جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سمنان » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The subject of the present research is related to the art of brickwork in the architecture of the Middle Ages (specifically the 4th-8th century AH) in the Qoms region. Historically, the studied works have been made mainly during the reigns of Al-Buwayh, Seljuk and Ilkhanids. Geographically, the studied area mainly corresponds to the current province of Semnan and the distribution of selected works can be seen in Semnan, Damghan and Shahroud. The number of selected works is 9 historical works and the focus of studies is mainly on the design of brickwork designs and then brickworking techniques and combining brickwork with gemstone tiles and gypsum seals. In addition to the abstract and introduction, the report, list and sources of research include five main chapters as follows:The first chapter deals with the generalities of the research, which includes stating the problem, goals and questions, as well as the necessity and methodology of the research. The second chapter of the report deals with the history of bricklaying in Iran in the pre-Islamic period and especially the Islamic period with emphasis on the Middle Ages (4-8 AH). The third chapter of the report introduces the general examples of research in Qoms region, which includes documenting 9 main buildings, which are scattered from the easternmost point of Semnan province to the city of Semnan in the west. Chapter 4 is the statistical community analysis report of the documentation. The method of analysis includes recognizing the patterns and techniques of bricklaying and combining bricks with tiles and gypsum seals. Then, in a comparative way, the designs and techniques of the selected works are compared with each other and the relevant results are presented in the form of a table. Also, in order to develop comparative studies, a part of the report compares the execution of Qoms region with works from Iran and finally a geographical zoning map of the brick works of Qoms region is presented. The fifth chapter or conclusion of the research is dedicated to answering the research questions. The final product of research in this section shows that the evolution of brickwork in Qoms region from the pre-Seljuk period in the fourth century AH with a great variety of techniques and patterns of brickwork as well as the use of pottery inscriptions that most examples in the field Damghan. Brickwork then became simpler in the late Seljuk period and later in the patriarchal period in terms of a variety of techniques and designs, and gradually the use of tiles in the form of jewels (which had already begun) spread. The use of gypsum balls is an example that belongs to the patriarchal period in the Qoms region and has not been seen before. The subject of the present research is related to the art of brickwork in the architecture of the Middle Ages (specifically the 4th-8th century AH) in the Qoms region. Historically, the studied works have been made mainly during the reigns of Al-Buwayh, Seljuk and Ilkhanids. Geographically, the studied area mainly corresponds to the current province of Semnan and the distribution of selected works can be seen in Semnan, Damghan and Shahroud. The number of selected works is 9 historical works and the focus of studies is mainly on the design of brickwork designs and then brickworking techniques and combining brickwork with gemstone tiles and gypsum seals. In addition to the abstract and introduction, the report, list and sources of research include five main chapters as follows:The first chapter deals with the generalities of the research, which includes stating the problem, goals and questions, as well as the necessity and methodology of the research. The second chapter of the report deals with the history of bricklaying in Iran in the pre-Islamic period and especially the Islamic period with emphasis on the Middle Ages (4-8 AH). The third chapter of the report introduces the general examples of research in Qoms region, which includes documenting 9 main buildings, which are scattered from the easternmost point of Semnan province to the city of Semnan in the west. Chapter 4 is the statistical community analysis report of the documentation. The method of analysis includes recognizing the patterns and techniques of bricklaying and combining bricks with tiles and gypsum seals. Then, in a comparative way, the designs and techniques of the selected works are compared with each other and the relevant results are presented in the form of a table. Also, in order to develop comparative studies, a part of the report compares the execution of Qoms region with works from Iran and finally a geographical zoning map of the brick works of Qoms region is presented. The fifth chapter or conclusion of the research is dedicated to answering the research questions. The final product of research in this section shows that the evolution of brickwork in Qoms region from the pre-Seljuk period in the fourth century AH with a great variety of techniques and patterns of brickwork as well as the use of pottery inscriptions that most examples in the field Damghan. Brickwork then became simpler in the late Seljuk period and later in the patriarchal period in terms of a variety of techniques and designs, and gradually the use of tiles in the form of jewels (which had already begun) spread. The use of gypsum balls is an example that belongs to the patriarchal period in the Qoms region and has not been seen before.

The development and expansion of urbanization in the twentieth century has led to the formation of different spatial organizations in urban and regional patterns. Semnan city with a strategic position in the country's communication network and proximity to the capital and industrial, mining and agricultural potentials due to changes and implementation of political divisions in the last decade and the promotion of small towns around Semnan to the city without paying attention to interconnections and demarcations performance encountered. Existence of flows of goods, manpower, and interurban and peripheral services represents a range of activities that cannot be stopped within local boundaries. This study has used the gravity method (measurement of flows and distance from the center) to determine the boundaries of Semnan urban area and its purpose is to determine the boundaries of Semnan urban area based on functional relationships. From the city center of Semnan, a radius of 20 and 50 km was hit in GIS, the city of Semnan was selected as the main city and the cities of Dargzin, Sorkheh, Shahmirzad and Mahdishahr were selected as the surrounding cities. In the flow measurement method, the amount of population displaced between the two cities and the amount of goods displaced were calculated and the final score (iT) of each city was calculated by including the relevant formulas. According to calculations, the cities of Sorkheh and Dargzin are with moderate correlation, Mahdishahr with high correlation and Shahmirzad with very high correlation with Semnan. In the method of distance from the center to determine the boundaries of Semnan urban area, a suitable distance for the maximum distance that Semnan city can affect the surrounding urban areas while maintaining the nature of its city-regions (the easiest time to reach the main city) is specified. Besides, cities that have the desired level of points are located in the urban area using this method. From the overlap of the maps obtained from the methods of measuring flows and distance from the center in GIS, Semnan urban area was determined based on statistical functional relationships and the area of Semnan urban area consisting of Semnan, Dargzin, Sorkheh, Shahmirzad and Mahdishahr cities. The total resilience level in Semnan region is equal to 3.21, lower than the average of 3.5. As it was said before, only the social and cultural dimension is resilient and in terms of other dimensions, especially the economic and institutional management dimensions, resilience is at a very low level.

The existence of cities and, on a smaller scale, urban neighborhoods has been a human achievement and a product of human needs throughout history. Neighborhood is a place where the experience of life should be formed and appropriate spaces and physical environment are prerequisites for the formation of such an experience. But the occurrence of events such as the Industrial Revolution, the penetration of modern thinking, the use of automotive planning instead of human-centered planning and the lack of attention of urban management to old neighborhoods and endogenous development and also due to disregard for human needs in neighborhoods, especially in Old neighborhoods that are very vulnerable have changed the attitude of residents towards their neighborhoods. Today, by creating approaches such as "human-centered neighborhood" or "human-centered urban planning", efforts have been made to create neighborhoods for human life with all human characteristics.This research is descriptive-analytical and based on quantitative methods and distribution of questionnaires among citizens, it has been done to evaluate the implementation of human-centered approach components in Nasar and Eram neighborhoods of Semnan as old and new urban neighborhoods. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the level of the two neighborhoods in the level of realization of the components of the human-centered approach. So that in Eram neighborhood, the level of residents' satisfaction is more desirable than Nassar neighborhood and Eram neighborhood is a more human-centered neighborhood than Nassar neighborhood, and this result is contrary to public perception. However, despite the disregard for physical and environmental qualities in such neighborhoods and the lack of proper planning to solve the problems of its residents, some components and indicators of human-centered approach in the old neighborhoods have been reduced. Assessing the level of human-centered approach indicators in the study areas, shows that in the old neighborhood of Nasar, the indicators of "social solidarity" and "safety against hazards" were ranked highest and lowest, respectively. In the new neighborhood of Eram, the index of "environmental cleanliness" was ranked first and the index of "suitable green space" was ranked last. The structural model of the research path using the PLS technique shows that the "security and safety" component has the greatest impact on the realization of the human-centered approach.According to the research results, it can be said that contrary to the existing mentality that the old neighborhoods are more human-centered and respond to the needs of its residents. However, due to problems such as physical exhaustion, lack of safety against dangers, etc., in addition to creating dissatisfaction among the residents of the old neighborhoods, it has damaged the identity and position of the traditional Iranian neighborhood as a human-centered neighborhood. Therefore, in order to improve the position of neighborhoods in cities and humanize them, a kind of balance and proportion in facilities, services, etc. should be created in neighborhoods with logical and flexible planning. In the end, solutions were presented to return the components of the human-centered approach and improve the situation of Nasar neighborhood.

Everyone knows that life depends on water. “We made from water every living thing.» Life, however, depends on movement. A fixed object cannot be recognized as vital. Life has been considered to be the same as the soul. Organisms are those that have life and movement. The concept of life and motion for plants and animals is relatively explicable. Plant and animal life are accidental properties. Everything they have had from the beginning is what develops. The movement of plants and animals, which is dependent on water, is accidental and it does not make a significant difference in their order of existence. Movement leads to human growth. Growth has a deeper meaning than development. Development can be considered as the transformation of inner talent that becomes actual. Growth, however, is a development that occurs outside of matter›s capacities. Growth is the production of something of higher quality than what is already there. Bees have a capacity called instinct. Activating the inner power of the bee is a kind of development. It is a materialistic potential that will develop. The bee does not find any higher status than was foreseen for him by his material motion. This motion is an accident, actualizing latent material qualities and talents.Growth is unique to humans. Man also has his own capacities. He has also the potential that can be developed through accidental motions and the actualization of his inner materialistic capacities. The actuality of the potential also requires substantial motion through which he uses creativity in the spiritual realm. Man›s growth is a part of his life that is dependent on water. Evidence shows that human materialistic development and animal life depend on water. The point is that human life does not end with the actualization of potential materialism. After the realization of inner talents, human tends to experience a spiritual life, which is called growth.O brother, you are what you have on your mindThe rest is your bones and flesh «Rumi»Water is also a basic element for growth. It is difficult to imagine the contribution of the materialistic element to developing the spiritual aspect. But it is easy to understand this relationship when an association is made between the living soul and body. Man›s growth depends on his individual and social life. On an individual scale, companionship with water leads to a sense of freshness and purity. For the Iranians, who associate Anahita, their great myth of purity and fertility with water, the meanings of perfection and sanctity are perceived through the water. Such perceptions contribute to the growth of the human soul. The representation of water in the language, art, and culture of Iran also confirms its important role in the realization of transcendental concepts. «Face» in Persian « Aberu»  refers to the spiritual value of man. Water also stands for value in Rumi›s poetry:The low level of water barely causes the feeling of thirstMay water gush from above and belowSimilarly, in his poetry Sohrab Sepehri says: Let›s not mud the waterAll these examples show the mindset of Iranians about the importance of water and highlight its necessity for perfection and growth. Human growth on a collective scale has a more compelling story. Individual human growth is possible within the family at the age of puberty. After that, society turns into a suitable place for human growth. Society is also made up of human beings on whom its perfection depends. As a result, a reciprocal movement occurs in which human growth depends on society and the perfection of society depends on the growth of its individuals. Therefore, human society must create situations through which both the individual and society are consolidated. Naturally, this creativity is focused on the culture and thoughts of each nation. In Iran and the Islamic world, water plays a key role in creating life-giving spaces. A life evokes individual sensory reflection and social solidarity. At the same time, this actor is a myth whose inherent holiness has been confirmed by both Iranian and Islamic cultures. Strangely, Iranian cities are formed based on interaction with water. In the plateau of Iran, where water resources have been scarce for at least the last millennium, the display of water conflicts with its protection. Everything precious is set to be out of reach. However, due to its deep meaning and its vital value for urban and rural life, water not only has not been hidden but also crawled into the lives of people to gather them together while displaying its beauty. As stated in the book «Three Elements of the Persian Landscape», the formation of many cities and villages in Iran has been based on the water source, which is symbolically adorned in the center of their territory. In the picture on the cover of this landscape, a paradise scene can be seen in the desert city of Semnan, which is a hub for people to visit. The water flows into the alleys and then defines the boundaries of the Mahalleh. Here, the water running out of the storage pool is delayed at every turn to be an excuse for the gathering of citizens and the social realization that guarantees human growth. Water is the basis for building a neighborhood and serves as a realm of social realization and human growth. Naming this alley «Angar» by the authorities in Semnan Municipality is interesting, though it is not clear to us whether it is an old or new name. The alley seems to be a place for childish dreams and imaginations that shape the future of human beings.

One of the most important factors on the Iranian architecture is Windcatcher. Iranian architects has been applied this element on climate designing. A windcatcher (wind tower, wind scoop) is a traditional architectural element used to create natural ventilation and passive cooling in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs: unidirectional, bidirectional, and multidirectional. Windcatchers are widely used in North Africa and in the West Asian countries around the Persian Gulf, and have been for the past three thousand years. Windcatchers vary dramatically in shape, including height, cross-sectional area, and internal sub-divisions and filters. Windcatcher is a static cooling system, which provides buildings with natural ventilation using wind renewable energy. Windcatcher have been known as one of the most effective elements in Iranian ancient city architecture; so that, they have been identified as the second most important elements after Mosque Minaret. Nowadays, building industry and cooling and heating systems by using 40% and 60% of the world’s energy respectively are considered serious threats to the environment. Therefore, passive systems like Windcatchers could be adequate replacements with respect to energy consumption. Current project aims to study Windcatchers in the traditional architecture of Semnan. 37 buildings with architectural values were selected in the field study and their Windcatcher characteristics were evaluated. Results show that buildings such as Ab anbar, Government House and historical houses had Windcatchers in the past. Windcatcher characteristics included their northward direction, X-shape blades, heights between 2 to 11.5 meters and their horizontal roof. Some of the Windcatchers were decorated using bricks, chalk, cobb or clom but the others were not decorated at all.

The city of Semnān, in the central part of the Iranian plateau, is one of the most significant examples of Iranian-Islamic cities in the medieval era. Its traditional water system, which still operates in most parts of the city represents a meaningful integration between urban structures and water infrastructures in Iranian cities. Recognizing the various aspects of this integration with the urban structure will lead us to understand the various facets of traditional water infrastructures in the Iranian urban structures, and more deeply to rethink the role of water infrastructures in the urban morphology of modern Iranian cities. By following the relations between the water infrastructure and biophysical as well as physical and spatial structure of the city, this article tries to highlight the various aspects of the integration between water infrastructure and the urban structures of Semnan. In this paper, the role of residential quarters in shaping the urban structures and water infrastructures formed the core of the research. By putting into question the role of the residential quarters in the urban structure as well as the water network structures, this paper tries to reread the integration between water infrastructures and urban structures through the social, cultural, juridical and economic relationships among and between the residential quarters in Semnan.

Water has a sacred, vital, and strategic importance in Iran and the development of Iranian regions and cities. The Caspian Sea is an important strategic resource for Iran and the Caspian region. Intervention in the natural system in the form of projects and projects such as the construction of a water transfer facility from the sea to water and drainage cities, in addition to economic and administrative costs, has led to the reproduction of numerous environmental and safety issues with Time will pass. Analysis of the water lines transfer from the Caspian Sea to Semnan province, due to the new role of the province in the field facilities of the country and taking part in the demographic and economic densities of the region, from different dimensions of environmental, economic, international, political, technical and … with an overactive defense approach, is necessary. The plan considers threats and vulnerabilities related to environmental, economic, political and international consequences, disturbances in the transmission network, air strikes, water pollution in sensitive coastal areas, forests, Alborz mountains, Kavisermann It is also recommended to have a water treatment plant.

Today population reception with their economic and social problems made shape of city, urbanity, and urbanism. Although, remedy and hygiene are primary necessities, so suitable and dynamic servicing to urbanites require establishing remedial services centers in suitable places in city that play the important role in providing comfort of citizens, So better locating and servicing problem of these centers in city is important. So, current study require to consideration of remedial environments and their post access to them. correct locating, that we characterized direction of locating of semnan remedial centers with considering city important control and using integration of geographical information system GIS and the method of scaling of hierarchy analyze AHP for determining action radius of better location of remedial centers in this study and them whit regarding to integrating data rather than 4 hospital in semnan city, the new hospitals have been offered.Really this study as practical and fundamental study can use by city manager, programmers.