جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ابنیه تاریخی" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Worship buildings in the historical cities of Iran are considered fundamental elements of urban structure and Islamic culture. The physical structure of these buildings and the formal and functional patterns of each of their components are the result of the intervention of various factors such as religious thoughts and beliefs, religious teachings and deep spiritual concepts. The entrance space has always had a special place in the thoughtful design of Iranian architects. Because in addition to its main function as an articulation space, visually and perceptually, it has also been the Interface space between a building and the urban space and a criterion for recognizing cultural and social identity. In religious places, this space is more important; since this communication node between the city and architecture is a symbolic place through which the values of Islamic culture, the beliefs of the community, religious teachings, and the characteristics of the Islamic city are represented. Accordingly, the entrance design becomes important. This facade can partially express the truths hidden in the religious teachings and principles, either in the form of calligraphy and motifs of the inscriptions, or by the height, proportions, and circumstances of the façade design.Decorations are not only from the viewpoint of religious art, but also in accordance with the concepts of verses and hadiths. And the themes of phrases and poems engraved on the inscriptions contain religious teachings, moral rules and principles, mystical concepts, historical descriptions, and even jurisprudence assignments. The present article with the aim of revealing the aspects of the relationship between the basics of Islamic culture and the physical / functional perspective of the entrance of religious buildings, seeks to answer a main question: How have the principles of Islamic culture and teachings affected the appearance and functions of the entrance of historical religious buildings? By giving priority to the realigious principles and teachings in shaping the physical and functional structure of religious places, the present article first searches for these principles and teachings by examining religious texts and also the reflection of these aspects in the Islamic architecture and city. Then it traces the aspects of this influence in the meaning and body of the historical building by examining local histories, biographies and travelogues in a historical context.The research method is content analysis and the data collection method is through existing literature in library; by comparing the teachings and concepts of Islam extracted from religious texts with the historical texts describing the buildings of worship, the semantic and content causes and methods of shaping the input structure of the mentioned uses are analyzed.In order to determine the research indicators while studying specialized texts, the theory of the Islamic city has been taken into account. In the theory of Islamic urban planning, it is stated that the verses of the Qur'an form the general rules of the Islamic city, and the hadiths of the Prophet (pbuh) determine the basic principles of the cultural and social values of the Muslim city, which have appeared in material form. The theory of the Islamic city is a broad topic that has been formed by philosophers and researchers in explaining the characteristics of the Islamic city, its values and principles, and has been cited in some contemporary researches. An Islamic city is a city that is formed on the basis of Islamic culture and Islamic rules. The dominant factor in the model of the Islamic city is the religion of Islam, and all aspects and indicators of the social and physical life of the city are organized and identified by it.. An Islamic city is a city built on the foundations, principles and courses of the Qur'an and hadiths. The principles that should be considered in the design of the urban landscape of worship places are related to the features of the Islamic city on the one hand and to architectural design on the other hand. Thirteen indicators of research have been identified on three general components, including divine truths, religious teachings, and the principles of urban planning and Islamic architecture.The research starts by recognizing the dimensions of Islamic culture in 2 categories of sources, including religious texts and specialized texts on Islamic architecture and urban planning. After deducing the indicators of the research, it deals with its various manifestations in the semantic and physical aspects of the historical buildings, and the contemporary viewpoint on the religious building construction. Since the main issue is in regards to the principles and teachings of Islamic culture- after thorough description of historical religious places- ancient texts, travelogues, and local histories are studied and the descriptions regarding the functional, physical, and spatial characteristics of religious uses have been analyzed in terms of their relationship with Islamic culture.Present research is practical in terms of purpose; since it is trying to address one of the concerns of architecture and urban landscape by using the literature review, that is, the issue of repayment to the meaning and spirit that governs the body and the architectural space, and in this way, acquiring the Islamic Iranian identity in the urban landscape. Also, content analysis method has been used in the research; using library resources and relying on the theory of the Islamic city and its principles and components, numerous categories were extracted and then categorized into 13 indicators from 3 main components. And finally, the analysis of these foundations has been done in historical descriptions and architectural examples.The results of the research clarify how the Islamic culture is reflected in the facade and landscape of the entrance of the ancient religious buildings through rereading the historical descriptions of these buildings in comparison with three influential components in religious architecture, including attention to divine attributes, general Islamic teachings, and the principles of urban planning and Islamic landscape. The entrance landscape of the historical religious buildings has many physical and functional features taken from the foundations of Islamic culture, which are placed under the semantic indicators defining truths, principles and teachings; so that multiple functional capacities have been provided in facade and the entrance landscape of the buildings with the aim of maintaining social values, religious education, guidance and providing security and human dignity. On the other hand, the aspects of the appearance meaning and the visual landscape of the buildings convey unity, holiness, purity and divine truths, which have been emphasized many times in the historical descriptions of the body of the buildings.The results show that the entrance view of the historical buildings of worship has many physical and functional characteristics derived from the principles of Islamic culture in three sub-sections of meaning (unity, holiness, purity, respect for nature), function (guidance, providing security and peace of mind, preservation of social values, importance of endowment, respect for human beings) and body (strength and stability, painting and line, beauty and happiness) can be analyzed. Focusing on historical texts and comparison with religious concepts showed that European tourists mainly emphasized the objective/sensual aspects of the buildings, including geometrical decorations and plant motifs, lack of face painting, pleasuring and nature-oriented beauty, simplicity, grandeur, and the height of the building and the invisibility of the inner arena. While the historians of local history and Iranian tourists, with the foreknowledge of religious teachings, have focused on semantic aspects in addition to physical appearances, in other words, the description of physical/functional characteristics in order to show religious meanings and sacred concepts. In these descriptions, features such as the purity and sanctity of water, the sanctity of old trees, the ability to develop, the symbolic role of a function for the area and grandeur of the building, peace and psychological security, religious functions and the space for concentration and reflection have had a more obvious appearance. Both groups of texts show that each component of the landscape was formed with the aim of showing the dimensions of Islamic culture, and sometimes one component of the building served multiple purposes in this regard.

Problem statement: 

“Four Seasons” is one of the design structures of Iranian carpets, dating back to the first half of the twentieth century amid the cultural and social evolutions of Tabriz in the Qajar and the first Pahlavi eras. The combination of rural life scenes and historical buildings along with the structure and patterns of traditional designs in the Four Seasons pattern has made these carpets similar to visual texts illustrating the cultural and social situations of their production time. This study attempts to answer how the social and cultural conditions of a society are depicted in the Four Seasons Carpets and which visual symbols represent them. Hence, the main question of this study revolves around the identification of dominant subjects and effective social backgrounds in shaping the pattern of the Four Seasons in the geography of the Persian carpet.

This study aims to identify dominant subjects in depicting landscapes, the geographical area of products, and effective social backgrounds in shaping the Four Seasons pattern.

The research method is qualitative and employs content analysis of patterns. First, 26 carpets containing the Four Seasons pattern were selected as case studies. Next, a qualitative analysis was conducted on the contents of each case based on the outlined questions and objectives in the study.

The results of the research indicate that all the identified samples were designed and hand-woven in Tabriz. The patterns of these carpets show nationalism, archaic concepts, and cultural-social customs of Iranian society in the form of visual and written signs.

Manufacturers of handicrafts in Iran, create an atmosphere that, apart from material use, indicates their deep desire to decorate, by decorating everyday consumer items via useful creativity. For centuries, the Door knocker, apart from their main function, has adorned wooden doors of old houses well. A Knocker is a metal object made of iron, which was installed on the wooden door of historic buildings in both male and female forms by nalchegar and blacksmiths to inform the owner of house and also to close the door easily. Knocker is the first object that one touches before entering the Iranian architectural space, and its decoration and arrangement can be the best prelude for the Iranian architect’s perspective. Yazd is a city located in central plateau of Iran, with a hot and dry desert climate, which due to special geographical conditions, has been less exposed to crises and major conflicts and, consequently, cultural conflicts. Therefore, the oldest motifs of Iran, such as cypress and sun, proportional to local interests, with the least intrusion and occupation and maintaining historical continuity, can be seen in it. This feature can be seen in the general form of Knocker as well as the carved motifs on it, proportional to the extent of the application of these two motifs in other aspects of the visual culture of Yazd. Blacksmithing and Nalchegar, which is a subset of blacksmithing, are two documentary professions that, along with coppersmithing, have enjoyed great prosperity in this area in the recent years. Since the Knocker makers, in designing the shape and form and decorating it, besides using meaningful motifs, have also used their freedom and expression of their emotion, and since the general form and arrangement of motifs depends on the technique of performing the motif on the Knocker were considered case-by-case and specially by the researchers. In this research, the authors have tried to study the superficial scatter, the multiplicity of forms and variety of decorations on the Knocker on a case-by-case basis in the traditional texture of Yazd, relying on descriptive-analytical method and field observations. Accordingly, the authors first introduced the Knocker its fixed parts, and the terms used by local blacksmiths and nalchegar about the Knocker of Yazd. Then, in the next section, they categorized the general form of Knockers into two groups of Cypress-shaped and round Knocker and mentioned the subsets of these two groups. In the next section, the decorations on the Knocker and the arrangement of the motif on it were considered. The result of this paper led to identify the general form of the Knocker made in Yazd and the common decorations on these Knockers, to identify non-native Knockers or made by non-native craftsmen, the craftsman's focus on the execution of geometric, plant and written motifs, dominance of the original form on the decorative elements and its strength to decorations, the presence of the living imagination and the connection of the motifs in the Knockers with other branches of handicrafts, such as carpets and tiles.

Non-destructive testing is one of the non-invasive and non-contact methods that allow us to ensure the correct operation of the structure without damaging it. Since non-destructive methods do not damage the structural components, it saves time and money. On the other hand, historic buildings have been exposed to considerable damages over time, and even after protective measures, they need constant monitoring and control. Therefore, using non-destructive methods, historical buildings can be preserved. Infrared thermography is one of the non-destructive methods that provide thermal images (thermograms) by thermal cameras to evaluate historic buildings and multiple structures without damaging the components of the structure in the shortest time. This research reviews some articles regarding non-destructive infrared thermography using the descriptive-analytical method. Also, this paper introduces the infrared thermography method, its types, and its application in historic buildings and the construction industry. Examination of the mentioned materials and examples showed that the researchers could use this method to determine the pattern of cracks in buildings, detect damage in the interior and exterior of the building, investigate the place of energy loss in the building, damage in the openings, and determine the texture of materials. It is also possible to distinguish between newly repaired parts and pre-existing parts with the help of surface thermometers and based on different thermal properties of materials.

Today, the importance and special position of the historical texture and buildings in the city is completely obvious. However, the issue of protecting, supporting and restoring historical texture and valuable historical buildings in Iran is not seriously, scientifically and legally pursued by top level of management and popular demand. Historical texture and buildings are increasingly in danger, day by day. Although several public associations and non-government organizations keep tracking the protection of historical buildings, they won’t be effective as they do not have legal role and position in decision-making and actions. Therefore, the importance of legal and lawful dimensions to pass or change these conditions will be considerable. Accordingly, using a qualitative method as well as legal hermeneutical approach, a review of consistent and related rules has been done and consequently a brief pathology has been provided based on the protecting and restoring rules and in comparison, with global commissions and agreements. The results of these studies indicate that existing laws need to be revised, modified and completed. In addition, there are a number of legal gaps that require the enactment of new laws to address overlooked issues in the existing set of laws. Among them, some issues are more important. Therefore, in order to prioritize each reform issue in law, a process of priori has been done with the experts and specialists’ views. The results of interviews with experts and the prioritization indicated that documentary issues, monitoring building protection and recovery in law content as well as the issue of law enforcement are the main challenges of law reform.

Categorizing Iranian arches, in terms of shape and geometry and its use, is diverse. The strength of Iranian arch due to geometry and performance are also different. In the executive arch procedure, regardless of the geometrical form, factors such as material, mortar, building technology, its position and... are considered effective. Studies indicate that executive techniques derived from the experimental and technical architects of the past have contributed to the stability and reliability of the monuments. The claim is supported by the traditional architectural thought in the executive technique procedure from the beginning to end. Thus, regardless to the number of architects of the climate issues, based on experience and knowledge in executive techniques in increasing the strength of traditional buildings we can see diversity in structure methodology of various arches in historical buildings. This article describes the use of executive arch techniques (from the beginning to the end of the process) that are used mainly in historical buildings and it is the reason of their stability and strength. In order to analyze the executive techniques, the research methodology is based on identifying and implementing techniques on an Iranian historical monument sample, the experimental method of the writers along with the traditional architects in various workshops and the use of relevant books. In addition, the collection of techniques and practices related to the implementation of the arch that architectures have attempted to improve from generation to generation, on the one hand it is a suitable model to train those university and educational institutes'' enthusiasts. On the other hand, thorough explanation and understanding of each arch procedure and appropriate replicating can also help the correct application in contemporary monuments and especially the arch reconstruction and restoration of historical buildings.