جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "public places" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

The non-responsive change of public places’ environmental qualities is one of the main problems of Iranian cities. Urban squares in Iranian cities were known as people friendly & beautified spaces which shaped through their place factors such as form and functions. Their environmental qualities including sociability, attractiveness, walkability, robustness and security were patronized through various place dimensions. The urbanism literature shows that insipid of contradiction between qualities & quantities of public spaces elements & settings in modern era in global level, it come to a responsive & optimized situation in post-modern & post- post modern era. Indeed, during a transformation period this contradiction have been solved out. But, this type of transformation has not generally occurred in the Iranian cities contexts, regarding this situation two type of questions can be addressed. 1- Why Iranian urban planners, designers & architects, as well as intellectual society have mainly have the nostalgia of past public places development traditions? 2- In specific, what was the environmental characteristics of public squares of Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in Qajar ear, in which their environmental or design qualities have been admired by some researchers and authors. Therefor, this research was aimed to explore two aspects of public squares in the case of Quarried Tehran area. Firstly, to explore to main squares of Qajar period Tehran. Secondly, to explores the main environmental qualities of these public spaces through place dimensions. The findings of this field and case study shows dramatics changes of environmental attribute in public squares of Qajar district of Tehran during about one century. The existing environmental attribute are against past characteristics, resulting non-responsive places specially regarding to people friendly norms.

Nowadays, cities are centers with high population density. Although the presence of public spaces and places in cities show their dynamism and vitality, the presence of a large number of people greatly increases their vulnerability. In such circumstances, the issue of prevention and reduction of risks due to unexpected events becomes highly important. Therefore, assessing the distribution of spaces and public places would be one of the most basic measures in the field of crisis management and passive defense. Hence, in the present study, by analyzing the location and distribution of public places in 114 districts of Tehran, these areas have been classified into 10 relatively similar clusters. In this descriptive-analytical research, the data was collected through documentary studies. Therefore, after collecting theoretical foundations, spatial analysis of some types of public places in Tehran was done using GIS software and then the data was analyzed using hierarchical clustering in SPSS software. The results indicate the unbalanced distribution of spaces and public places in the city of Tehran, which is an alarm for Tehran City managers and urban planners. In fact, the imbalance in the distribution of public places as well as the lack of spatial justice in access to services, increase of unnecessary travel, etc. are not compatible with the principles of passive defense. Thus, these circumstances make the city vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. Therefore, it seems that balancing the distribution of public places in the city should be on the agenda of planners and city managers as a key strategy.

Playing various diverse roles by rivers and their abundant quality values for humans and their habitats .Utilizing the competitive advantage of urban rivers according to a comprehensive planning and a holistic, multi-sectoral, intelligent, and creative management. Necessity of paying attention to the core characteristics of the rivers and their use as character shaping components of public places based on urban rivers in planning and design process

Rivers have been effective in the location, appearance, and development of settlements, everywhere including in Iran, and have offered them various qualities. The current problem of water in the country has emphasized the issue of water quality and health of rivers. However, simultaneous protection of rivers, response to the concern of how to handle them in the development of settlements, and utilization of this gift to the benefit of the public requires an identification of their dimensions, functions, and values with​​in different branches of science. Recognition of the importance of rivers, along with avoidance of an incomprehensive view in their planning, management, and exploitation, provides a collective consensus among the people, officials, and professionals, which paves the way for the use of rivers to improve the quality of life. 

By reviewing the functions, values, and qualities of rivers, while emphasizing the need for their protection, this study seeks to re-examine and re-emphasize their importance for settlements and their inhabitants and the need for comprehensive consideration of these natural phenomena. It also highlights the need to change attitudes toward rivers and avoid sectoral planning and management in different scales and systems of study, and indicates the importance of adopting a comprehensive view. In the context of urban design, the study explains the central role of rivers in distinguishing public places. Accordingly, the primary purposes of the research are to review and account for the functions, values, and qualities of rivers for settlements and to explain the dimensions of river-centeredness in cities and public places. The secondary purposes are to account for the different dimensions of urban rivers in accordance with the systems of study in different branches of science and to explain the necessity of adopting a holistic approach in confrontation with urban rivers. The review of the research literature indicates that most studies have examined aspects of the role and value of rivers along with their focuses. Specifically, domestic studies have not attempted to comprehensively investigate the issue, and involve minor references to certain functions or qualities of rivers. In addition, these studies have not examined the centrality of rivers in settlements and public places.

This developmental-applied research seeks to reform the attitudes and perspectives of urban management professionals and experts in river-related branches of science (including urban planning and design) and to note the importance of a holistic view for their protection and use by reviewing the roles and functions of rivers and their qualities and values for humans and settlements. In addition, the present study attempts to investigate the centrality of the river in public places that are based on this natural phenomenon. It is based on the empiricism paradigm and a qualitative approach, where the method of multi-case study is adopted to examine the status of theoretical concepts extracted from the literature in order to collect the necessary data for description, analysis, and comparison of the case samples along with field surveys.

The present study has examined the related literature including field surveys conducted in different Iranian cities with rivers, identified, formulated, and presented the roles and functions/values and qualities of the river as environmental/ecological, physical/spatial, functional, economic, social/cultural, perceptual and psychological, legal, geographical, and other systems of study, and shown the scopes of investigation of various branches of science for them. In addition, it has introduced the multiple dimensions of rivers and indicated the necessity of overhaul and metamorphosis treatment of rivers due to their multifaceted nature after provision of the required framework within river-related branches of science. On the one hand, the study has identified the items that can be inferred as differentiating factors in river-based public places using river characteristics with logical conclusions drawn from river roles/functions/values​​/qualities. On the other hand, the findings confirm that water and its effects and characteristics (i.e. the status of the river as basis) are the most important factors used for distinguishing river-centered public places from others. Therefore, it is necessary in the planning and design of such places to consider the central features of the river and use them as components that shape the distinct personality of the place. Thus, effectiveness of the river and river-centeredness in public places with rivers as basis at sustainable place-making requires particular concern for activity and attempt, function and use, climatic comfort, economic competitiveness, social interaction, identity and culture, energy supply, education and culture, landscaping, physical and mental well-being, self-actualization, pedestrianism, meaning creation, infrastructure, appearance and landscape, internal cohesion, external cohesion, and connection with the nature. 

Playing numerous, diverse roles, rivers provide many values ​​and qualities for the settlements involving them and their inhabitants. Although Iran is located mostly in arid and semi-arid climates, many of its settlements experience the presence of small and large rivers, permanent and seasonal. Taking advantage of this opportunity and enjoying such qualities and values ​​as a competitive advantage requires a well-codified, comprehensive plan and transcendental, intelligent, creative management. The results of the research demonstrate that most of the interviewees believe that the river can be used as a public place provided that the required training is offered to users, and proper planning, design, and maintenance is established under the supervision of the government and urban management as designated domains for the river free of the risk of damaging it. Potential applications of this research include the integration of planning, design, and management of rivers, sustainable place-making and reconstruction with a focus on rivers, revision of urban development documents, and revision of the relevant laws.

Abstract After the introduction of Islam into the Iran, The penetration and influences of the Shiite religion of Iranian culture become suddenly accelerated so that with time elapsion, it turned to a factor affective on the forming of various Iranian social and cultural customs . The increasing growth of these beliefs in Qajar community will become a vital motive for the formation of the folk arts because from nature viewpoint , the foundation of these arts relies upon religious beliefs and public thoughts . In this era for the first time ,artists could realize own religious beliefs via art tools at various fields . These images have been created with the purpose of focusing on the contrast of the devil and good concepts and conceptual comparison on it using different visual elements at various scenes . This paper aims to study the interaction of the created elements and the religious values in these paintings through studying the social factors affected by the folk art’s growth by Shiite themes. The paper’s findings sociologically show that due to expansion of Shiism in public in Qajar era, it led to promote religious themes in various styles of folk art painting and this paper has sufficed to study teahouse painting , dervish curtains , iconography and painting.