جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "اسماعیل خلج" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Goldone/Goldones depicted in Ismail Khalaj's play "Ms. Goldone" - which is one of the most important works produced in the Iranian play workshop (1969-1979) - have a capacity for multiple interpretations. Because, they are embodied not in a single, but in multiple bodily forms. The method that ultimately leads to its semantic breadth. Hence, this work opens the door to various interpretations and readings for the audience. An opening that regains its cohesion as Goldone becomes the center of weightiness. That is, Goldone both opens the door and somehow escapes its breadth; because it is the central point and connecting link of the components.With these explanations, in the present study, three readings of Goldone's idea – an idea, not a person - will be considered; One based on "language", the other with the centrality of "space" and finally with the focus on the "body" of Goldone. Selection of these three aspects has been inductive. In other words, the choice is based on the direct encounter with the play and based on the noticeable use of the author of these three aspects; and not based on a primary assumption and framework. It starts with the specifics to get to the general pattern. This is because it is in this way that we will be able to find an analysis commensurate with the coordinates associated with this particular work. Therefore, the main method of research formulation is inductive content analysis, and in terms of advancing the analysis, also descriptive-analytical method will be used.Results pointed out that despite the apparent multiplicity of Goldones, they share some similar criteria that connected them. In each language, nostalgia is somehow visible. The past instills the idea of ​​morality and felicity in the character's presents. In the reading of space, all four show signs of the former ideal space that is now collapsing. The space is currently declining in the face of industrial and developed life. The analysis of the body also showed that the Goldones eventually embodied in the form of a common body named Zari. Zari's final movements, in the best possible manner, reveal the news of the disappearance and ruination of Goldone beyond a person. The moment of death and destruction of a collective idea. An idea which was embodied on the stage in the form of a female body.

The Revelers (Lootiha) and all its other branches like Lat-ha, Jahel-ha and Lumpens and Dash Mashdi-ha are a social group that had considerable role in the political and social processes in the country. Looti-ha which are a degraded stratum of Fattiyan, Ayýar-ha and Shater-ha, have special traditions and culture that separate them from other social stratums. Whereas authors utilize the traits of people of the era to create their opuses, so most of fictions and dramas try to present the characteristics of those people who contribute on community events in their era. Esmaeil Khalaj is one of the most important cotemporary playwrights of our day who represents Revelers and Lumpens traits in his works. Based on this information, the research hypothesis is that whereas Lumpens were bully, profligate, naive and racketeer and revellers were respected by people, so they contribute on a lot of community events in the 40s and 50s. Hence Esmaeil Khalaj who has chosen the main characters of his plays from those people of low social and cultural class in society and usually regarded their life style and those characteristics of them which were effective in society. Considering this hypothesis, the researcher proceeded to investigate Esmaeil Khalaj’s drama in which these traits are prominent and answered the basic questions of the survey. The questions are: why has Khalaj proceeded to represent revelers and Lumpens traits, And extended some traits of these people such as having hangout, being competitive, procuration and etc. in his works? The researcher used analytical-descriptive method for this survey and collecting data by using library technique. Based on this research, we can get this result whereas the influential people in the society abused the naivety of these people by arousing their traits such as being claimant and patriot, it caused their different impact on important events in society. So the authors proceed to represent the personal characteristics of this group of people to state the difficulties of the society of their period.

Karl Jung’s analytic psychology has often been used to study literary texts. Jung views personality as a system comprising of such subsystems as self (consciousness), individual unconscious, collective unconscious, anima, animus and shadow, which interact with one another though apparently they are autonomous. Jung’s innovation in psychology is to suggest that the unconscious is not solely individual. Rather, it has a collective element as well. The collective unconscious is shared by all humans irrespective of time, race, culture, etc. It consists of archetypes i.e., universal primordial images that are manifested in dreams, myths, rites, etc. Though archetypes remain dormant in the depths of the unconscious, they surface once they are triggered by internal or external causes as known symbols.  Archetypes are manifested via a variety of images including mother, child, old wise man, and hero. In Jung’s view, all elemental aspects of man’s life such as birth, growth, family, and such matters as rivalry among brothers are all archetypal in nature. Analytic psychology holds that artistic creativity is either a result of pure innovation or inspired by the unconscious. Originality in artistic creativity, however, is associated with the latter where symbolic and allegorical artistic works inspired by universal primordial images can be created. Thus, self-expression aptitude through primordial images makes it possible for the artist to transfer the experiences of the world within the mind to the real world through artistic genres. As such, the characters and symbols in the text provide the analyst with necessary tools for textual analysis. Furthermore, since myths and archetypes are studied in both analytic psychology and literary analysis, a link could be established between the two, which opens a new and promising field of interdisciplinary studies. Drama as a literary genre yields itself well to such interdisciplinary analyses within the framework of analytic psychology. Esmail Khalaj is a well-known and prominent Iranian dramatist, film and theater actor. His many dramas center on the lives of ordinary people, providing profound insights into the societal and cultural aspects of their lives. Thus, he is considered to be a dramatist with a distinct style in genre of the so called coffee house drama. He is also familiar with playwriting techniques and well aware of the pain of society, especially the poor and harmed social class. Khalaj has psychological understanding of situations and characters with mental and behavioral disorders. This attitude is also clearly seen in his works. Written in 1981, one of the dramas in Khalaj’s book titled Seven Short Plays i.e., the sixth drama yields itself well to archetypal criticism. The present research employs content analysis. It is benefited from library sources through notetaking and other data collection techniques. The aim of the study is to identify archetypes in the narrative in question. The results reveal strong and systematic presence of a number of archetypes in the drama. It is concluded that archetypes identified by Jung has affected the dramatist so profoundly that he has used them as the fundamental elements of the drama in question.