جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آسیب‌شناسی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Problem statement:

 Protection and restoration of architectural heritage is an effort to preserve the existence of the building and restore the identity arising from culture. Since the common structural and physical protection policies that pursue focused goals to increase the lifespan of the building, cannot achieve the desired goal alone. 

The current research tries to provide a look beyond the purely physical perspective by recognizing the non-physical values in the desired place, and identify the damaged value components of Tabriz historical bazaar in terms of identity and suggest protection solutions based on non-physical values that are effective in strengthening cultural and historical values.

To address the problem, the ground theory method was used based on the exploratory data obtained from the interviews with two groups of experts and traders in the amount of 31 and 15 people. The analysis of the participant group’s statements was done in a systematic and continuous process in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding. 

The results of the analysis of the findings showed that the intangible cultural and historical values of Tabriz bazaar can be identified and categorized into 8 classes including antiquity, authenticity, tradition, historical validity, cultural structure, rituals, religion, and cultural life and in the course of value pathology and examining the damages, the greatest amount of damage has been related to values such as physical authenticity, functional and physical tradition, cultural structure (attitudes and rules), ritual-cultural traditions, and beliefs and Convictions. Therefore, strategies were proposed to protect and revive the damaged values, which can increase the longevity and durability of this valuable historical heritage by implementing and using them.

The consequences of direct and indirect urban floods are heavy and significant in terms of economic losses. Flood disaster management in developing and underdeveloped countries often shows the reaction to the prevailing conditions of the disaster (emergency response and recovery). In order to increase the effectiveness of management and reduce damage to life and property, reactive response should be changed to preventive action. Preventive management against natural disasters requires more participation of various governments, non-governmental organizations, and private and public participation, which includes more effort and time, funding, equipment, facilities, and human resources, which leads to the integration of flood disaster management for long-term and short-term activities. Considering the geographical location of Iran's cities (being mountainous), which have suffered a lot of casualties and damages due to floods, what can play a significant role in reducing losses and damages caused by floods is the understanding and implementation of comprehensive thinking in flood crisis management. Therefore, the forecasts for floods and their management are necessary, and urban planners and urban management, geologists, etc., should strive to investigate the causes and factors of these natural disasters in urban areas. Due to the topographical and environmental features of Ilam city, including being enclosed in the surrounding mountains, this city faces the threat of flooding. Therefore, with the academic understanding of the current crisis management situation in Ilam, it is possible to reduce the problems and problems of this city to a great extent against the risk of flooding. Thus, according to the mentioned materials, this research tries to identify the current situation of urban flood crisis management in Ilam in three stages before, during, and after the occurrence. Also, in line with the mentioned goal, this article seeks to answer the following question: How is the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam?MethodologyThe research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. To analyze the qualitative and quantitative data, management and social variables were used using the SPSS method (the sample size of the qualitative method using the Delphi method was 25 people, and for the quantitative method, 81 people). The statistical community includes experts in natural disasters and crisis management. The spatial scope of the research is the city of Ilam. In order to analyze the qualitative data, after implementing the text of the answers of the open questionnaire, the qualitative data is first presented using the thematic analysis technique. In the quantitative analysis section, the description of quantitative data regarding the identification of the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam has been discussed in the current situation. In the section on descriptive statistics, using statistical characteristics such as frequency, percentage of frequency, cumulative percentage, mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, the current situation of the studied samples has been examined. In the inferential part, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the research data. Then, the methods of inferential statistics appropriate to the research objectives and the nature of the data, such as the sample t-test and Friedman's ranking test, were used.Results and discussionThe results of the discussion and examination of the data of this article, which were analyzed by two statistical methods, qualitative and quantitative, indicate that in both the qualitative and quantitative sections after the statistical investigations carried out in the stages before, during, and after the occurrence crisis; The situation of the crisis management system in Ilam city is unfavorable. Also, in the qualitative studies, it was determined that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis occurred with an average ranking of (2.12) in the first place of importance, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam before the crisis with an average ranking of (98) 1) is in the last rank of importance. In quantitative studies, the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam during the crisis, with an average rating (of 2.93), is in the first place of importance, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis with an average rating (1.15) in the last rank was important.ConclusionIn developing countries, cities are growing. Unprecedented migration to cities has led to the emergence of growing settlements and uncontrolled dispersion of areas, and at the same time, it has led to the unbridled growth of industry and infrastructure development. On the other hand, urban areas have significant economic value, and when a flood occurs in these areas, it leaves a heavy financial loss and causes disasters that delay urban development for years. Considering this importance, this article has investigated the current urban flood crisis management situation in Ilam using the SPSS statistical method. The results of the data analysis obtained from the qualitative and quantitative sections indicate that according to the opinions of the respondents (experts) in both the qualitative and quantitative sections, the state of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam in three stages (before, during, and after the crisis), it is in an unfavorable situation. In the results obtained from Friedman's test in the qualitative part, it was found that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the occurrence of the crisis was the first important and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam before the crisis is the least important. In the results obtained from the Friedman test in the quantitative part, it was determined that the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam during the crisis is the first important, and the status of the urban flood crisis management system of Ilam after the crisis is the least important. These results indicate that the measures taken in this field are partial in all three stages of the flood crisis, and the state of Ilam's urban flood crisis management system is based on traditional models and does not have a suitable scientific model.

In this article, taking into account that every year in Iran, we are faced with the occurrence of natural hazards such as floods, earthquakes, landslides, subsidence, etc. Rural settlements and how to choose new sites based on the occurrence of possible natural hazards have been discussed. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. Investigations according to field observations of 9 new sites of relocated villages in different provinces of the country and natural and geotechnical hazards in new sites and shortcomings in locating, how to choose and build new sites, including the new site of the villages of Qazal Ataq, Agtageh, Khojaler, Kuruk, Chatal, Upper Qapan, Lower Qapan, Pashai, Arazali Sheikh and Qara Said of Kalaleh city, Qara Chai of Maneh city and Samalqan, Arab of Bojnord city, Aliabad and Ekojan of Qazvin city, Sharb Ma'a and Sulaimanabad of Faryab city and Khalj of Mahenshan city. According to the investigations carried out in some new sites of relocated villages in the country, it was found that the hasty selection of the new site, incorrect location, not paying attention to the dangers of the selected site and not conducting geotechnical studies have caused damage to the newly built rural settlements. Therefore, conducting environmental surveys and identifying natural hazards threatening new sites and complying with technical requirements in order to reduce the vulnerability and effects of natural disasters and doing things such as not making hasty decisions, optimal location studies and choosing the right site, and general investigation of natural hazards, investigation of site threats Selected including earthquakes (distance from active faults), floods, landslides, creeping, mudslides, subsidence and sinkholes, quicksands, falling rocks according to the related checklists and the final summary of risks threatening the site and providing solutions to reduce vulnerability, geotechnical excavations and field tests and A laboratory that meets the needs of each site and in accordance with the geotechnical conditions of each site and stabilization and safety studies are necessary. These actions ultimately lead to the satisfaction of the residents of the new site and the successful relocation.

The art of turquoise carving is one of the traditional arts that has been prevalent in the world city of precious and semi-precious stones since ancient times. Turquoise is one of the most important gems known in the city of gems. Considering the economic and cultural importance of the art of turquoise carving and making turquoise jewelry, which can have a great contribution in the field of job creation and income generation and in the continuation of exports; There is no research on the pathology of turquoise art. In this research, with the aim of studying and investigating the current situation and identifying the damage caused to the art of turquoise carving, as well as analyzing the data in the contemporary period, it is pointed out the solutions to fix the damage in different sectors. In response to the main question of the research, which is to identify the damages caused to the art of turquoise carving in Mashhad and find solutions to fix the damages; Diagrams and tables are designed. The research method in this qualitative research is descriptive-analytical of the content analysis type. By relying on archival documents of cultural heritage and technical and professional administration, and by collecting library information and field research (observation, interview) and the type of society respondents, it has been selected with a purposeful method from artistic and opinionated people. By using data theorizing with MAX-QDA software, damages were investigated and solutions were provided. The results indicate that the damages in the pre-production sectors (extraction of raw turquoise stone), production (turquoise carving workshops, tools and problems of artists), the quality of turquoise cutting, as well as the weak points of turquoise stone and teaching the art of turquoise carving, are serious. In relation to the damage removal, the solutions from the language of the technical experts briefly include: the best method of extraction in the turquoise mine, proper and fair distribution of raw turquoise stone, elimination of middlemen and brokers, integration of workshops, construction of advanced lathe machines and government support for art and artist. It is included in the tables and charts.

Presenting practical strategies to enhance the quality of temporary housing and elucidating the role of prefabrication and semi-prefabrication on achieving efficient architectural goals. Outlining the prefabrication and semi- prefabrication process are among the main aims of the research.

In this study, a combination of descriptive-analytical and exploratory methods was employed to examine specialized texts in the field of temporary housing design and the implemented examples in both domestic and international contexts. The study also investigated innovative approaches to semi-prefabricated construction. The main objective was to investigate and extract design approaches and indicators for temporary housing. Questionnaires were distributed to experts in the field of temporary housing design and implementation.

According to the research findings, attention to user privacy (as a people-centric component) with an average rank of 5.14, resistance of materials against earthquakes and fires (as a materials-centric component) with an average rank of 4.03, and ultimately, the utilization of innovative prefabrication and semi-prefabrication methods (as a design-centric component) with an average rank of 3.44 play the most significant role in enhancing the quality of temporary housing

From the standpoint of experts, there is a greater emphasis on material-centric and people-centric approaches in the design of temporary housing, while design-centric approaches and their components are deemed less significant by expert groups. Consequently, by utilizing the existing indicators within the design-centric component and enhancing the qualitative aspects of its strategies (including the incorporation of innovative semi-prefabrication methods), the quality of temporary housing can be elevated.

The facade, serving as a crucial link between people and the urban environment, plays a pivotal role in shaping a city's identity. While changes in facades signify societal progress, the disconnect between new buildings and local identities contributes to urban chaos. Despite recent efforts, the persistent visual disturbance in cityscapes raises a critical question. This research aims to analyze theoretical literature, compare findings with legal frameworks, and assess the realization of building facade criteria in new structures in Tehran's Hakimieh neighborhood. Through interviews, the study seeks to uncover reasons for non-compliance.

Theoretical Framework:

The significance of the urban landscape lies in its identity and connection with perspectives, as explored by Cullen (1971). A visually appealing cityscape enhances urban identity, characterized by building facades, structural heights, and distinctive urban spaces. On a smaller scale, cityscapes encompass elements such as building facade features, material composition, color and texture, light and shadow play, windows, sidewalk features, and urban furnishings (Doyran et al., 2011). The building facade, as a crucial variable, influences the identity aspects of urban landscapes by establishing correlations and structural order within urban environments.

A comprehensive mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, guides this research. The initial phase involves an in-depth analysis of literature and theoretical foundations related to building facade identity components. The field observation stage evaluates buildings constructed within the last three years in Hakimieh neighborhood based on the extracted components. Data collection involves examining approximately 300 buildings, using a 5-point Likert scale to assess the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of facade identity components. Interviews with city officials, builders, and consumers aim to extract nuanced insights from the research findings.

The degree of fulfillment of the country's official documents' requirements for facade identity components in buildings less than three years old in Hakimieh neighborhood is determined to be 58%. A detailed analysis reveals the highest realization rates in components banning the use of curtained facades (96.4%), unconventional forms (94.7%), and construction of facilities in a visible manner (82.7%). Governance strategies and guidelines, while not fully executed and occasionally conflicting with consumer preferences, have nevertheless influenced nearly 60% of the observed urban landscape.

The chaotic state of Hakimieh neighborhood's building facades is not solely the outcome of implementing laws and approvals; various contributing factors and sometimes contradictory approaches have intensified the crisis. Notably, the lack of specific criteria in urban planning and architecture, stemming from a collective and widely accepted perspective, exacerbates the challenges in the existing situation. In conclusion, this critical review sheds light on the intricacies of urban facades, emphasizing the need for a holistic and comprehensive approach to enhance urban identity and mitigate visual disturbances.

In examining the situation of Arak carpet designers in the contemporary period (the last two decades), the sharp decline in the number of designers and the remaining six semi-active workshops in the traditional market of Arak indicate the existence of problems in the community of Arak carpet designers. The purpose of this study is to diagnose the condition of Arak carpet designers and identify the causes.With the possibility that there are many and various reasons involved in creating the current situation of Arak carpet designers, the method of grounded theory has been used to avoid taste opinions.For this purpose, the required information has been collected in the form of in-depth semi-structured interviews with a statistical community consisting of six designers as well as six merchants or carpet manufacturers. Designers 'sampling method is standard purposeful and traders' sampling is snowball targeted.Interviews according to the process of grounded theory, first with open coding in the first level has led to the production of concepts and in the second level has led to the production of several categories. Then, with axial coding and their analysis, the existence of ten core categories is effective in creating the unfavorable situation of Arak carpet designers, which is divided into three levels:micro and medium and macro.It can be concluded that the current situation of the community of Arak carpet designers is in unfavorable conditions that based on the paradigm of the grounded theory, most of these factors are related to the performance of the designers themselves

The "Illustrated Atlas of Pathology of Historical-Cultural Textiles" by Fatemeh Alimirzaei and Shahrzad Aminshirazi is specially designed for conservators,restorers, students, museum curators, and collectors handling different categories of textiles. The book is divided into three chapters, addressing the pathology of historical textiles from three perspectives: physical-mechanical, chemical, and photochemical. However, the distinction of photochemical from chemical is rejected as unjustified since photochemical reactions are a subtype of chemical reactions induced by photons. A more suitable third type could be biological effects, which involve harm inflicted with the help of living organisms, including microbes, rodents, and insects.

This article, which is a descriptive-analytical survey conducted by the Delphi method, based on Francis Klein’s model, focuses on identifying the harms and obstacles in acting education at the Master’s level and the solutions to improve the status and quantitative and qualitative level of acting education. The statistical population of this research is the students who graduated from Tarbiat Modares University and Tehran University of Art between 2016 and 2019. The total number of these students is 110 and 50 faculty members and lecturers in these two universities were also selected. In the research method, using random sampling, 60 students and 12 professors were determined based on Morgan’s table. The researcher’s questionnaire was used to collect information and data. To determine validity, the questionnaire was given to professors and students, and after checking and removing duplicate questions, the final questionnaire was prepared with 65 questions for students and 63 questions for professors using a five-choice test on a Likert scale. Cronbach’s alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the test. For the statistical method in this research, descriptive statistics and inferential t-statistics for two independent groups, and Friedman’s test were used to compare the average rank, and spss software was used to accurately calculate the statistical data. The main hypothesis in this article is that there is a difference in the views of professors and students regarding the internal quality of the curriculum according to the mentioned elements. The results show that the quality level of education in this field can be improved according to the detailed revisions of the curricula and training programs and by improving the content of the curricula and realizing the goals and using qualified professors.

Pottery is one of the most important man-made artifacts, and with time, its manufacturing and application technology has also changed. Therefore, in most archaeological excavations, pottery artifacts occupy a major part of the discoveries, and most of these artifacts have special damages. Some of these damages are common, such as fractures and cracks, and some are special due to the burial conditions and low quality in the construction technique; Such as body layering damage that requires special protection and restoration studies. In this study, a sample of terracotta cauldron hanging on the Segzabad hill of Qazvin Plain belonging to the Iron Age period was studied. This study aimed to understand the construction technique, investigate the damages on the pottery body and the cause of these damages. To answer these questions, instrumental tests, such as XRF, and comparative historical studies have been used. All these studies will ultimately help in the way of conservation and restoration that should be done. After all the protective steps to prevent secondary damage that may occur after its restoration, a box is designed to store the pottery and, in some cases, even display it. The result obtained from all the steps was the recognition of the construction technique and the documentation of the damage in the body, which ultimately led to the protection and restoration of this historical and cultural work.

Extended Abstract Urban development plans, the most important and comprehensive document of the development of cities, have passed different periods in terms of content, methodology and implementation. This is due to the importance of plans in urban development and to the failure to implement them. The experiences of preparing urban development plans show that these plans, despite their positive and constructive aspects, have not always solved urban problems, and may have been an important factor in the formation of problems in some cases. This subject has been the basis of many studies in the form of articles, books and reports by experts or consulting companies, Organization, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development and the Ministry of Interior. Despite new theoretical concepts, including strategic-structural plans, the ineffectiveness of these plans is still evident. Therefore, any kind of research in order to identify and diagnose urban development plans, considering the complexity of urban issues is necessary. The aim of the article is to analyze urban development plans through the structure of studies and the methodology and content of these plans.  The dominant methodological approach of articles related to the pathology of urban development plans has been the meta-analysis method. Meta-analysis involves a systematic study of previous research findings pertaining to a particular subject, providing the opportunity to derive conclusions that may not be readily evident from the original data within those prior studies. First, related articles have been collected in the period from 1992 to 2020; then, by selecting the number of 85 articles related to the pathology of urban development plans, using the basics and extracting the investigated indicators in the form of a checklist of related data, including study trends, geographical distribution, research approaches and types, research environment, strategies, the methods of data collection and the general approach of the content have been extracted and analyzed quantitatively. The trend of studies in the investigated period of time shows the fluctuation of studies by researchers regarding the pathology of urban development plans did not increase in different periods. More than 50% of the studies were conducted without case samples. The geographical distribution of studies shows the lack of proper and uniform distribution in the country. In a large number of provinces, despite the increase in the number of cities, no study has been done. The most researchers are related to the field of urban planning with 41% and the second place is geographical sciences with 38% of all researchers. This shows the lack of attention of other sciences related to the city and urban development plans. Based on the research findings, from a methodological perspective, there is a relatively good balance in prescriptive research, with various approaches (comparative and inductive) being utilized in the applied studies. The majority of studies have a qualitative nature and focus on macro-level urban development schemes. More than three-fourths of the research was conducted in bibliographic method and nearly 65% of the articles were descriptive and phenomenological in terms of research methods. It is clear that pathology studies of urban development plans notably lack the incorporation of alternative research methods, such as parametric and non-parametric approaches. According to the results of this article, more than 75% of studies have been based on documentary methods, which is on the one hand due to the documentation of comprehensive urban plans and the necessity of document review, and on the other hand, it shows the weakness and lack of attention to other methods of data collection in case studies. The findings indicate that the increase in the quantity of pathology studies does not correspond proportionally to the increase in the number of cities and graduates of this field in the country, and on the other hand, the geographical distribution shows that more than two-thirds of the country’s provinces have no specific study or only they are satisfied with one research. In the specialized fields, 80% of studies are done by graduates of urban planning and geographical sciences, and researchers of economic and social sciences have paid the least attention to the field of urban planning. Therefore, it seems necessary that the authorities take measures for the purposeful collaboration of other researchers related to the city. Also, the lack of appropriate and relevant methodology and high dependence on phenomenology and document study, despite the survey and field nature of the research field and the lack of combined methods, can be seen in these articles. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the objective and operational aspects of urban development plans; move more towards mixed (quantitative-qualitative) research. Overall, the findings indicate that studies related to urban development plans have a fundamental weakness in terms of methodology. The methodological content analysis of the studied articles indicates two distinct types of urban development plan pathology studies. The first group, with 6% of the articles, has investigated the level of realization and the reasons for the non-realization of the goals in the samples, and nearly 94% based on the experiences of the authors have raised the causes of the inefficiency of urban development plans, which is due to the influence of studies on the phenomenological method and the priority of knowing the cause is more than the knowing the effect, and it indicates the lack of investigations with an inductive approach in urban development plans. In conclusion, it is suggested that the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran, considering its mission in this regard using the capacity of numerous and related scientific centers throughout the provinces of the country, according to the periods of monitoring and revision of plans, provide the field for targeted studies by researchers. This can balance between the time periods of studies, the optimal distribution of studies according to issues and problems and the dispersion of cities and the use of different researchers in this field.

 Problem statement: 

Regardless of the consensus about the necessity of efficient public spaces to improve various dimensions of life in the city, there is no agreement in terms of the criteria for the formation of efficient public spaces as an ever-evolving concept. It seems that some of the listed criteria, according to philosophical partialism, are not in line with the evolution of this concept from an urban space based on the opposition of mass and emptiness to an ideal space for the realization of democracy, the flourishing of social life, and a processual and relational existence. This issue clarifies the need to revise the normative definitions of “good form of public space” by adopting a holistic perspective that includes the human-meaning dimensions of the space and the effect of other agencies such as the characteristics of the context and power institutions.

The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the existing theories about “efficient public space” and its relationship with the process of the semantic and functional evolution of space in the public domain of the city. While providing a general picture of the development process of the interdisciplinary concept of “public space”, this study attempts to present the knowledge gap in the previous theoretical literature, and provide a more appropriate approach, to the possibility of progress and development of theory in this field.

This study used an integrative approach to combine and critique the previous views and lay the groundwork for the re-conceptualization of “space in the public sphere of the city.” The data was collected using the library method based on the conceptual structure of the review and analyzed using the methods of critical analysis and conceptual classification.

Normative-prescriptive definitions of efficient public space are not in sync with the evolution process of the content-descriptive definition of public space. As a result of the incorrect epistemological orientation to the concept of space, partial criteria only consider one of the physical and semantic aspects of space or the algebraic sum of the two and do not provide a comprehensive picture of the multi-dialectical and disputed concept of space in the public domain of the city. In such a way that, despite the new forms of interwoven communication between man and the city under the concepts of “public space” and “public urban process”, we witness a kind of historical regression to the concepts of “urban space” or a selected representation and image of the concepts of “public space” and “public space.” The definition of the good form of the public space, according to the continuously evolving and multi-factorial nature of the space, should go beyond the instructions about shaping the space and rely on a holistic approach and formulating a set of flexible and paradigmatic holistic, multi-dimensional, multi-scale, and multi-dimensional equations and dynamic processes. It includes the formation of public space.

The main factor shaping or changing cities and urban spaces should be sought in the principles and values of society's beliefs. Relying on these principles, traditional man has been trying to align these concepts with different aspects of his life. For a long time, the house has been a manifestation of spiritual and cultural values for human beings, which has enabled Possibility of appearance of these principles for the traditional architect. In the meantime, the exterior of the house, which more than any other part structures the urban facade, gives objectivity to the values and traditions that govern society. This study has been done with the aim of pathology of facade status in contemporary Iranian architecture with the perspective to the discussion of luxury. Therefore, it identifies the juridical and moral principles governing the facade of residential buildings and explains them according to the principles of Islamic law. For this purpose, the researcher Answers this question by relying on the combined method and interdisciplinary analysis. What are the juridical and moral principles in facade design? How is the manifestation of the concepts of the teachings of the Qur'an and religious texts reflected in the architecture of the facade? The main principles and roots of this subject and related topics can be found in the Qur'an, narrations and hadiths. The research method which is used in this article is a compound method. In this way, according to the features of the various stages of this research, for gathering data, archival research method is used meanwhile logical-argumentative research and qualitative content analysis in analysis step and judgment of data has been used. After terminology and expression of concepts related to research and extraction of principles related to the two sections of juridical and moral, how it is reflected in the facade of residential buildings was expressed.
Finally, in order to pathologize the current situation and express the contradictions in the appearance of residential buildings in comparison with the Islamic teachings (especially Shiite jurisprudence), the obtained principles were examined based on the four human relations. The results of this study indicate that contemporary residential facades are disruptive in all four types of relationships and therefore the highest reproducibility regarding the type of weakened relationship is related to the human relationship with society. Finally, it is concluded that the outcome of various injuries, in addition to the negative impact on urban views threatens all aspects of human life.

Today, universities, as an effective educational space in society for the new generation, have a mission that, in addition to producing content, promoting knowledge and transferring it to students and society, they can play a significant role in the field of commercialization in the direction of implementing and exploiting the same knowledge produced. . Futuristic science as an important tool helps how the interested universities and educational centers can take an important and impactful step in the field of commercialization. The science of futurology helps to examine different futures in the desired field to some extent. In this research, the knowledge of the possible future in the direction of the commercialization of Isfahan University of Arts researches for the handwoven carpet industry and the target markets is predicted. So that by knowing the current and past situation of this industry, it is possible to predict the possible future in this field with the help of scenario writing tools. The current research is trying to identify and prioritize the obstacles that have prevented the commercialization of research in Isfahan University of Arts; Therefore, in order to achieve this important issue, the main question is raised, what is the possible future for the commercialization of carpet master's degree research in Isfahan University of Arts, and what effect can it have on the university and the handwoven carpet industry? The current research is practical in terms of purpose and prospective in terms of pathology method. The studied community in this research is professors and faculty members of Isfahan Art University and 46 proposals registered between 2015 and 2019. This research is among mixed research. The sampling method in quantitative topics was randomly calculated with the help of Karjesi and Morgan table, and in qualitative topics, the target sample was 12 people from Farsh higher education experts based on theoretical saturation. The opinions of the professors were examined in the theoretical framework and the three-pronged model, and the data required for this research were collected with the help of unstructured interviews with the professors and faculty members of this university. The results of this research led to the identification of 48 obstacles in the commercialization of research and the selection of the structural (organizational) factor as the most influential obstacle in Isfahan University of Arts. Next, with the help of futurology and scenario writing tools, a scenario for the possible future was presented in the form of a crisis scenario. Therefore, the crisis scenario specifies; that continuing to operate with the same method in universities and target markets will not only solve the problems in this field, but the condition of the handwoven carpet industry in the target markets and universities will decline and the existing weaknesses and damages will reach their maximum state. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the possible future of this profession, so that the operators and practitioners of the handwoven carpet industry, both in the target markets and the executive agents of this field in the academic environment, are aware that if their course of action is based on this without change, we can witness a similar future. to the current situation or more challenging than the current situation. In the crisis scenario of this research, the weaknesses and damages in this industry are pointed out; Since with the advancement of technology, there are many possibilities for the development of this industry, if it is ignored and the process continues in the same traditional style in most of the related fields, competing countries will surpass Iranian handwoven carpets in the blink of an eye took

Since research and study are necessary before doing any developmental action, the municipality that plays a vital role in urban management must have a desired and integrated research structure to improve and develop research infrastructures and potentials in various scopes by creating an optimal process. The extant study aims to evaluate the process of turning the subject into a researchable case by identifying general harms, problem-solving processes, and research processes in the municipality of 22 districts of Tehran. Moreover, this study presents some recommendations to be applied in the research to correct the problem-defining process and use the outcomes obtained from managerial procedures associated with urban studies focused on Tehran Municipality. This study used documentary and in-depth interviews to collect the required data and information. In this research, 25 in-depth interviews were done with three groups of experts, urban officials, executives, and supervisors based on the snowball technique. According to research findings, the conceptual model of the research process in the municipality of 22 districts of Tehran has been proposed and presented in six stages of project control system design, supervisor selection, RFP preparation and approval, recall and confirmation of executor, research, and application and mentoring system. The pathology was then analyzed by using the content analysis method. According to the results of interviews and content analysis, there are more harms and weaknesses in project control system design,  system and supervisor selection, RFP preparation, and approval within the research process of Tehran Municipality. In the research process, the proposed research in Tehran Municipality has been presented by developing the supply-demand model and policy-making approach and providing some recommendations to make this process applicable.

Mashhad city carpet as one of the significant urban styles of Iranian carpet from the Timurid period (in the 9th AH/ 14th A.D) until now has been changed alot. The golden age of Mashhad carpets ended in the Safavid period and after two hundred years, Mashhad carpets in the late Qajar and early Pahlavi period, which coincided with the revival of carpet weaving throughout Iran, regained some of its glorious era. During this period, with the initiative of Azerbaijani and Kermani immigrant merchants and producers, large and exquisite carpets were produced while preserving the identity and historical features of the original Mashhad carpet. However, in recent years, due to a purely commercial approach, the contemporary urban carpet of Mashhad has lost its former glory. As a cultural product, Mashhad carpet reflects the traditions and beliefs of producing communities and plays an effective role in giving identity to the geography of its production. Therefore, the main problem of this research is to study the main factors that create this phenomenon through summarizing the opinions of experts in this field. The main question of this research is to know the damages of contemporary carpets of Mashhad and to know the economic and cultural contexts of these damages from the perspective of experts. The research is qualitative in a descriptive and analytical manner and using the categories obtained from the content analysis of interviews with 10 active experts in the Mashhad carpet market. he results show that economic fluctuations, changes in consumers' lifestyles, numerous export barriers, lack of understanding of market tastes, and copying of popular designs have been among the most important damages of contemporary carpets in Mashhad.

In Iran, there are more than 290 branches of handicrafts, which according to statistics make Iran the top country in the world in terms of diversity. Artistic and cultural values, along with high added value and high foreign exchange rate, make handicrafts an ideal export commodity. Considering that a large part of the raw materials are domestic, the industry can prevent the export of raw agricultural materials such as cotton, leather, wood and silk and turn them into added value instead. Since the main places of production of handicrafts are the rural areas, export can contribute to the economy of these areas, maintaining the rural population and preventing migration to cities. Strengthening rural household jobs is not only economically important, but also in terms of psychological and sociological, by empowering rural women, their sense of belonging, creativity, importance and usefulness increases.The dollar value of each ton of exported handicraft goods is 27 times the average price of each ton of exported goods in the year of 1400, while such a high added value constitutes only 0.04% of Iran's total non-oil exports in this year.Considering the long history of production, inexpensive human resources, local raw materials, recognition of Iranian handicrafts in the world market such as carpets and other products, what problems does the export of Iranian handicrafts face under the sanctions and what are the solutions to fix and improve these issues?What compelled the researcher to conduct a field study to answer these questions is the difference and variety of opinions in the reasons given by the producers and exporters. Each of them, based on their own experiences, put forward reasons for the small share of handicrafts in Iran's exports and offered some solutions. This low share is rooted in several weaknesses, and this research attempts to draw a general picture of these issues.The method of the present study is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The collection of data has been done through the library method, questionnaires and interviews. The statistical population of the study includes handicraft producers, handicraft exporters, university professors, and cultural heritage experts. According to the data saturation level, 10 of them have been selected via typical case sampling for semi-structured interviews as well as 10 published interviews in newspapers. Thematic analysis was used in 6 steps to analyze and categorize the data. The first step was to familiarize oneself with the data by reading the texts several times. Then, in the generating initial codes step, short meaningful pieces of texts containing the obvious or hidden meaning of the interviews were collected. After the initial coding, searching and recognizing the themes was conducted, the codes were divided into several groups, and the similar groups were put together and formed the primary themes. Consequently the primary themes were recognized, the review and control of the themes was done by extracted codes, and the network of themes was drawn.In the fifth step, theme network analysis, themes were named and defined, and then the theme network was described. In the final step, which was compiling the report, the network of themes was summarized into 4 main categories with a brief description of each one of them interesting examples were presented and important quotes from interviews were extracted , to form the final body and conclusion of the study.According to the findings, the biggest problems of Iran's handicraft exports are summarized in 4 main themes: "Domestic sanctions against handicrafts", " The troubles of foreign sanctions ", " Commerce, the missing link of export" and "The Traditional and modern duality".In the first main theme, i.e. the domestic sanctions against handicrafts, the problems are divided into three sub-groups including legislation as sanctions, poor management and weakness of the administrative organizations. By domestic sanctions, this study means the decisions and resolutions of the government and parliament, and management impediments and incompetence of organizations in charge of handicrafts, and in general, the mismanagement that has been created on the basis of problematic legislations or against the required laws, and lack of any demands for reconsideration from the corresponding administrative organization.The sub-theme of legislation as sanctions consists of 3 main code groups, which include problematic existing laws, lack of required laws, and internal organizational regulations such as the Post Office, transportation, and some solutions are offered. In the sub-theme of poor management, there are sub-categories of goods departure, supply of raw materials, distribution of raw materials, slogan of support and supervision. This theme is more focused on how to implement the existing laws and management, while the previous theme focuses on the laws themselves. It can be said that all the mentioned cases, both in terms of management and laws, can be solved with a strong demanding body. An organization that conducts pathological researches and after identifying the problems and with the support of experienced experts consults with various departments including the Central Bank, Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, Post Office, Airlines, Insurances, Transportation, etc. and prioritizes solving the problems of handicraft exporters in all cases.Some suggested solutions according to the mentioned problems and issues are as follows:Solving the conflicts of existing laws, removing problematic laws, strengthening the administrative organization and making demands through it, defining the duties of the bodies and organizations related to handicrafts, synergy between multiple claimant entities, facilitating the departure of handicrafts from the country, providing export incentives, providing funds through private sector, supplying raw materials and distributing them through syndicates.The second main theme, the troubles of foreign sanctions, is divided into two sub-themes, sanctions glass half empty and sanctions glass half full. The half-empty glass of sanctions includes the effect of sanctions on raw materials, money transfer, exchange rate and high prices, tourism, the internet, and the export of handwoven carpets. In the solutions section, cases such as the cooperation of the producer with export companies and merchants to bypass sanctions, creating virtual tourism infrastructure, using third parties and companies based in other countries for online sales, the use of cryptocurrencies, the transformation of handwoven carpets into global brands and capital goods are suggested.Marketing, branding, export strategy, virtual and real markets, the taste of the audience and many other concepts that are raised in the pathology of export are all small pieces of a bigger puzzle called commerce. One of the problems that can be seen in most of the producers' interviews is that the producer himself exports and sells abroad, and for many reasons, including incognizance of international trade, lack of an export marketing strategy, the necessary resources and communications to move money and products, etc. they experience losses or are not successful in their ventures. There are not enough export companies active in handicrafts, and these few are not even known among the producers. In the third theme, the effects of the lack of specialized merchants in the five sub-themes of merchant, buyer, survival in the market, online sales and neglect of branding and advertising are discussed. In online sales, the problems in 6 groups of online marketing, online shopping platforms, entering the market, human resources, content production and sending export goods have been categorized and analyzed.Among the solutions presented in this section, education and training of brave and active businessmen, separation of production and export, specialization of exports, prevention of excessive import of parallel products from competing countries, correct identification and selection of the target market, can be mentioned.Finally, the fourth theme the personality of the artist and their production, and the struggle between the traditional and the modern, is discussed. Handicraft is an art-industry that comes from tradition and uses tradition in design and production methods and even in human interactions in workshops. The master-student concept that still exists among artists in this field is a clear example of it. Such strong traditional roots can be both strength and weakness at the same time. In the modern world, designing products in a way that preserves its historical and cultural roots while being relatable to the consumers of this day and age, somewhere between traditional and modern, is of great importance. In the solutions section, renewing the old traditional designs, training and facilitating the entry of the new generation of artists into the handicraft production sector, updating the designs and work methods, using new science and technology, and making the goods practical are among the suggestions that have been offered.In the end, it can be said that in order to overcome the current problems of handicrafts, each of the three sectors, the custodian, the merchant, and the artist, need to change and reform. Proper export is possible during the sanctions, provided that we first overcome the internal embargo, the lack of active and expert merchants, the obsolescence of designs and products, and the mental barriers of artists in this field with the help of training adequate human resources in all three aspects and fundamental strengthening of the administrative organization in charge of handicrafts.