جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « house » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Problem statement:

 Liminality as the middle state of the phase of rites of passage, including separation, transition, and incorporation of the viewpoint of pundit anthropologists, has a basic position in dwelling whose essence is the dialectic of settling and wandering in Norberg-Schulz’s viewpoint; Therefore investigation of the position of liminality in spaces based on the result of explicating liminality in dwelling including hierarchy, articulation, openness and permeability, robustness, variety and dynamism is an essential matter in the field of creating spaces especially residential architecture as private mode of dwelling.

The goals of this article are to investigate the position of liminality in villa houses of the Pahlavi era in the North of the central part of Tehran and the differences of liminality’s position in different areas of those buildings in the first and second parts of Pahlavi era. Pahlavi era is chosen as the period of research according to fields and samples of changing liminality in residential buildings and Tehran is chosen as a place of research because it was directly exposed to these changes as a capital and model of other cities.

This descriptive-analytical research has been done through investigation cases based on inscriptive studying, field observation, documentation, and comparative analyzing findings.

The results of the research show that the position of hierarchy, articulation, and openness has been changed; In this way, inattention to these characters in the outer area of building’s entrances, room entrances, and exterior spaces and surfaces leads to dominance of openness and separation; obscurity and sudden entry; and domination of other buildings; while the entrance of interior spaces in connection with stairs had more impressive role progressively and made transitional center in the whole of space. Moreover, robustness, variety, and dynamism have been figured agreeable especially in semi-opened spaces of the second part of the Pahlavi era, despite domination.

The form is a multi-meaning concept. It is the interface between the inside and outside through two aspects: the inner and outer space, the human body and physical form. This interface operates on three levels: physical-environmental, functional-behavioral, and perceptual-semantic. These aspects are often overlooked, but visual effects play an important role in the design process. So, it is necessary to develop a logical model and precise indicators as an advisor. On the other hand, the connection between "form" and "what is not a form" can explain this concept. The objective of this paper is to identify indicators for designing that establish a multi-level relationship between the objective aspect (appearance) and subjective aspect (meaning), clarify the concept of house form, and enhance the possibilities in the relationship between inside and outside. So, the fundamental question is: which indicators of house form provide the probability of a multi-level and multi-meaning relationship between the inside and outside in design?The research approach is qualitative. In accordance with analytic induction, a content analysis method is used to code the contexts that refer to modern and postmodern architecture. First, a logical model for form is created through literature review. The relationship between appearance and meaning is established through the levels of house components. These multi-level components respond to the object-subject duality and reflect the multi-meaning concept. Second, the coding is done based on this model in three steps. The purposive sampling for coding is done by linking "form" and "what is not a form" to discover a wide range of meanings related to form.Six categories are derived from coding contexts. The form design indicators are created by aggregating, comparing, identifying similarities, adding, and reducing their subcategories. The indicators are explained in three clusters: 1. indicators of borders; 2. indicators of thresholds; and 3. indicators of surfaces. This attitude is based on the complexity of a multi-level and multi-meaning concept. The indicators of borders include creating delay space, creating depth of mass, combining different planes within the borders, multi-shell of mass, and flexibility and adaptability of borders. The indicators of thresholds consist of the similarity and continuity of the transition region, the significance of light penetration, supply needs, soft connection, and the arrangement of border shapes and passage patterns. The indicators of surfaces include unity, identity, balance, embodiment, and non-prescriptive ornamentation. The similarity of the discussed indicators lies in their ability to enhance both visible and invisible motivation in the architectural design of a house. They aim to create a soft transition hierarchy between inside and outside, repeatation in the perception of the mental image, and integrate visual, dynamic, and sensory elements to achieve a multi-dimensional effect. The indicators affect each other. The border indicators generate the inner portion of the threshold and surface. The surface indicators determine the appearance of the surface and the threshold. The indicators of threshold are the mediation of borders and surfaces. This approach to form causes events to generate meaning.

Problem statement: 

Tabriz has received much attention as one of the important cities of Iran in various periods of history, especially in the last few centuries. During the Qajar era, many new achievements of the new world were experienced in this city of Iran for the first time. As a pioneer city in the formation of modernity in Iran, the architecture of Tabriz underwent changes during this period and influenced the traditional architecture of Iran. The main question of the research is how the impact of modernity on the architectural forms of Tabriz houses was manifested and what changes were made in the architecture of this era.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of modernization in Iran on the architecture of the Qajar period in Tabriz.

This research employs a qualitative approach, which seeks to answer the research question by using the interpretive-historical research method for historical issues and the descriptive-analytical research method for architectural issues. Data were collected through library research.

The results of the study indicate that the acquaintance of the people of Tabriz with the manifestations of modernity by traveling to Europe led to the tendency of this city to move toward Westernization and the usage of Western elements in architecture such as pair columns in the facade, Corinthian order columns, two-way stairs at the entrance, the use of semicircular arches, the use of metal railing for stairs, the use of curved lines, and extraversion in some buildings.

Images received from the surrounding environment in the form of visual perception greatly contribute to the human-environment relationship and satisfaction with his residence. Recent studies demonstrate that the matching of images received from the surrounding environment with physiological and vision standards could increase peoples’ sense of satisfaction and the visual quality of their living spaces. Thus, the core subject was to develop solutions to increase the visual quality of living spaces, such as kitchens. The study hypothesized that the components of visual quality, including symmetry, rhythm, the type of line forms, the type of materials, proportions and scales, and color and light contrasts affect users’ satisfaction and the visual quality of the environment. Independent variables of the study included the components that affected the visual quality of the environment, while the dependent variable of the study was users’ satisfaction and inclination, and consequently the visual quality of the environment. The study method fell under quantitative and qualitative research, and the study approach was correlational, which evaluated the components of visual quality related to the physiological mechanism of vision in the kitchen environment in houses. Data were collected by library studies and questionnaires. In general, the study aimed to explain solutions to improve the visual quality of residential kitchen spaces using the basics of visual ecology. The theoretical framework of the study was founded on five physiological mechanisms of vision, including on - and off-systems, reflection function, saccadic automation, spatial frequency, and binocular vision, as the most important indicators affecting the visual quality of a residential environment were based on the views of researchers and theorists. Questionnaire results were analyzed by Photoshop, SPSS, and MATLAB digital image processing software. The findings indicated that in all fronts of the kitchen, people were inclined to unbroken simple, and curved forms and lines. Concerning the component of rhythm, the results indicated that except for the kitchen’s ceiling, as regards the remaining fronts, people were mostly inclined to an image with a rhythm in an x-y axis direction, which may be due to the vertical and horizontal axes being in one direction with the vision system standards and the observer’s angle of vision in line with the binocular vision and saccadic mechanisms. Findings from the component of symmetry also demonstrated that in all five fronts of the kitchen environment, people were mostly inclined to a highly symmetrical image in an axial direction, which may be due to less disturbance at the point of gravity of each form relative to another and visual uniformity and comfort because of the frequency and mutations created based on points of gravity in line with the saccadic mechanism in each image. Concerning proportions in all kitchen fronts, people were mostly inclined to golden proportions because of the human’s range of vision. Concerning the component of materials, people were mostly inclined to the front at which the gas stove and cabinet surface were located, with the front of the dish-washing sink and the cabinet surface seeing a mixture of fully natural materials such as wood, semi-artificial and natural materials. This may be due to the theory of Reflection Function and the more appropriate natural surfaces and textures compared to artificial materials in terms of visual physiology. Also, on the wall front between the cabinet in the back of the stove and the dish-washing sink, people were mostly inclined to use semi-artificial and semi-natural materials such as ceramics and PVC wall covering. Concerning the component of environmental color contrasts, findings showed that people’s inclination at the front of the stove, cabinet surface, and dish-washing sink was directed at applying colors with moderate and high color contrasts because of the need for sharp-sightedness, non-uniformity, and visual fatigue, which would help perform daily activities in the kitchen in line with the on- and off-system principles. Also, at the wall front between the cabinet in the back of the stove and the sink, people were mostly inclined to apply colors with low color contrast to maintain visual comfort and visual concentration over the stove and the sink surfaces. As well, people were mostly inclined to use curved window forms with moderate rises because of the greater activity of the anterior cingulate cortex and the on- and off-systems mechanism.

Housing has other objectives such as providing multiple services and providing the needs of people living in that place. When the decision to determine a specified location for the residence, it is important to provide an acceptable level of satisfaction. People are satisfied with their residence time that they meet their needs. People are the most important factors in architecture; therefore designers and architects need to try and work towards providing and promoting the level of satisfaction in residential complexes. In order to investigate the promotion of satisfaction and its influential factors in high - rise residential complexes , support spaces are considered. The research method is descriptive - analytical and based on the applied goal. The method of data collection was library method and for main data of research , field method was considered. The data collection tool is edinterviews with residents of residential complex in chamran campus using questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by using spss25 software. The results showed that the first priority of supporting space related to service spaces such as the existence of lift and …, after that the existence of garbage dump in the complex, then existence of safe spaces with safety and perfect security for children and existence of shops in order to meet the needs of collection for residents were important.

Housing, as a space for settling and living، has always been one of the first spaces that humans have dealt with since the beginning of history، and the characteristics of this building، especially its interior، are due to the direct connection with humans during long hours of the day. It has been of great importance. Peace is one of the spiritual and psychological needs of every person. Nowadays، humans usually spend most of our time at home، and therefore we Searching to find peace at home and rest our body and soul in this place. Considering this issue، architecture can help a lot in creating peace by inducing a sense of peace and tranquility in the interior of the house. The purpose of the current research is to examine the opinions of researchers and theorists of architecture and environmental psychology، to extract the factors that create peace from the perspective of the residents and to match them with the current spatial behavior patterns of the residents. Home. Based on this، in this research، how can peace be manifested in two common house models. Contemporary buildings including apartment houses and detached houses with courtyards will be examined. This research has been conducted with a mixed qualitative method along with quantitative analysis through a two-sample t-test، and the research process is such that in the first stage، through interviews with the residents of the houses، semantic systems derived from the spatial characteristics of each pattern extracted. In the common type of housing in Kerman (detached houses with courtyards and apartments) it was compared and the degree of peacefulness in the houses was extracted. This article finally came to the conclusion that the super meaning of peace is manifested in the model of independent houses with courtyards more than in the apartment model، which is also affected by the variety of spatial characteristics and environmental capabilities that are in this model. The house is more like an apartment.

The study of historical houses has always been considered for various reasons.  Some researches, by studying a collection of buildings, try to identify a type or types, which increases the quality and quantity of architecture cognition and their results can be compared with other typological studies. Researchers use different approaches and methods based on their questions and objectives. It is especially used for recognizing the aspects of building sharing and designing a species or pattern for them. Focusing on the shape and its combinations is one of the approaches that is useful for recognizing the similarities  and identifying a type or pattern for them.
In order to study the Qajar houses in Kerman city, this research focuses on their shape and geometric aspects and tries to extract the commonalities and similarities of the houses base on the organization of elements and the layout of spaces and if possible, propose a model for them. For this purpose, first, the houses that remained from the Qajar period in Kerman city and their documents were available were identified, then, for a systematic review, two indices of mass (micro scale) and Courtyard structure (macro scale) were applied, and their components were defined. Mass index examines the organization and composition of the elements of the house in the plan to give a clear and measurable understanding of the possible order of the elements in the different sides of the courtyard. The courtyard structure index examines the central role of the courtyard in the organization of the house. Examining the samples based on the mentioned indicators showed that some commonalities can be observed such as how to expand and develop the house as well as spatial organization in the houses. The second spatial layer was mostly formed on the north side and the room-corridor combination was the dominant combination of the plan. The elements that were placed in the facades of the courtyard, although they may have been coordinated with each other in terms of number, but they were not the same in terms of dimensions, and as a result, the symmetry that existed in the facade could not be seen in the plan. In a general view, it is possible to point out the architects' freedom of action and lack of symmetry in the organization of elements in the plan. Examining the courtyard from the orientation point of view showed that the north-south direction is more common than the east-west direction with a slight difference, but this orientation (north-south) was dominant in the houses that were larger and the second layers of space were added to them.
Similarities that can be seen in the formation of the second layer and facade  is a sign of the regularity of the spatial organization of the plan, and also the façade symmetry, which is a sign of the geometric formation of the plan. These similarities show the existence of a type; however, a freedom of action can be seen in the arrangement of facades and opposite sides of the courtyard and the architect's non-commitment to apply a complete symmetry and a specific pattern. It is necessary to mention the number of samples as one of the limitations of the research which is an important in choosing the samples.  However, in the course of its efforts to identify and introduce a species for Qajar houses in Kerman, some indicators for the analysis of houses which are not constrained to the specific period or building can be used in further researches on a large scale for different types of historical buildings.

In Iranian houses with suitability for the climatic conditions in most places, the yard has existed as the main open space, placing it in different ways. Other closed and semi-open spaces are also organized around the yard with different permutations. In this research, an analytical comparison has been made regarding the spatial structure of contemporary houses with courtyards in Ilam, considering the location of the courtyard in relation to the building. On the other hand, the developments after the war and the subsequent damage caused to Ilam as one of the most important border cities of Iran, have led to the reconstruction and formation of new types of spatial organization of houses.

The use of a mixed research method including interpretative and comparative methods using field observation and collection, library studies, and simulation by means of specialized space syntax software (UCL Depth Map) is the strategy of this research. The case samples were selected based on the year of construction of the house (types A, B, C, D, E) and also the location of the yard in relation to the building (A1, A2, etc.). The analysis of the structure is qualitative and then measured by depth map software in order to give more validity to the results.

The research results reveal three general categories in the spatial structure of houses with courtyards in Ilam. It seems that the structural changes have been synchronized with the economic and social conditions of society. In the first category: the fifties and sixties of the Hijri (before the revolution), we see the design of houses with courtyards with the relative size of the open space and the courtyard, establishing an effective connection between the house and the courtyard. The second category: the houses of the 70s and 80s are comparable to the high cost of land and construction imposed after the war. Reduction of land area, rapid construction, use of ready-made plans designed in other areas, and as a result major structural changes have been its results. The third category is the houses of the nineties. Until now, we have seen a more complex spatial structure, more private space than in previous periods, emerging functions along with other spaces of the house, and the efforts of some architects in order to re-establish the effective connection between the house and the yard.

The analyses have shown the changes in the spatial structure of the houses in Ilam city from the fifties to the nineties. In the fifties and sixties, which is related to the beginning of the revolution and the start of the Iran-Iraq war, due to the fact that Ilam city is bordering the people leaving the cities to the mountains and other cities, housing has not changed much. And it was built like before the revolution. In the '70s and '80s, due to financial problems and the high cost of real estate after the Iran-Iraq war, we saw many changes compared to before in the internal structure of residential houses.

To Iranians, the house is a place of safety and comfort, invocation and birth, and according to this, cultural, social, ethical, economic, biological, and aesthetic aspects are considered in its construction. In the surviving buildings from the past, we can also see the traces of the desire of humans to decorate and beautify their living environment. After Islam entered Iran, Islamic culture, art and thought gave a new look to Iranian art without changing its identity. After Islam, the architecture in Iran was blessed with rich colors, design, elegance and unique precision. The motifs used by Iranian artists were not only used to decorate the building and were always formed based on special concepts. By choosing natural forms to be used in the building, the Iranian artist has created a connection between the material and spiritual world. In decorative motifs and components of Iranian art and architecture, the unity of the whole and the plurality of components prevail, and in a certain stage of its evolution, there are countless types of decorations and it can be seen from the internal and external walls of the building that they have priority over other architectural elements. In addition to the value and formal beauty, these arrays express the cultural and religious secrets hidden in them and shape the ideas and ideals that govern the intellectual atmosphere of society. In Iranian architectural decorations, the art of painting is inspired by nature and its surroundings. Kashan city is one of the ancient and historical cities of Iran, which dates back to prehistoric times. In the ups and downs of history, the city faces stagnation and the development of industry and commerce by being destroyed and rebuilt. At the beginning of the Islamic period, the Mongol invasion and the Afghan sedition caused the city to stagnate, and on another occasion, it was credited during the Saljuqi and Safavid periods. The decorations used in the Qajar buildings of Kashan show the traditional effects or a combination of native values and western beliefs prevailing at the time and the impact and manifestation of economic, religious and cultural conditions. The historical buildings of Kashan are mostly related to the Qajar period and the ownership of these houses is mostly owned by the merchants and scholars. Often, the owners of the house were the founders of the house who lived there with their family and servants for generations. These houses have unique architectural decorations, most of which are inscriptions, plant, geometric and animal motifs. Considering the richness of decorations in these houses and also considering the disappearance of these valuable treasures that have identity, beauty, and originality, and the disproportionate copying of motifs, It is necessary to revive these original forms and motifs with research on this topic. The old houses of Kashan have a special architecture and many features that are formed based on certain criteria. These criteria are introversion, observance of the principle of hijab, preservation of privacy and neighborhood rights, observance of the principle of symmetry, observance of the principle of proportion, philanthropy and purity, principles of spatial hierarchy, organism, centralism, and functional classification. The purpose of this research is to analyze and classify the plant motifs of historical houses in Kashan. The questions are, what types of decorative roles are included in the historical houses of Kashan and in what categories do they fit? The research approach is qualitative and the method is descriptive and analytical, and the data collection is based on written sources, experts' assistance and field observation. The statistical population is the historical houses of Kashan, among which the houses with more prominent decorations (the Abbasid house, the Borujerdi house, the Tabatabai house, and the Ameri house) have been examined. Sampling is purposeful and of the type of obvious cases. Many articles have been published about Kashan and in most of these cases, they have relied on the history, culture and architecture of Kashan. Most of the research and data collection methods in these researches were qualitative, library and field. In the meantime, the research on the decorations and motifs of the shell of the building, especially the plant motifs, which has not been addressed with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method and targeted sampling method. The most recent articles include: Milad Bagh Sheikhi (2021), in the article “Study of Exterior Facade Decorations Qajar Buildings of Kashan City”, analyzed and classified the motifs of the exterior of Qajar buildings in Kashan. Zahra Mohammadi Moin (2013), in the master's thesis “Review and study of wall paintings of religious places in Kashan (late Safavid and early Qajar)”, has introduced religious places and investigated the aesthetics and stylistics of the murals of these places. Also, among the old books, we can mention the book Merat al-Qasan, which was written independently about Kashan, which was ordered by the ruler of Kashan, Jalaluddin Mirza Ehtesham al-Mulk, by Abdul Rahim Kalantar Zarrabi. Other examples are Kashan encyclopedia, which is about the Aryans and the Kashi people. Or the collection of the ups and downs of Kashan, which is narrated by others, as well as a collection of writings of travelers who traveled to Iran and described their memories. The findings showed that the plant motifs used in Kashan architecture can be classified into five categories: based on the way they are expanded(including Complete Motifs, Half Motifs, Quarter Motifs, and Repeated Motifs), style(Iranian-Islamic]abstract[,Western Naturalistic Motifs), expression of form (Life Tree, Cypress, Flowers and Pot, Medallion desing - Corner, Micro Motif as a monograph), combined motifs(The combination of plant motifs with animals, The combination of plant motifs with inanimate motifs) and performance technique (Painting, Stucco, Sarooj] water-resistant [mortar, mirror work.( These motifs include cypress trees, life tree, flowers and vase, micro motifs as a monograph, vine leaves, fruit, grape, wide leaves, flower and bush, rosette, artichoke leaf, small and big leaves, flowers and buds, palmetto leaves, ivy leaf. They are used in two realistic and non-realistic styles. Repeating patterns in the form of arabesque, khitan, medallion desing-corner, bouquet, fit the architectural space including the circular space under the dome, columns, the main bases, arch and half arch, and cornice. After Islam, Kashan progressed during the Seljuk, Safavid and Qajar eras due to the presence of Kashi ministers; its art and culture flourished due to the residence of artists and scientists, and among other things, the efforts of Amir Kabir during his chancellorship. Also, during the Qajar period, the traditional architecture of this city had a significant growth and development. The decorations used in Kashan buildings are influenced by ancient Iranian art, Sassanid art, the influence of Safavid period paintings such as realism and the influence of Qajar nobility due to its connection with the West. due to hot and dry weather of Kashan and lack of water and vegetation, the artists of this region tried to solve it by using plant motifs and introducing living nature around their living environment.

This research is conducted to answer the question, what are the factors affecting the health of urban residential areas based on traditional medicine? and it also answers these questions, whether the residential areas of Kashan are consistent with the criteria emphasized by traditional medicine? Which urban areas of Kashan are suitable for choosing the location of health-oriented housing? The aim of this research is to determine the health level of residential areas in Kashan city based on the knowledge of the climatic, natural, and artificial environment, relying on the results of traditional medicine documentation and also to provide an example of the method of applied studies on an urban scale to achieve health-oriented residential areas. The research is case study in the city of Kashan, which was done with a descriptive and analytical method. According to the findings, traditional medicine for the location selection of urban residential areas, knowledge of factors such as climate including latitude, altitude, winds, land type, mines, natural waters, and how to organize buildings to adapt to the climate (as natural and artificial substrate) and considers the characteristics of the city's residents necessary. To determine the health level of residential areas, first, the climatic conditions, natural and artificial effects of the city, and the healthiness of the air should be checked, and then the efficiency of the structure of residential blocks should be evaluated and solutions for improving the health of the residence should be proposed. The most important environmental factors that reduce the health level of residential areas of Kashan are hot and dry air in hot seasons, the fine dust in spring and summer, pollutants in autumn and winter, and the extroverted structure and the one-way openness of residential blocks. The health-oriented solutions of residential areas are: adapting the structure of urban passages to the passage of surface water, tilting of residential blocks based on taking advantage of the health-oriented conditions of wind and sun, the centrality of open space in the structure of the block and the elevation of residential blocks to reduce external openings and immunity from dry and polluted air. The results of the analysis show that the highest level of health in the city of Kashan, based on the sum of physical factors in architecture and urban planning, is in the traditional context and gardens of Dasht Fin, and the lowest level is in the southeastern context of the city. In general, the level of health in the architecture and urban planning of Kashan is medium to healthy.

Cinema and architecture are both art forms in which space is a significant component, and both express their temporality through space. In cinema, space can serve as the main character. This research aims to study the phenomenological meaning of “house” from a cinematic perspective. The unforgettable houses in cinematic experience are imaginative buildings that can transfer the con-sensory experience to the audience. This study takes a qualitative approach and uses the descriptive-analytical and phenomenological methods. The research data collection tools are; documentary studies and personal interview with the film's director. What makes the main pillar of this article is the concept and the manner of residing in the house as the first spatial experience. Cinematic space can be viewed as a space through which the existential nature of the house can be reliably perceived by human senses of sight, hearing, and touch. While analyzing the meaning and concept of the house in the cinematic architecture of the Chess of the Wind (Mohammadreza Aslani), which was based on the theories of Christian Norberg Schultz and Juhani Pallasmaa, the dramatic meaning of physical and non-physical elements of space is investigated. The location of this film possesses an exclusive position and shows the manner and the moods of characters of the film. Due to previous knowledge of the director and scene decorator of the location, the house has gained an element of identity and individuality in the film. This movie is written based on place. Analyzing the architecture and spatiality from a phenomenological perspective allows the audience to come to a robust conclusion; namely if the filmmaker personally conceived the nature of residential phenomena, his films are the products of his experiences and the audience could conceive, decode and experience these points in his own turn. The experiences of the director possess a determinant role in affecting the meaning of the place. When the director has written the script based on familiar locations, he can define and coordinate the characters in his preferred spaces. In this movie, the house for the sake of its residents has lost its real meaning and has turned to a precious consignment for attaining a position of power. The characters are introduced according to the territories they occupy and the share of natural light they receive. Thereby, each character understands space in a different way. None of the characters is regarded as the main character, and the central character, the house, becomes the residents' plaything. This is the house that quarrels with the characters and evicts them because of their lack of harmonious relationship. The house becomes an active place during the narrative, an outstanding Qajar house whose perspective at the end of the film is designed in order to make a viewer want to live in it. The house's residents have ceased living in the house and have also ceased living in order to own it.

Today, residential buildings account for a wide range of urban landscape in a way that most people are exposed to it. Façade is the first and most influential part of the residential environment that establishes a close visual link with users and passers-by, on arrival or the time of passage. In addition to evoking pleasant feelings, it can affect the users’ health and vitality. The constituent elements of building facades affect behavioral and psychological methods and patterns of the environment users. Advances in technology and the emergence of tools to capture and record brain signals made neurology help designing and building in the area of architecture and urbanism and also understanding other sciences.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the geometry and the percentage of windows in the facades of residential houses on the human brain when dealing with buildings; this purpose uses laboratory methods to record the brain signals using an electroencephalogram device when displaying the designed facades, so that we can design a facade compatible with the human brain and nervous system. In this study, to understand the brain activities of subjects when dealing with different windows and their effect on the activity of their brain signals, in the laboratory, using electroencephalogram device, brain activities of 10 male and female were recorded when displaying various windows; and finally, analyzing them with MATLAB and EEGLAB software, it was observed that the various windows have different effects on brain signals so that brain activity of windows with curved and orthorhombic lines show a significant difference with windows having steep angles such as triangular and sternum windows. For this purpose, the brain signals of 11 men (18 to 37 years old) and women (20 to 32 years old) were recorded by electroencephalography (64 channel electrodes) while showing the windows on the screen located in front of subjects (50 cm). It should be mentioned that the facades appeared on the screen were modeled with sketch up software. So, 24 facades were created and each facade was displayed 5 times to users The EEG signals were used in different frequency bands: delta (0.5-3 Hz), theta (3-7.5 Hz), alpha (7.5-13 Hz), beta (13-31 Hz), and gamma (31 -100 Hz) frequencies. Hence, The collected scores were used to analyze the electroencephalographic (EEG) signals for each behavioral dimension in the tetha, alpha by means of time-frequency analysis and topographic statistical maps have been produced. We also used a notch filter to remove eye-blinking artifacts and the 50 Hz noise, respectively. Finally, by analyzing the signals using the software, it was observed that different windows have different effects on brain signals so that activity of brain for windows having curved lines and rectangular shape shows a significant difference with brain activity while looking at windows that have sharp angles and zigzag like triangular windows. For example, in facades with combined openings, the combination of windows with square geometry with a 45% windows level is more unpleasant compared to the combination of square and arch windows.

An Iwan is the most prominent architectural element of Yazd houses. Qajar houses in Yazd city have the most examples of Qajar houses with south iwan compared to other cities of Iran located in hot and dry climate. The purpose of this study is to investigate the different characteristics of the iwan and to express how it is shaded in Qajar houses in Yazd. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the characteristics of Iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What factors influenced the iwans in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd during the Qajar period? - What is the climatic plan (shading) of the porch in the architecture of residential buildings in Yazd in the Qajar period? One of the climatic solutions to achieve thermal comfort in hot and dry climatic cities such as Yazd was to use shade and reduce the effects of sunlight. Due to the climatic conditions and the formation of the historic city of Yazd, the iwan element was used to create shade and thermal comfort. As a result, the iwans in the Qajar houses of Yazd were located in the southwest, southeast and south, respectively. Meanwhile, the location of the iwan on the south side has the highest efficiency and the most shading in the summer revolution, and it seems that other reasons have been effective in the formation of houses in Yazd, which have taken precedence over shading.

The concept of the general and general economic lifestyle is a comprehensive and coherent ‎collection that fosters social, cultural, and social components and is influential in the ‎formation of behavioral patterns, mental tendencies, and the life atmosphere of the people ‎of the society. Due to the fundamental changes in the structure of the community and the ‎way of life during the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period, a direct and substantial connection ‎between the way of life and the house's architecture. In this research, it is possible to study ‎and examine the course of its impact on the houses of the Qajar and the first Pahlavi period ‎in Tabriz city. has been prepared. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to know the ‎influencing factors of society on the process of changes in life and architecture in the ‎patterns of houses and to analyze and describe the differences. Thus, through a descriptive-‎interpretive method, through field and library observations, 45 houses from the Qajar and ‎Pahlavi period of Tabriz city where it was possible to visit and collect documents, there is a ‎selection and related investigations. In the next step, to achieve the goal of the research, the ‎spaces (Courtyard, Entrance, Porch, Howzkhaneh, Tanbi, Kallhei, and Stairs) in the houses ‎studied in the form of patterns of three physical systems (location, formal order, and access) ‎and the ways they together were compared. Examination of the findings showed that despite ‎the differences and changes that have gradually appeared in the houses of Tabriz since the ‎middle of the Qajar period, the houses of the Qajar period have a strong connection with the ‎traditions of the past and have a single spirit. In fact, it can be said that the process of ‎changing houses intensified from the end of the Qajar period and especially the first Pahlavi ‎period due to the change of government from Qajar to Pahlavi and the start of Reza Shah's ‎authoritarian modernization. These changes were first revealed in the houses' outer shell ‎and the house's non-main fronts and were gradually transferred to the house's main facades ‎and components and spaces. In other words, it first appeared in the form of decorations in ‎houses, and was done gradually by removing some spaces.‎

In the pattern of traditional courtyard houses, the courtyard forms the vital core of the house And based on material and spiritual needs and observance of hierarchy, traditional courtyards have been formed. It seems necessary to study the impact of geography and climate, society and culture, intellectual insights of the family system on the structure of buildings. Most of the textures of Iran's historic cities are traditional courtyard houses. These houses are in danger of being demolished, so it is vital to study the body of the yards. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the environmental and cultural impact of traditional courtyard houses on the main house space and entrance in the residential architecture of the cold and dry region of Hamadan. The importance of research is that the traditional courtyard houses of Hamedan have been part of the historical architectural identity of the country. Therefore, for conservation and modeling, their study is essential. Given the prevalence of cold climate in Iran, considering the design of buildings, which are significant consumers of fossil fuels, can reduce a large part of energy consumption. They are also considered for the preservation of culture and their realization in today's homes. In this research, the content analysis method and, with the help of data theory, open, axial, and selective coding method has been used. In sample analysis to produce meaning, descriptions are performed in open coding, comparison through axial coding, and pattern determination through selective coding, respectively. The strategy of this article in the analysis and judging stage is a quantitative and qualitative method. Climate Consultant climate software, Ashri 55 thermal comfort model, and Iranian climatic zoning studies have been used in the quantitative method. The main results show that in the study of climate change over 40 years, the number of months in which the comfort conditions have been established is less, and the months in which heating and cooling measures should be considered have reached their maximum duration. Two general categories of components in the field of culture, including Iranian architectural methods, cultural elements are considered effective in forming the architectural pattern of traditional courtyard houses In order to achieve climatic goals, it can be seen that Qajar and eclectic introverted species have a more favorable situation in terms of  receiving solar radiation, protection against adverse wind currents in the halls.