antibiotics can be a good idea for aquaculture. For this purpose, twenty four hundred red tilapia fish after adaptation to laboratory conditions were divided into four treatments with three replicates, and then fed diets contained control (without sargassum extract), 1, 2, and 3% of Sargassum ilisifulium extract for 8 weeks. The results showed that 2% Sargassum extract causes a significant increase in growth indices (specific growth factor, weight gain) and a significant decrease in food conversion ratio (P<0.05). All fish fed with different levels of Sargassum extract had more protein and less fat contents in the body compared to the control group (P<0.05). The amount of total protein, immunoglobulin, and lysozyme activity of the mucus in the fish fed with 2% Sargarsum extract was significantly higher than other experimental groups. (P<0.05). As a result, it is suggested to use 2% of dietary Sargassum extract to improve immunity and growth performance of red tilapia fish.

Formic acid is simplest member of carboxylic acid family. The effects of formic acid on growth, blood indices, and immune parameters of goldfish fry were examined over 60 days. The goldfish fries (mean weight of 5.10±0.15g) were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments with three replications (25 pieces in each replication) including control treatment (no formic acid) and three treatments which received formic acid (10, 20, 30 gr/ kilogram diet). The results indicated that growth indices (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor, and FCR) were significantly different between the control and experimental treatments. The final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and status index in the formic acid treatments had a significant increase compared to the control group. In addition, adding formic acid to goldfish fry food ration improved blood factors and immunity in the fish. The results of study showed that inclusion of folic acid resulted an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin, number of red blood cells, number of white blood cells, lysozyme, immunoglobin, and total immunoglobin compared to the control group. In general, adding folic acid to the food of goldfish fry improved growth parameters along with blood and immune parameters. According to obtained results, a diet containing 10 g/kg diet proposed to enhance growth performance and immunity of goldfish.

In order to investigate the resistance of shrimp against white spot disease by Gracilaria corticata algae, 300 Vannamei shrimp in two groups were fed with and without algae extract for 14 days. At the end of the experiment, half of the shrimp of each group were exposed to the white spot virus. After the challenge, during days 0, 3, 9, 18 and 25, the survival rate and immune factors of shrimp were examined. According to the results, survival rate of shrimp fed with algae extract was higher than the shrimp were fed by commercial pellet without the algae extract (positive control) significantly (P < 0.05). Immune system enhancement from the first to twenty fifth day and the highest levels of THC, TPP, SOD, POD and PO were observed in group Algae on twenty fifth day of the experiment. This condition was also observed in group AV, but less than group A with a significant difference (P <0.05). Considering the function of algae in stimulating the immune system, it seems that during the culture period, algae supplementation in the diet can be used as a proposed strategy to control white spot disease.

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of acetaminophen on hematologic and blood biochemistry of rainbow trout in a 4-day period. To that end, total 300 fingerlings with an average body weight of 12.5±2.5 g were randomly allocated into 15 polyethylene tanks (with 100L volume). Fingerlings were exposed to five concentrations of acetaminophen, namely, 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1. 10 mg/L for 4 days. Hematologic and Biochemical Parameters of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to Acetaminophen were measured. According to the results, the number of white blood cells was significantly different compared to the control group and other treatments at concentration of 10 mg/l. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, mean hemoglobin volume (MCV) and hematocrit were higher in the control group and And the lowest amount was observed at a concentration of 10 mg/l and There was a significant difference between these parameters in different treatments. There wasn´t significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCH) between experimental treatments. There was a significant difference in serum lysozyme enzyme and complement (ACH50) activity in fingerling exposed to acetaminophen. There was a significant difference in cortisol and glucose levels in different treatments so that the most amount of cortisol and glucose showed in the control group and the less amount was observed in treatment 5.

Due to the emergence of nanotechnology and insufficient knowledge of the potential dangers of these particles on the one hand and the beneficial effects of probiotics on aquatic animals on the other hand, in this study the effect of emerging nano-silver contaminants with bacterial probiotic Lactobacillus as a dietary supplement Some liver indicators in common carp were discussed. The fish were subjected to 6 experimental treatments and after 42 days of feeding with probiotics based on lethal toxicity test and sub-lethal according to OECD standard method, they were exposed to nanosilver for 4 and 10 days, respectively, with adaptation. At the end of the lethal toxicity test, liver tissue samples were extracted from the fish and hepatic histopathology indices were evaluated. Nano-silver alone caused structural abnormalities including deformation and necrosis, bleeding, swelling and dehydration, as well as lateralization of the nucleus in the liver. Probiotics alone drastically reduced the amount of these side effects. Also, the combined use of probiotics and nanosilver, although associated with increased bleeding, stimulated nonspecific immunity in common carp and improved other liver complications.

Beluga is one of the important endangered species in the Caspian Sea and the main farmed species of sturgeon in Iran. Therefore, the idea of ​​using the growth stimulants through the feed under the low water temperature can be useful for improving its growing efficiency. In this study, 120 fish with the mean weight of 440.15 ± 23 g were fed different animal protein-based diets containing zero, 5, 10, and 15 grams of taurine/kg (Considering the amount of taurine in the basic diet, the amount of total taurine in the diets reached to 3.1, 8.3, 13.0, and 18.1 g / kg, respectively), and reared at 10 ± 1 °C for a 56 –day period. The results of growth indicated a significant and positive effect due to presence of taurine in diet comparing the control treatment. In fact, all the three doses were able to improve the feeding and growth of fish, and the highest percentages of weight gain, specific growth rate, and the lowest food conversion ratio were obtained in treatment containing 8.3 g taurine in diet (a treatment that received an additional 5 g / kg taurine). There were significant differences in condition factor, liver and visceral indices among the treatments (p >0.05), and no mortality was observed among the experimental treatments as well. Also, the highest amylase, lipase and protease enzymes activities were measured in 8.3 g taurine treatment. While the concentration of taurine increased in the diet, the carcass lipid and ash percentages decreased and the protein and moisture percentages increased without any significant difference (p >0.05). Different concentrations of taurine had little effect on nonspecific immunity of fish. Whereas, there were not significant differences in the lysozyme enzyme activities, total immunoglobulin and C3 complement (p >0.05). The highest amount of C4 complement was measured in 8.3 g taurine treatment, which was significantly different compared to other treatments (p <0.05). As a conclusion, the diet containing 5 gr/kg taurine could be the optimum growth stimulant diet, and it can improve the growth efficiency of Beluga fish at the low water temperature (10 ± 1 °C). 
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In current study, the effect of different times of molasses addition on water quality and immune performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus( mucus in biofloc system with limited water exchange was investigated. Nile tilapia with an average weight of 1.53 g was cultured in fiberglass tanks (circular cross section) with a volume of 130 liters of water at a density of one fish per liter for 37 days. Five experimental groups were considered including a control (without biofloc) group without carbonaceous substance addition and four biofloc treatments with molasses added daily (biofloc 1), once every two days (biofloc 2), once every three days (biofloc 3) and once every four days (biofloc 4). 2.5 ml/l microbial mass was added as a starter to biofloc treatments. Also, molasses carbonaceous material (65% of the input feed) was used to adjust the carbon to nitrogen ratio. According to the results, water quality in biofloc treatments showed that the lowest amount of total ammonia nitrogen (0.23 mg/l) and the highest amount of nitrate (25.5 mg/l) were obtained in biofloc 1 treatment (daily molasses addition), that showed a significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). Based on the results of immune function of tilapia mucus, the lowest amount of total immunoglobulin (43.66 mg/100 ml) and lysozyme activity (17.33 ml/min) were observed in the control (without biofloc) group (p<0.05). Generally, the current research showed that the water quality in the biofloc system is improved with the addition of molasses on a daily basis and also the immune function of Nile tilapia mucus in biofloc system is more active than the normal system without microbial floc.

Astaxanthin pigment is one of the most important carotenoids in terms of antioxidant properties, and an important micronutrient in the aquatics diet due to desirable effect on antioxidant activity, immunity functions, and feed efficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin pigment on antioxidant activity, and digestive enzymes of the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). In the present experiment, two hundred and twenty-five prawns with mean weight of 1.40±0.05 g were fed by five formulated diets containing different astaxanthin levels, zero (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg per kg for 56 days. At the end of the culture period, the hepatopancreas, and intestine samples of the studied prawns were collected then antioxidant parameters, and digestive enzymes of the samples were evaluated by experimental kits, and spectrophotometric method. The results of the study showed that total antioxidant capacity increased significantly compared to control treatment, while superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde decreased significantly in diets containing astaxanthin treatments (p < 0.05). However, the antioxidant activity of glutathione peroxidase was not affected by different dietary astaxanthin levels (P>0.05). Digestive enzymes were affected by different astaxanthin levels, and with increasing dietary astaxanthin, digestive enzymes increased significantly (p < 0.05). Finally, the results of this study showed that increasing dietary astaxanthin levels improved the activity of antioxidant parameters, and digestive enzymes of the oriental river prawn, and suggests that diet containing 150 mg/kg of this pigment to improve the mentioned parameters of this prawn. n.

The present study was carried out to assess the effects of different levels of Pediococcus acidilactici including 0, 1 × 106, 2 × 106, 4 × 106 and 8 × 106 colony forming unit per g of the diet (cfug-1), in a completely randomized design for 60 days, on growth, intestine flora and skin mucus bactericidal response of zebra fish. The best growth indices including weight, length and specific growth rate and also the least food conversion ratio were recorded in group 4 × 106 cfug-1 (p<0.05). Also the highest number of total viable count and lactic acid bacteria of intestine were found in that group (p<0.05). The most growth inhibition zone of Aeromonas hydrophylla, Flavobacterium columnare, Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda were found in group 4 × 106 cfug-1 (p<0.05). Therefore, it seems that P. acidilactici as a probiotic, improves growth and immunity indices of the zebra fish and could be used as amount of 4 × 106 cfug-1 of food for this fish.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of biofloc system on water quality, growth performance, immunity and body composition of Nile tilapia at different stocking densities. Fry (3.2±0.05 g) stocked in 500 and 1000/m3 in biofloc and clear water system (as control) in three replicates and reared for 50 days. Results showed that the lowest TAN and highest nitrite and nitrate were observed in BFT treatments. Total suspended solid, floc volume and bacteria increased by increasing stocking density. Maximum final weight (12.9g), SGR (3.21 %/day), survival (100%) and the best FCR (0.91) were obtained in BFT (500/m3). There were no significant differences in survival among treatments (p>0.05). Lysozyme, immunoglobulin and catalase of fishes in the biofloc treatments were significantly (p<0.05) better than control. Proximate analysis revealed that protein and lipid content of fishes in BFT were slightly higher than control groups but these differences were not significant. It seems that although fishes in BFT 500/m3 statistically showed better indices than others but due to small differences in growth indices and feed conversion ratio in one hand and no difference in survival rate between 500 and 1000/m3. On the other hands, the study suggests the stocking density of 1000/m3 for larviculture of tilapia in biofloc system to use water and equipment more efficiently.

One of the major objectives in the modern and sustainable aquaculture industry is to increase the feed efficiency and survival rate. The present study is aimed to investigate the effect of paprika powder on some growth performance and immunological parameters in zebrafish for a period of 56 days. In this study, a total of 480 zebrafish fry (initial weight of 0.05g and length of 1.71 mm) were randomly divided into 12 tanks and fed with 0 (control), 1, 2, and 3 g of paprika powder per 100 gram of feed. The results of the growth indices and survival rate indicated that the highest weight gain (0.42±0.02 g) and body weight increase (0.36±0.03 g) was observed in 3% of paprika powder (P<0.05).Immunological serum parameters including lysozyme, IgM, complement components (C3 and C4) which represented significant differences in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The highest activity level of lysozyme was observed in 3% of paprika powder and the highest levels of C3 and IgM were measured in both 2% and 3% of paprika powder. Moreover, addition of paprika powder at different levels without any significant differences between the treatments increased C4 level compared to the control group (P<0.05). On the whole, dietary supplementation of paprika powder in zebrafish feed at the level of 3% led to the improvement of the growth performance as well as immunity modulation and probably can act as an immunostimulant.