جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « sesame » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. For the successful transfer of a gene to a plant, gene transfer optimization is needed. Sesame is an ancient oilseed plant known for its medicinally important lignans and its high quality edible oil. The increase of omega 3 in this plant helps to improve the quality of the oil.  In this research, in order to optimize the transfer conditions of FAD3 gene isolated from flax plant to sesame plant, the effects of cultivar (Darab and Dashtestan), pre-culture time (5, 6 and 7 days), Agrobacterium concentration (0.1, 0.5, 0.25 OD600), inoculation time (10, 20 and 30 minutes), co-cultivation time (zero, 24, 48 and 72 hours) and light effect (darkness and 16 hours of light) and acetosyringone concentration (0, 50 and 100 µM)) were investigated separately in a completely randomized design in 4 replications. The results showed that the 7-day pre-culture duration in the Dashtestan variety and 5-day pre-culture duration in the Darab variety, Agrobacterium concentration OD600= 1, inoculation time of 30 minutes, co-culture time of 24 hours in the dark and 100 μM acetosyringone had an important role in gene transfer efficiency. In this study, the Dashtestan cultivar showed a better regeneration percentage than the Darab cultivar. Finally, shoots were transferred into rooting media. Preliminary investigations of regenerated plants in the selected environment and PCR tests were done using specific primers and transgenic plants were selected.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual plant belonging to the Pedaliaceae family with a long agricultural history, which is mostly grown as an oil crop in tropical regions and is resistant to drought stress. This Crop is grown in Iran on an area of about 42,000 hectares with an average yield of 690 kg per hectare. The knowledge of the relationship between crop traits and performance is of great importance in agronomic research. Selecting the desired cultivars and determining the cause and effect relationships between traits allows the breeder to select the most appropriate plant traits to increase yield.

In this experiment, 12 sesame genotypes including commercial, local cultivars and line were evaluated. The experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, located eight kilometers southeast of Barazjan city. The agricultural climate of the region has very hot, dry and long summers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. Principal Components Analysis and Factors Analysis were used for reduction of data dimensions and better and easier interpretation of data and determination of hidden factors affecting performance.

All studied traits were statistically different. The highest amount of 1000 seed weight belongs to Behbahan (3.4 gr), Abadan (3.36 gr) and Dashtestan 2 (3.3 gr) landraces. The highest number of seeds per capsule, Plant height, number of branches and number of fertile branches were observed in Abadan, Dashtestan 5, Dashtestan 2 and (Barazjan and Abadan) genotypes, respectively. Abpakhsh, Ardakan Yazd, Barazjan and Dashtestan 5 landraces had a number of days to maturity than the others. This trait had high heritability and low genetic advances. In order to reduce the dimensions of the data, better and easier interpretation of them and to determine the hidden factors, Factor Analysis was done with varimax rotation. Three factors were extracted. According to the amount of influential traits in each factor, the first, and second factors were named yield potential and morphologic, phenology factors, respectively. In general, it can be concluded from the results that the yield and phonological traits can be important indicators for the evaluation and selection of sesame cultivars. According the Principal Components Analysis based on the correlation matrix ,76% of the total variations were estimated by three main components. As a result, it can be said that the selection based on the first component will lead to the genotypes with high yield, and the selection based on the second component will lead to the genotypes with late maturity characteristics. In order to determine the grouping of genotypes, cluster analysis was used and based on the three indices RMSSTD, False T2 and False F, four distinct groups were recognized. The results of cluster analysis did not show any relationship between the geographic and genetic distribution of genotypes.

The results showed that the studied genotypes were different according the studied traits. Because selection of genotypes with high yield is considered important in plant breeding programs, genetic parameters were calculated. The high level of genetic improvement and heritability for the traits number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed yield, number of fertile branches and harvest index indicate the possibility of selection with an intensity of 5% in the next generation of selection. The results of Factor Analysis indicated the importance of yield and phenology traits in the selection of desirable genotypes in sesame.

Since there is no information available regarding crop management, including proper planting arrangement and optimal planting density, of the imported shattering tolerant sesame genotypes, field experiments were carried out in research fields of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, and Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran, in 2019 and 2020. The effect of experimental factors including; 30, 45 and 60 cm inter row spacing, and 5, 8, 11 and 14 cm intra row spacing were evaluated as split blocks (strips) arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that there was reduction in number of sub-branches in both locations due to reduction in inter row spacing and intra row spacing. On the other hand, the reduction in plant density m-2 increased the number of capsules plant-1 and seed number capsule-1. The highest seed yield (1342 and 604 kg ha-1 in Karaj and Mashhad, respectively) obtained from the 45 × 8 and 45 × 11 planting arrangement in Karaj and Mashhad, respectively. Generally, the results indicated that there is an optimal planting arrangement and planting density for each location. Therefore, due to increased competition between plants in high plant density and lack of proper utilization of resources in low plant density, it would not be possible to attain the highest yield potential of shattering tolerant sesame genotype in high and low plant density.

One of the methods that has been used in recent years to deal with dehydration and drought stress in many plants is the use of root symbiotic fungi (mycorrhiza). Ecological and physiological studies have shown that mycorrhizal symbiosis often results in better absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Due to the importance of oilseeds and especially sesame, the study of commercial cultivars in terms of genetic variation, phenotypic components and heritability of traits is important. Sesame due to its high oil content (52-42 Percentage) and its proper quality (low cholesterol and the presence of some antioxidants) play an important role in human health and on the other hand the plant tolerates dehydration and drought stress. Currently, water stress is the most important and common factor in reducing yield in arid and semi-arid regions. High heritability for a trait indicates that the major part of phenotypic variance is due to genetic variance, while in low heritability, genetic factors have a smaller share in phototypic diversity. The aim of this study was to estimate the variance components and heritability of grain yield and related traits in 8 commercial sesame cultivars under different irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and the heritability of grain yield and yield components in sesame, 8 commercial cultivars were studied in three separate experiments using factorial split plot based on randomized block complete design with three replications in research field of Agricultural Research Center, West-Azerbaijan in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. The main plots (factor A and B) consisted of three different levels of irrigations (normal irrigation: irrigation after 70 mm evapotraspiration of crop or ETc, moderate drought stress: irrigation after 90 mm ETc and severe drought stress: irrigation after 110 mm ETc) and factor B included three levels: two species of mycorrhiza fungi Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculated (control). Sub plots (factor C) consisted of eight commercial cultivars of sesame.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment, genotype and the interaction of environment × genotype on most of the studied traits were significant. In optimal irrigation regimes, moderate and severe drought stress under inoculation and non-inoculation conditions with mycorrhiza, the highest genetic variance was observed in biological yield, number of seeds per square meter and seed yield, respectively. The highest heritability in optimum irrigation conditions without mycorrhiza inoculation of traits (seed yield and number of grains per capsule), in optimum irrigation conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza (both two species) (seed yield and 1000 seed weight), in moderate drought stress conditions and no inoculation with mycorrhiza (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of seeds per capsule), under moderate drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under moderate stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intradices (seed yield, 1000 seed weight and number of grains per capsule), under severe drought stress conditions and without inoculation with mycorrhiza (stem diameter and 1000 seed weight), under severe drought stress conditions and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. mosseae (stem diameter, number of seeds per capsule and number of seeds per square meter) and in conditions of severe drought stress and inoculation with mycorrhiza G. intraradices (stem diameter, number of seeds per square meter and 1000 seed weight) were observed. Seed yield, biological yield and seed yield components had high genetic gain and genetic advance in all three different irrigation conditions. Among the components of grain yield, considering that the heritability of number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight in all three different irrigation conditions is higher compared to the number of capsules per plant, so selection through number of seeds per capsule and 1000 seed weight to increase seed yield will be more efficient.

Therefore, commercial sesame cultivars that have more seeds per capsule and a 1000 seed weight can be used in breeding programs to produce cultivars with high seed yield. According to the information of this study, only general heritability can be calculated, but since many studies on commercial sesame cultivars in interaction with different conditions of irrigation and inoculation and non-inoculation with mycorrhiza have not been done, so this study can useful for researchers.

Sesame is an important oilseed in which contains rich source of oil, protein, phosphorus and calcium. Drought is considered as the most obvious environmental factors in reducing the growth and yield of sesame in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to high economic importance of sesame from one hand, and high efficiency of priming and its cheapness to alleviate adverse effect of drought stress from other hand, the aim of present study was to evaluate drought stress and various priming methods on yield component and physiological features of three different sesames.

The study was conducted for two years in spilt plot factorial design with three replications in the farm of research center of Bushehr city. The main factor consisted drought stress in three levels of drought stress included irrigation after drainage of 45% FC (control or without stress), irrigation after drainage of 65% FC (mild stress) and irrigation after drainage of 85% FC (severe stress), five priming treatments included control (without priming), hydropriming, zinc sulphate, potassium sulphate and salicylic acid (SA) in three sesame verities (Oltan, Dararb 14, Karaj) were evaluated. Various yield and physiologic parameters such as chlorophyll content, soluble sugar and some antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated.

According to the results, with increasing stress level, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, seed yield, capsule number, total chlorophyll, leaf area index, relative water content have shown decreasing while proline and soluble sugar have increased. Furthermore, it was found that priming had a significant impact on yield and physiological traits. The highest yield, harvest index and 1000 seed weight were respectively found in priming with SA 1153, 25.7 and 2.66 kilogram per hectare while the least were respectively reported in control treatment (without priming) 968, 23.8 and 2.51. Also Karaj and Oltan, respectively have shown the highest and the least seed yield 1269 and 889 kilogram per hectare. The highest proline content (1.29 mg/g FW) in Karaj variety and the lowest amount (1.17 mg/g FW) in Oltan veriety were shown. However, the highest soluble content (1.03 mg/g FW) in Oltan genotype and the least one (0.97 mg/g FW) in Karaj were reported. Also, the highest and lowest amount of relative water content and total chlorophyll were in Karaj and Oltan verities, respectively. Moreover, the investigated cultivars had shown different responses in physiological traits. In most yield traits, cultivar Karaj and Oltan showed the highest and least yield features.

Drought stress caused less sesame yield, but different genotypes reaction to stress were not the same. Although, desirable effects of seed priming with Salicylic acid, ZnSO4 and K2SO4, that by maintaining chlorophyll content and finally aid to photosynthesis process, was remarkable. In present research, Karaj verity was more resistant to drought stress. According to SA and zinc roles on photosynthesis, osmolytes synthesis in alleviating adverse effects of drought stress and on the other hand, desirable effect of priming on sesame growth and yield, using SA, zinc sulphate and potassium sulphate for increasing yield in region facing with drought stress are recommended.

The current study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield gross income and water and nitrogen efficiency of sesame cultivars grown under full and deficit irrigation conditions. The experiment was carried out at Seed and Plant Iprovement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2017 and 2018. A randomized complete block design arranged in split-factorial plots with three replications was used to run the experiment. Irrigation treatments at two levels including deficit irrigation and full irrigation were assigned to the main plots and a combination of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and sesame cultivars were allocated to sub-plots. To measure the efficiency of the inputs, the yield gross income and physical and economic efficiency indicators were used. According to the results, the average gross income of sesame production in the experimental years was 63.3 million Rials per hectare and under full and deficit irrigation regimes the average gross income values were 94.1 and 33 million Rials per hectare, respectively. The average water physical efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 0.27 and 0.18 kg of product per cubic meter of water, respectively, and the average nitrogen fertilizer physical efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 18.8 and 6.56 kg per kg of fertilizer. In addition, the average water economic efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 21336 and 14224 Rials per cubic meter of water, respectively. The results showed that with a 50% reduction in water consumption, the gross income of sesame production decreases to one-third. In contrast, choosing the right cultivar due to the availability of water increased sesame production by 66%. According to the results, it is suggested to select cultivars that have high yield and economic efficiency.

Among oilseeds, sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is known as the queen of oilseeds due to its significant amount of antioxidant compounds, essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids. Among the necessary managements to achieve maximum crop production, the selection of cultivar, density and planting pattern could be mentioned. Different sesame cultivars have various growth characteristics (for example, branching) and each of them is suitable for a planting method with a certain density. The aim of this study was to evaluate the planting pattern and suitable density for two sesame cultivars.

In this study, the effect of planting pattern (single or double row(s) on ridges), plant density (20, 30 and 40 plants m-2) and sesame cultivars (Oltan and Naz Tak Shakheh) based on factorial experiment in a randomized complete blocks design were evaluated in three replications during 2019 and 2020 in Karaj region. Plant height, grain yield and yield components, dry matter yield, harvest index and oil percentage and yield were evaluated. Statistical analyzes were performed using SAS software and LSD test was used to compare the main means and slicing was used to compare the means of interactions.

Analysis of variance showed that effect of planting pattern factor on plant height and dry matter yield, plant density factor on all traits (except 1000-seed weight) and cultivar factor on all traits (except harvest index) were significant. Comparison of means showed that the mean of plant height in planting pattern of double rows on ridges (126 cm) was significantly higher. Among the yield components, the number of capsules per plant at densities of 30 and 40 plants m-2 (57 and 60, respectively) were the highest, which were statistically significant compared to the density of 20 plants m-2 (50). The number of seeds per capsule at the density of 20 plants m-2 was the highest (58) which showed a statistically significant difference compared to the other two densities. Among the studied densities, the highest grain yield (993 kg ha-1) was obtained from the density of 40 plants m-2 and the lowest grain yield (798 kg ha-2) was obtained from the density of 20 plants m-2. Among the two studied cultivars, Oltan cultivar had the highest yield and grain yield components which showed a statistically significant difference compared to Naz Tak Shakheh. The highest oil yield was produced by Oltan cultivar in each of the densities of 30 and 40 plants m-2, which statistically did not show a significant difference in planting pattern of single or double row(s) on ridges.

This study showed that Oltan cultivar is recommended in planting pattern of single row on ridges and in density of 30 plants m-2 for Karaj region.

Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are a subfamily of calcium sensors that play a role in various plant cell processes and molecular functions. In sesame (Sesamum indicum), in silico analysis of the CBL gene family was performed to identify CBL proteins involved in calcium signaling. Using their orthologic relationships with Arabidopsis homolog genes, the nine SiCBL genes were identified and subdivided into six groups: SiCBL1, SiCBL2, SiCBL3, SiCBL4, SiCBL8, SiCBL10. The molecular weight of SiCBL proteins ranged from 24.4 to 37.9 kDa, the Isoelectric acid pH range, the instability index ranged from 33.99 to 47.46 percent, the aliphatic index ranged from 80.29 to 10.89, and the GRAVY ranged from -0.420 to 0.061. Prediction of post-translational modifications revealed that palmitoylation motif was observed in all siCBL, however majority of them did not have myristoylaton motif. In term of gene structure, 11% of SiCBL genes had nine exons, 11% had eight exons and 77% had seven exons. The RNA-seq pattern of the SiCBL subfamily under PEG treatment revealed that, whereas members of this gene family had generally similar expression patterns in both susceptible and tolerant cultivars, due to functional Convergence, each member of this gene family had a distinct expression pattern. Future research on the expression of SiCBL and SiCIPK gene family genes under various abiotic conditions could aid in understanding the mechanism of expression control of SOS-related genes.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a nutritionally and medicinally important oilseed crop that environmental stresses limit its yield potential. Ethylene-responsive factor (ERF) is one of the largest transcription factor families that play key roles in regulating plant response to abiotic stress. In the current study, a total of 113 ERF genes were identified from the sesame genome and they were divided into two subfamilies including, 46 dehydration-responsive element-binding (DREB) members, and 67 ERF members. Phylogenetic relationships, physicochemical properties of proteins, structural properties of genes, and conserved amino acid motifs in the sesame ERF family were analyzed. Then, the expression profile of sesame ERF genes in various tissues as well as under environmental stresses was investigated. Overall, several genes of the ERF Family were expressed noticeably in different sesame tissues, especially in roots, capsules, and flowers. Expression profiles also showed that RAP2.2L, PTI6, ERF017L, and ERF096 genes were strongly induced by drought, osmotic, salinity, and waterlogging stresses, respectively. Moreover, the qPCR results showed that the relative expression of the ERF061L gene was higher in the sesame tolerant genotype compared to the susceptible one under drought conditions. This study provides important data for understanding the evolution and functions of the ERF family in sesame that can be used in future breeding programs for abiotic stresses tolerance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the intercropping of sesame and bean in order to find the best arrangement that has the highest ability to compete with weeds, maximum yield and the highest content of nutrients in plant tissue.  

This experiment was carried out as split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were weed competition including without weeding and weeding as main plots; and planting ratios including sesame monoculture, bean monoculture, 50% sesame + 50% beans, 50% sesame + 100% beans, 100% sesame + 50% beans and 100% sesame + 100% beans as sub plots. 

The highest seed and biological yield of sesame and beans were obtained from their monoculture. The LER value for seed and biological yield was greater than one in all intercropping treatments, both with and without weeding. Among the intercropping treatments, the highest amount of LER was obtained from the intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% beans. Also, the lowest weed dry weight obtained from this treatment. Among the measured nutrients of plant tissue, only nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly affected by weed control treatment and planting ratios. 

To get the optimal yield of both species, nutrient uptake and effective weed control intercropping of 100% sesame + 100% bean is better than other planting ratios.

Sesame is an oilseed crop with high resistance to dehydration. This plant with the minimum moisture requirements has a good performance compared to the other crops in the summer. Recognition of high-yielding genotypes under these conditions is one of the priorities of sesame breeding programs. In the current study, 10 promising sesame lines derived from segregating generations that were superiors in the preliminary evaluations were evaluated along with 6 local genotypes in the form of RCBD with 3 replications in the Sistan region during two cropping seasons. Different quantitative and phenological traits were evaluated during the growing periods. ANOVA results indicated significant differences among genotypes for their grain yield, biological yield, plant height and thousand seed weight. Using Duncan's mean comparison method, genotypes 3, 13, 5 and 7 were identified as superior genotypes. The correlation study of the studied traits showed a positive and significant relationship between grain yield and 1000-seed weight. Also, biplot diagram of genotypes distribution on the first two components showed that genotypes 3, 5 and 13 are different from other genotypes in the term of quantitative traits and were considered as the best ones. Cluster analysis for all traits using Ward method also distinguished genotypes 3 and 13 from other genotypes. Additionally, genotypes ranking based on the selection index of ideal genotype (SSIG) revealed genotypes 3 and 13 as high ranking genotypes. Therefore, using different multivariate analysis methods, genotypes 3, 13 and 5 are introduced as desirable yielded genotypes with high compatibility in the Sistan region.

Weed suppression and increased production are objectives of intercropping systems. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mixed culture on weed suppression, yield and its components of sesame and cowpea. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, during 2019. The main plots included pure sesame culture, pure cowpea culture, 50% sesame: 50% cowpea, 65% sesame: 65% cowpea and 80% sesame: 80% cowpea and sub plots included weed control and no weed control treatments. Results showed that pure sesame culture had the highest weed density and dry weight and there was no significant difference in weed density and dry weight between mixed and pure cowpea cultivars. In the most studied traits, there was a significant difference between weed control and no weed control treatments. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was higher than one in all treatments and was higher in without weeding rather than weeding treatments. The intercropping of 50% sesame: 50% cowpea had the highest LER, in terms of weed control and non-control (1.15 and 1.72, respectively). In general, it is concluded that sesame and cowpea mixture increased the land use efficiency while avoiding weeds, especially compared to pure sesame cultivation.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

Sesame is one of the most valuable crops in human nutrition and is cultivated in different regions of Iran, including Khorasan Razavi province. In this plant, various pathogens cause vascular wilt and reduce crop yield. This study aimed to detect the fungal pathogens causing vascular wilt in sesame and control its diseases using the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum under in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Twenty-one suspected sesame samples were collected and transferred to the laboratory to be studied using valid morphological identification keys. Media such as PDA, WA, and CLA were used for the isolation, purification, and identification of the fungal samples isolated from the infected sesame plants, respectively. Pathogenicity test was conducted by the root inoculation of sesame plants grown under greenhouse conditions. The biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum (Isolate TR5) isolated from the rhizosphere of sesame roots was evaluated against the pathogenic isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.  sesami under in vitro (dual culture) and greenhouse conditions by the root inoculation of the plants.

According to the result, 17 isolates were related to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.  sesami. The pathogenicity test was performed on the sesame plants at the 5-8-leaf stage. All F. oxysporum f. sp.  sesami isolates were pathogenic as they revealed a significant difference at p=0.05. The highest level of pathogenicity was noticed for the isolates BA15 and BA16, both with 87.5% wilting, and the lowest pathogenicity was observed in the isolates AN7 and KA33, both with 12.5% wilting on the sesame plants. Regarding the antagonistic properties, the highest inhibition rate in dual culture with T. harzianum was observed for the BA1 isolate with 88.45% mycelial inhibition, while the lowest inhibition rate during interaction with the antagonist was exhibited in the AN2 isolate with 71.33% mycelial inhibition.Moreover, the disease severity reduction rates were different among all isolates of the pathogen tested under greenhouse conditions, and a significant difference was observed at p= 0.05. The highest antagonistic activity of T. harzianum was observed in the BA1, AN7, and K33 isolates with 100% disease severity reduction; however, the lowest activity was related to the AN2 isolate with 54. 54% reduction.

The present study indicates that the TR5 isolate belonging to T. harzianum has a high biocontrol potential for controlling vascular wilt on the sesame plants. Consistent with this finding, previous studies have also reported the potentials of Trichoderma spp. for controlling Fusarium wilt in tomatoes, cucumbers, and beans.