جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "پدیده مکان" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

This paper aims to explore the dialectic of the interior space and the exterior space as one of the prominent features of place through the lens of phenomenology, which regards place as the existential basis of mankind in the universe. The spatial structure of place encompasses conceptual, operational and extensional models –cases which contain both the generalities and the details of spatial structure and allow for phenomenological analysis and interpretation of place. In this approach, the phenomenon of place as the spatial and existential basis of mankind has a special significance. Understanding the features and structure of place can help us better perceive its nature and can lead to formation of cognitive foundations in the deep relationship between mankind and the universe. Given the shortcomings of quantitative approaches, architecture is becoming more interested in the phenomenological thinking system. The methodology of this study moves from theory to research and from research to theory in an exploratory manner with a mixed nature and with emphasis on qualitative investigation. Relying on phenomenological approach, which calls for return to the things themselves, this study attempts to revisit the phenomenon of place with a closer look, to explore the nature of dialogue between the inside and the outside as a structural feature and to examine the relationship between mankind, place and universe; it attempts to answer this question: how is it possible to approach the structural nature of a place by means of dialectic understanding of the interior space and the exterior space of that place. For this purpose, first the most important concepts and topics in phenomenology and their relationship with the subject of the inside and the outside are reviewed; then, the concepts of the inside and the outside are analyzed by means of exploring the phenomenon of place and its constituting structures from different perspectives; finally, a conceptual model for understanding the nature and qualities of this relationship in different places will be proposed. Library research is the main data collection tool in this study, majorly revolving around reviewing of the opinions of important theorists in this field for explanation and interpretation of the concepts of the inside and the outside. The result is a conceptual model for the dialogue between the inside and the outside which is formed based on the presence and experience of mankind in place and includes concepts such as philosophy, poetic image, identity and architecture as well as components such as spatial structure, character, boundary, area, path and center. This model can help us expand our conceptual and operational understanding of the relationship between the interior space and the exterior space. When the aim is understanding the roots and philosophical principles of the inside and the outside with a phenomenological approach, concepts such as intentionality (as the nature and main root), presence, absence, ready-to-hand, present-at-hand and proximity, which facilitate understanding of the subject, must be studied at the highest order.

The phenomenological approach, which is based on the existence of mankind, studies the presence of mankind in the universe (Dasein) and its relationship with the surrounding world. It also investigates the existing boundaries –as important components of spatial structures– between mankind and the surrounding environment as well as those between different phenomena. By creating enclosure, boundaries change “space” into “place” and they affect the character and landscape of place by developing spatial order. Creation of place and features such as the inside, the outside, boundary, enclosure, realm and path, have led to formation of different structures and subsequently formation of meaningful places. Boundary is a necessary structure and condition for formation of place. This paper will explore the qualities of the relationship between the inside and the outside in general and the notion of boundary in particular. From Heidegger’s point of view, space turns into place by means of the presence of an “object”. The existence of a place creates an inside which in turn gains meaning in contrast to the outer environment. Without this presence, space is just a meaningless and a logical spectrum. However, manifestation of a presence or an object immediately turns space into a place. In this sense, a place is part of the expanse of space, which has gained meaning by a specific presence, be it the shade of a tree in a plain or a path which is distinguishable from its surrounding environment due to its different texture. Every person begins to perceive and understand the surrounding environment from their early days of life and gradually develops the manner of this perception and understanding. For humans, the five senses are the means of understanding the surrounding environment and thus the boundary between mankind and the environment, which divides and connects the two at the same time. The phenomenological approach seeks to understand different phenomena and their relationship as well as the relationship between mankind and the world which encompasses these phenomena. It leads humans to revisit their perceptions and feelings in order to gain a qualitative understanding of the world.Conducted with a phenomenological approach and based on first-hand field observations with an existential focus, this research seeks to develop a framework for gaining deep and proper understanding of the spatial nature and qualitative features of place. Therefore, the aim is to investigate the role of boundaries in different places (natural and built) and the role of people’s understanding of the structure of these boundaries in their interventions and efforts for improving the quality of built places. Approaching the subject from the viewpoint of understanding the surrounding world and deriving from phenomenological studies, the author attempts to analyze her place of living as a phenomenon, explain it based on her learnings of this approach and distinguish and identify the existing boundaries in this place. For this purpose, first, the literature of place phenomenology, place structure and understanding of place will be reviewed; then, the structure of the author’s habitat (located in Malayer City, Hamadan Province) –a plain that has facilitated formation of vineyards around the city– will be described and explored based on mentioned approach and phenomenological criteria. Then, the relationship between people and natural/built places and the boundaries in these places will be analyzed. Finally, a possible solution for improving the relationship between the three phenomena of mankind, natural place and built place (in this case dried fruits packaging workshops in the region under study) will be proposed. When environmental interventions are accompanied by proper perception and understanding of the surroundings, place becomes a source of peace and security and it can be much more successful in attracting more individuals. People would feel at home and relaxed and the final outcome would be a place formed from its spatial bedrock that can satisfactorily meet the visual, environmental and psychological needs of its visitors. A person’s proper understanding of the structure of the surrounding environment and its boundaries alongside the accurate perception of various sensory elements such as odors, sounds, etc. can help them grasp and recognize the sense of “being at a place” with clarity. The author’s phenomenological attempt for better understanding the area of study and the needs of its residents has led to formation of ideas and suggestions which can help improve the condition of raisin processing factories and workshops in the area in a manner that the employees can easily work and enjoy the surrounding natural environment and landscapes. Implementations of these suggestions can undoubtedly improve the condition of the workforce and the procedure of work in these manufacturing units. Not only will they be able to avoid defacing the natural landscape, but also they can help improve the environment by means of carefully planned interventions and proper use of environmental potentials for the betterment of the mutual relationship between mankind and natural/built places.

The text is focused on Martin Heidegger’s phenomenological thought that influenced some of the Western architects who established a new style called Post- Modern Architecture. Referring to poetic thought of the great German poets, Heidegger called poetry as the best way of thinking. Aspiration of Holderlin’s poem: “poetically man dwells,” led him to the “poetic dwelling” idea of human existence. Heidegger’s approach to art and architecture considered a special role for language and poetry in perception of environment. The impact of his phenomenological method on the two pioneers of Post-Modern architecture, Christian Norberg-Schulz and Christopher Alexander, made some new ways in architectural design. They submit “phenomenon of place” to solve the problem of “Identity” in architecture, which was rejected completely in Modern architecture under the name of International Style.
Here, the phenomenology method is used as the study approach on Heidegger’s philosophy and its influences on architectural theories of Post- Modern Architecture. The goal is to show that architectural identity, deeply depends on every building’s context and its raising up ground.