جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Water Holding Capacity » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

To investigate the antioxidant properties of Oxalis corniculata L. leaves powder and compare the effects of its addition with vitamin C on the performance and meat quality of broilers under heat stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications, and 10 birds per replication. The experimental treatments included the corn-soybean diet as a basal diet (control), basal diet + 250 mg kg-1 vitamin C, basal diet + 0.5% O. corniculata leaves powder, and basal diet + 1% O. corniculata leaves powder. To apply heat stress, the chickens from 25 to 42 days of their age were exposed to 34 ± 2 °C for eight hours a day. The performance traits including feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of the experiment. Also, at the end of the experiment, two birds per replicates were randomly selected and slaughtered to measure the meat quality traits. The total phenolic compounds content in the methanolic extract of O. corniculata was 11.73 mg of gallic acid / g of dry matter. The free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay) percentage and the amount of vitamin C of this plant were obtained 46.63% and 88 mg/g of dry matter, respectively. The consumption of 1% leaves powder of the plant increased the feed intake and weight of broilers compared to the control (p < <0.05). The lowest feed conversion ratio was observed in the group of 1% leaves powder of the plant and vitamin C (p < <0.05). The highest water holding capacity and meat moisture was observed in the broilers fed with O. corniculata leaves powder compared to the control (p < <0.05). All the treatments reduced the cooking loss and dripping loss of meat compared to the control (p < <0.05). According to the results of this experiment, the basal diet + 250 mg kg-1 vitamin C and basal diet + 1% O. corniculata leaves powder treatments could improve the growth performance and some meat quality parameters of broilers under heat stress conditions.

In this experiment compared the effects of L-Lysine-hydrochloride (Lys-HCl) and Biolys Sulfate (BioLys) on broiler chickens performance, carcass parameters and meat quality. In a completely randomized design, 200 Ross-308 broiler chickens were allocated to 5 dietary treatments with 5 replicates and 8 birds in each. Supplementary lysine was obtained from Lys-HCl and Biolys. Dietary treatments including: 1- 100% from Lys-HCl (control or basal diet), 2- 75% from Lys-HCl and 25% from BioLys, 3- 50% from Lys-HCl and 50% from BioLys, 4- 25% from Lys-HCl and 75% from BioLys and 5- 100% from BioLys. The results showed that from 1-42d, broiler chickens fed the 100-diet had higher feed intake and body weight gain as compared to control group (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on carcass parameters and breast and thigh meat dry matter and crude fat percentages (P > 0.05). Breast meat drip loss of broiler chickens fed diets containing 25, 50 and 75 percentage BioLys was lower than that of control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BioLys compared to Lys-HCl had better effect on broiler chickens performance and meat quality but carcass parameters did not affect by dietary treatments. With regard to the results of the current experiment and cheaper price, BioLys (with 50 or 100 percent substitution level) can be use as better and economic source of Lys in broiler chickens diet.

In order to evaluate the effects of Thymbra spicata and Echinacea purpurea powders on quality of thigh muscle in broiler chickens orally challenged with Campylobacter jejuni, a total of 192 one day old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with four replicates of eight birds for 42 days of age. The experimental dietary treatments included: 1) basal diet without additive (control group); 2, 3) basal diet supplemented with Thymbra spicata powder (2.5 and 5 g/kg); 4, 5) basal diet supplemented with Echinacea purpurea powder (2.5 and 5 g/kg) and 6) basal diet supplemented with Erythromycin (0.275 g/kg). All of the chicks were oral-gavaged with Campylobacter jejuni (4×1011 cfu/mL, one mL per bird) on d 21. In the finisher and entire periods, broiler chickens fed Echinacea purpurea (2.5 g/kg), Echinacea purpurea (5 g/kg), and Thymbra spicata (2.5 g/kg) had a higher feed efficiency than those on control diet (P<0.05). Moreover, feeding broiler chickens on diets supplemented with Echinacea purpurea (5 g/kg) and Thymbra spicata (2.5 g/kg) caused a decrease in malondialdehyde concentration of thigh muscle (P<0.05). Furthermore, broiler chickens fed diet containing Thymbra spicata (5 g/kg) had higher press loss (41/2%) and lower crude protein (22.7%) in thigh muscle (P<0.05). According to current results, Echinacea purpurea and Thymbra spicata powders at level of 2.5 g/kg could be recommended because of improving performance and reducing malondialdehyde.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Thymbra spicata (TS) and Echinacea purpurea (EP) powders on quality of breast muscle in broiler chickens exposed to Campylobacter jejuni. A total of 192 one-d-old straight-run broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates and 8 birds per each. The experimental diets were as follows: 1) basal diet without additive (control group); 2,3) basal diet supplemented with EP powder (0.25 and 0.50%; EP-0.25 and EP-0.50); 4,5) basal diet supplemented with TS powder (0.25 and 0.50%; TS-0.25 and TS-0.50), and 6) basal diet supplemented with Erythromycin (55 ppm). All of the broiler chicks were orally gavaged with Campylobacter jejuni (4×1011 cfu/mL) on d 21. Malondialdehyde concentration in breast muscle was significantly decreased by supplementing diets with EP-0.25, TS-0.25, and erythromycin (P<0.05). All experimental treatments also resulted in a significant decrease in the colonization of psychrophilic bacteria in breast muscle when compared with the control group (P<0.05), however, aerobic bacteria count was significantly decreased only by TS-0.25 and erythromycin (P<0.05). Other traits such as pH, color, chemical composition, water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss, and press loss were not significantly affected by treatments. As a conclusion, for the prevention of lipids peroxidation and the decline of psychrophilic bacteria count, it could be advised to use EP and TS with 0.25% diet instead of erythromycin, however, TS is preferable to EP, because of the higher antibacterial activity on reduction of aerobic bacteria count.

In order to study the effects of superabsorbent polymer and vermicompost on yield and yield components of chickpea, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications on 2014-2015 cropping year in Alashtar town, Lorestan, Iran. First factor was superabsorbent polymer at four levels (including control, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha) and second factor was vermicompost at three levels (including control, 7.5 and 15 ton/ha). According to results, mean comparison showed that highest grain yield (943.6 kg/ha) was associated to third level of superabsorbent (200 kg/ha) and non-application of vermicompost indicating increase compared to control. Based on results, highest grain yield (831.4 kg/ha) was related to third level of superabsorbent representing 20.4 percent increase compared to control. Also, highest grain yield (798.4 kg/ha) observed in 15 ton/ha vermicompost representing 12.3 percent increase compared to control. Application of vermicompost and superabsorbent in wheat at dry farming conditions, caused prominent improvement in growth and growth indices. This positive impact could be attributed to stimulating activity of soil beneficial microbes through vermicompost and its ability to improving macro- and micro-nutrients uptake as well as ability to absorbing and holding water.

Substrate is one of the most important factors in soilless cultures. Growers of horticultural crops usually select substrates based on physical and chemical characteristics. In order to evaluate the effects of some of the most important physical properties of media, on growth and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse tomato transplant, physical properties (water holding capacity, effective air filled pore space and effective pore space) of 50 mixed media were measured. Media which had the same physical properties among the mixed media were selected as experimental treatments to grow greenhouse tomato transplants. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 12 observations in each experimental unit was used for the experiment. Results showed that maximum and minimum plant total dry weight, leaf area and leaf number was recorded in sand-cocopeat and perlite-vermiculite media, respectively. Sand- cocopeat and perlite-cocopeat media had the same values of stem diameter, plant height and height of the first node especially during first 2 weeks. Maximum and minimum irrigation water use efficiency (1.17 g/l and 0.34 g/l) occurred in sand-cocopeat and perlite-vermiculite media, respectively. Results indicated that although studied media had the same water holding capacity, but the best growth and irrigation water use efficiency was obtained on sand-cocopeat medium which had a higher amount of easily available water. According to results, it can be concluded that the same water holding capacity of two media doesn’t necessarily guarantee similar results from them and other properties must be taken in account.

Barley grain is one of the major feedstuff in ruminant animal’s nutrition due to its high energy density and lower price than grains such as corn. Rate of barley starch digestion in the rumen is critical issue in high-grain fed ruminants because it is associated with higher performance of animal. Feeding high amount of barley in ruminant animal rations can cause an increase in the incidence of digestive disorders including reduced feed intake, off-feed, acidosis, and liver abscesses. Processing methods such heat treatment can affect physical characteristics and ruminal fermentation of grain. Moreover, barley grains from diverse cultivars are different in their chemical composition and fermentation characteristics due to geographical, environmental and genetic variations as well as their interactions. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of variety and heat treatment duration on physical characteristics and ruminal disappearance of barley grain. Two varieties of endemic barley grain (i.e. Sahand and Makoei) were prepared from Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. The grains were roasted in three time duration (5, 10 or 15 min at 120o C) in a cast iron container. The experiment was conducted using a 2*3 factorial design. The samples were dried in 60° oven for 48 hours. Chemical composition was determined according to prescribed procedures of AOAC (2002). Neutral detergent finer (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured by method of Van-Soest et al. (1991). Bulk density of sample was determined using the method described by Montgomery and Baumgardt (1965). Water holding capacity (WHC) determined by filtration method (Robertson and Eastwood, 1981). Dry matter solubility and ash solubility of samples were determind by method of Giger-Reverdin (2000). Dry matter degradability was measured by in situ technique using two fistulated Ghezel sheep (fed 60% forage + 40% concentrate). Samples were put in the polyester bags and incubated in the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and hours. After the specific incubation periods, bags were washed under running tap water until the effluent was clear and then dried at 55◦C for 48 h. Bags and contents were weighed to estimate DM disappearance (DMD). Kinetic parameters of DM degradation was estimated by the nonlinear regression procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) using the model of McDonald (1981) y = a + b (1 − e−c(t−lag)). Data were subjected to analysis as a factorial in a completely randomized design using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure of SAS. Roasting increased dry matter (DM) content of both barley varieties (P<0.05). An increase in ADF and NDF content of roasted grain was due to decrease in water content of grain. Sahand variety showed higher degradability than Makoei (P<0.05). Dry matter degradability of both barley varieties decreased during 16 to 48 h of incubation due to roasting process (P<0.05); however, these varieties showed different kinetics of degradation during early period of incubation. Roasting increased DM degradability of the Sahand variety during initial 6 h of incubation; however, it showed different pattern in the Makoie variety. The rapid and slow degradable fractions (ie; a and b) decreased by roasting duration in both varieties (P<0.05). Also heat processing of barley grain resulted in a lower effective degradability of dry matter (P<0.01). Effective degradability of Sahand variety was higher than Makoie in all passage rates and all duration of heat processing (P<0.05). Fractional rate of degradability did not change by heat treatment. Makoei variety had higher water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density (BD), dry matter solubility (DS), and ash solubility (AS) than Sahand (P<0.05). Roasting increased WHC and decreased BD in both varieties (P<0.05) but had no effect on DS and AS. There were positive correlations between BD100 and Ether Extract (EE), NDF and ADF content of barley grain, which were 0.53, 0.40, and 0.35, respectively. Also, water holding capacity showed high positive correlation with NDF and ADF content (r =0.84 and r =0.71 respectively) and as expected conversely correlated with EE content (r = -0.61) of barley grain. Both of DMS and AS conversely correlated with EE content of barley grain (r = -0.24 and r = -0.49 respectively). The results of the current study demonstrated that it is possible to decrease ruminal degradability of barley grain by using the right roasting treatment and choosing the proper variety. Makoei variety showed more decrease in fractional rate of digestion, which should be considered in the ration formulation

This study was to evaluate the effect of different thawing methods (Immersion, Ambient air, Refrigerator and Microwave) on the quality of frozen Euthnnus affinis. Fresh fish after packaging frozen in tunnel freezing (-36 °C) and stored in -18°C for 2 months. Chemical, physical, microbiological parameters and sensory evaluation were investigated after thawing. Significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the pH of control and other thawing treatments. The highest and lowest amount of TMA was obtained in refrigerator thawing (1.94±0.32) and control (1.12±0.03) treatments respectively. The lowest amount of TBA was observed in immersion thawing (1.56±0.10) and control (1.44±0.03) treatments. The highest amount of TVB-N (25.20±1.40) and lowest amount of WHC (76.77±5.82) were obtained in microwave thawing treatment. The lowest amount of thawing and cooking loss were observed in ambient air thawing (1.71±0.26) and control (11.44±0.06) treatments respectively. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between the PTC and TVC count of control and ambient air thawing treatment. The sensory analysis of ambient air thawing treatment was better than the other treatments. The results of this research showed the ambient air thawing is recommended to preservation of frozen Euthnnus affinis.

Biochar is a charcoal made from biomass and animal manure, which is produced by thermal decomposition under a limited or zero supply of oxygen. Therefore, the current research was conducted to evaluate the effect of different biochar levels on some soil physical and chemical properties in four soil types under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was performed in completely randomized design with four levels of biochar produced from wheat straw in 500oC (0 (as control), 25, 50 and 75 ton ha-1) and four soils having various textures (sandy loam, loam, clay loam and clay) in three replications. Forty days after mixture of soil and biochar and determination of soil moisture content at field capacity, other physical and chemical parameters (soil moisture at permanent wilting point, bulk and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity) were measured by taking soil samples from the pots. The results showed that application of biochar enhanced soil physical properties. Increasing biochar levels from 0 to 75 ton ha-1 increased soil available water content, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity by 45, 13, 95 and 52 %, respectively. It is concluded that biochar can be used as a soil amendment in coarse textured soil to increase water holding capacity and in fine textured soil to improve the drainage and infiltration.

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of five commercial broiler chickens(Arborakers,Aryan,Ross308, Cubb and Hubbard)available in Iran. First of all, the fertile eggs were hatched from broiler breeder with 31-33 weeks age at the same time. Two hundred sixty one day old broiler chickens were allocated to a completely randomized design with 5 treatments (broiler strains),4 replicates and 13 birds in each replicate. The peirod of experiment was 42 days. The results of this experiment indicated that,treatements had effect significant on the amount of feed intake,the heighest and lowest feed intake related to Hubard(77.1g/d), Ross (83.38g/d) and Arborakers (84.15g/d) respectively(P0.05).In general,the results of this experiment showed weight gain, feed conversion and and carcass quality were not significantly different between broiler strains,therefore each of these could be raised in condition of management and feeding similar to this experiment.

In order to evaluate the effect of saffron petals on thigh meat quality in broiler, 250 birds were used in five treatments and five replicates including control (C), 2.5 gr per kilogram saffron petal (Sp2.5), 5 gr per kilogram saffron petal (Sp5), 7.5 gr per kilogram saffron petal (Sp7.5) and 10 gr per kilogram saffron petal (Sp10). The birds received feed and water ad libitum. At the end of experiment (42- day), two birds were slaughtered. Meat quality parameters such as: water holding capacity, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and Malon Di Aldehyde (MDA) were measured in 1-, 3- and 5- day postmortem. Cooking loss, panel test (tenderness, juiciness and flavour), dry mater, protein and lipid of meat were evaluated in 1- day postmortem. Water holding capacity, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and Cooking loss, dry mater, protein and lipid of meat were not significant among treatments. Malon Di Aldehyde increased significantly in C treatment compared with other treatments (P

Biochar is a durable organic compound obtained by thermal decomposition of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions (called pyrolysis). It is used for improving chemical and physical properties of soil in agriculture. The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the effects of biochar, produced from date palm’s leaves, on the physical properties and hydrological behavior of a sandy loam soil by carrying out a pot experiment. Pyrolyzed at different temperatures (300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 degree of centigrade) in an electric furnace five biochars were obtained. Biochars were in powdered form and evenly added to soil (air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve) at the rate of 3% (w/w) and incubated for 2 months. Water retention curves (WRCs) based on Van Genuchten model determined. By measuring gravimetric water content at field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP), plant available water content (PAWC) calculated. Also, water holding capacity (WHC) and saturation percentage ( ) determined. The results showed that by increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300 to 500 degree of centigrade, physical properties and hydrological behavior of the soil had not significant changes. Generally, soil bulk density (BD) significantly (P

Soilless media have different physical properties. Change in air space of mix substrate can cause change in fertigation management and plant growth and yield. Physical properties (water holding capacity, effective air-filled pore space, effective pore space) of 50 mixed substrates were measured to evaluate the effect of air-filled pore space on growth of tomato transplant and it's water use efficiency. Media with different effective air-filled pore space and similar water- holding capacity and effective pore space selected as treatments. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 12 observations in each experimental unit was used. Results showed that air-filled pore space of a mixed medium can affect growth properties of tomato transplant and irrigation water use efficiency. Plants grown in sand-cocopeat media with effective air filled pore space of %10.85 had considerable superiority over those grown in substrates with effective air volumes of 21.3% and 17%. There were not significant differences during initial days and the differences became more significant while the plant grew up. There was an obvious differences amount irrigation water use efficiency of experimental plant grown in different media.

In order to evaluate the effect of saffron stigma on meat quality in broiler, 250 birds were used in five levels and five replications; 0.015 (SS15), 0.020 (SS20), 0.025 (SS25) and 0.030 g.kg-1 saffron petal (SS30) and control (C). The birds received feed and water ad libitum. At the end of experiment (42d), two birds were slaughtered. Meat quality parameters such as: water holding capacity, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and Malon Di Aldehyde (MDA) were measured in 1, 3 and 5 days after postmortem. Cooking loss, panel test (including tenderness, juiciness and flavour), dry mater, protein and lipid of meat evaluated in one day after postmortem. The results showed that dry mater, protein, lipid, drip loss, meat color (L*, a*, b*), pH and cooking loss of meat were not significant among treatment. Water holding capacity were decreased significantly in control compared with other treatments (p≤0.05). Malon Di Aldehyde was significantly increased in control compared to other treatments (p≤0.05). Tenderness, juiciness and flavour were significantly decreased in control compared to SS20, SS25 and SS30 treatments (p≤0.05) but tenderness, juiciness and flavour were not significant between control and SS15. The Results showed that saffron stigma has antioxidant properties and it can be improved thigh meat quality in broiler.

Application of mulches not only affects the physical and chemical properties of soil, but improves infiltration maintenance. In this study, evaluated during four month, the effects of wheat straw, maize straw, sawdust, leaves and superab A200 on the soil physical properties including soil bulk density, capacity water in the soil and cumulative infiltration. The effects of mulch compared in both cases tillage and no tillage, under modle complete block randomized design experiment with split plot in time. Results showed Mulch reduces bulk density but over time, bulk density in all mulchs except of superab A200, were increasing. Use mulch experiments increased water-holding capacity of the soil. In case tillage treatments, wheat straw and in case no tillage treatments superab A200 increasing water-holding capacity. After time increase cumulative infiltration in the wheat straw, maize straw and superab A200 significantly, compared to sawdust and leave mulches.