جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحقیق کیفی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

As research on different theories and hypotheses of different sciences unfolds, scientific research and its methods become more complex in its evolutionary path. The research method in any research can be very influential on the research results and their validity. One of the methods of qualitative research that uses inductive approach is grounded theory research method. This method starts from the raw data and goes towards forming the theory. At present, this method has been welcomed by various disciplines. What is important is how the underlying theory is implemented and operationalized during the research and its realization process. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to recognize the various aspects of the underlying theory and to apply it operationally by explaining the method in a sample so that the process of realization of the mentioned method can be clearly understood. First, some basic concepts, components, paradigms and epistemologies are introduced and then the research process based on this approach, including data collection and analysis methods, research tools, data analysis methods, model design and theory presentation, is presented. The methods of data management, validity, and usability and ethics of the research are also explained. Throughout this article and in each section, a case study with the theme of "Recognizing the Concept of Residence in Informal Settlements and Case Study of Mortezgerd Village" is introduced based on this method and is reviewed in detail by each specific section, until the practical realization of the theory method is investigated. The context is clearly understood. Finally, a summary of the implementation of the underlying theory approach is given in the last table. The most important steps in realizing the above method, emphasizing the research sample under consideration, assuming some overlap and their interactive properties as shown in Figure 6, are: theoretical background review, geographical clarification of the topic, in-depth research questions, conducting and coding of experimental interviews, Existence and Determination of Phenomenon, Initial Guide Formulation, Data Needed Sampling, Theoretical Sensitivity, Theoretical Sampling, Observation of a Process in Flow, Open Coding, Axial Coding, Selective Coding, Continuous Comparison, Data Query, Review of Analytical Notes, Presentation of the theory and its validation.

In the research for the desirability of the experience of “being at home,” a methodis required that would be capable of representing the specific features of the lived experience. The quality of lived experience unfolds at the simultaneous presence of the dweller and the physical form of the house; and in order for the specific lively experience to be perceived and then shared with others, the chosen method of research must respect the :::union::: of subject and object. This :::union::: is recognizable through different features of the “lived experience of home”, and they are introduced in this paper by studying the ideas of architectural phenomenologist sand utilized to define a suitable method for the interpretation and representation of the quality of that experience. In lived experiences, features such as the “unity of inner and outer time”, “tangibility” and “imagination” make narrative inquiry, which would preserve its lively experience, a suitable context for research. From information gathering to the final presentation, the research procedure isoutlined according to the main aspects oflived experiences and the specific quality of each spatial experience. Titled as “the narrative of home,” two types of narratives are introduced, both of which are concentrated on the role of place in the desirable lived experience. The first type is the narrative of home stated by dwellers and the other is the narrative of home stated by the researcher, each with its own strengths and limitations. Finally, this method was used in a case study of Tehran’s houses in the transitional period.

Grounded theory is one of the qualitative research methods that is considered for creating a theory from the reality in a holistic approach.
In fact, every research methodology is based on a set of epistemological principles that validate produced knowledge. Qualitative research methodology has been often explained by phenomenological epistemology in Persian texts. Although it can be true, grounded theory is explained in terms of pragmatism and symbolic interactionism lessons of its inventors. This study reviewed these two points of views in order to make a deeper understanding of grounded theory as a methodology.
Desk study and logical reasoning were applied for the study. The results show the ontological assumptions about the complexity of reality and relation of subjectivity and objectivity suppose knowledge as a part of it’s subject. These epistemological principles lead to the main principles of grounded theory: replacing samples by participators, growing from Part to whole, assuming researcher as the research tool.

Land use planning in Iran has been based on traditional detailed, comprehensive plans over the last half a century. A variety of studies and evaluations on these plans have indicated a general failure and called for reforms in terms of their content and methods. Present paper aims to find and investigate the causes of the failure to implement proposed urban land use plans with the hope that the results may be usefully direct relevant reforms.
The causes of the failure have indicated in previous studies but these are closely dependent on the professional experience of the researchers and none of them were methodologically systematic. Thus, this gap is addressed in the present paper. Unlike the previous body of research, the quantitative methodology adopted here is known as ‘grounded theory’. Required data was derived from depth interviews. Snowball sampling was employed, including 14 highly informed members from among city officials, planning counselors, professors.
Thus taking the problem as a phenomenon and using grounded theory can be useful in exploration of different causes and conditions. Grounded theory emphasizes direct engagement with real life situations in order to discover what is really going on and believes in the complexity of phenomena and human activities and those humans adopt activism in face of challenges. This theory is sensitive to dynamic, unfolding nature of events and seeks to know the corresponding relations between conditions (structure), action (process) and consequences. For this dilemma as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, employing grounded theory is more rewarding than other research methods. According to this theory, the main causes of failures in land use plans are recognized along with their relative importance.
Results revealed that some 11 different factors have been related to fail attempts directly, conveniently called causal conditions. The most important were the lack of realism and logical thinking in making plans and proposals (26.56%), unsystematic erroneous decisions and actions (14.06%), negative financial balances in municipalities and illegal profits earned from side stepping the proposed plans (14.06). Any reform in status quo must take into account these obstacles.
In order to clarify these themes divided into two parts. The first contains the problems related to urban plans procedure and content and the second related to problems of urbanization system and structure in Iran. The results indicate that totally 192 codes generate from interviews. Of this number, 69 codes (35.93%) related to plans and 123 codes (64.06%) related to system. Then, reformation and making changes in method and content of planning only couldn’t be enough.
In addition to above conditions, contextual conditions and sustain conditions are also revealed to be effective in this issue. Contextual conditions include major factors that lie outside the reach of urban administrative system. Therefore, urban administrative system may adopt two strategies: repair strategy or conformity strategy. The factors that help the existing situation remain unchanged are called sustain conditions and must be addressed seriously, otherwise, the present problems may continue and make us cope with consequences of inaction.

Children are different from adults in physical and psychological aspects. They use different physical spaces and facilities too and therefore they should be expected to experience different perception and evaluation of the environment rather than adult users. The existing study shows that designers, planners and psychologists have paid special attention to know how children and adults perceive and behave in their environments. However, the theories and observations have not been able yet to achieve a deep scientific response to understand children’s world. Children lack sufficient experience of various spaces. Therefore, it seems that examining the perceptive and cognitive capabilities of children with respect to space can yield better understanding and selection of the research methods. Meanwhile, it is important and necessary to understand the scientific methods of research on children, as prerequisites for selecting these methods. There is an extensive need to a valid and reliable approach, which may be named as “scientific approach”, in the mentioned field. The main objective of this article is to explore the way of scientific research is conducted on children subjects and to introduce some of the suitable framework and methods of environmental studies about children in hypothesized environments. Ideally, this manuscript would be able to respond to major questions associated with selection of suitable data collection and analysis methods, once the research problem and objectives in an environment of interest and the age group of interest were determined. Assuming that ability to carry out active discovery in an environment boosts the spatial perception of children, this article aim to clarify research in environmental studies of children, first by exploring the way spatial knowledge is obtained by children at various developmental stages. At the second step, the article introduces various scientific approaches within positivist (quantitative) and constructivism (qualitative) paradigms in the related environmental studies, in order to shed light on these approaches and show how they are subject to prejudice and subjective interpretation. Due to the importance of application of qualitative approaches in understanding the children’s world which can yield optimum understanding as a result of dialectic interaction of the environment with children’s minds. The article will finally present some of the qualitative methods of research which suitable for various developmental stages of children. The authors conclude that creativity in a research process depends on the application of mixed approaches and implementation ofa spectrum of research methods on children’s experiences, simultaneously. This will provide the opportunity for supplementary understanding, difficult to achieve by reliance on a single data collection method. The outcome of this article is a presentation of the typology of research methods in the mentioned issue.

Comparative analysis has a long background in various scientific, philosophical and artistic fields. One of the most important challenges in this kind of study is the selection of the appropriate approach and methoodology to do researches. In previous decades, in humanistic and artistic studies, because of the inability of “quantitative research” to find meaning and essence of every phenomenon, there was an increasing tendency toward qualitative research. In this article, in addition to a brief mentioning of the features of the aforementioned approaches, the functionality of phenomenology as one of the methods of qualitative approach will be discussed, empphasizing Husserl and Heidegger’s ideas in art researches. The result of research will show the potential of phenomenological criticism to analyze and study artistic works. Phenomenology attempts to find common points, continuity, substructure order and pattern and the return to the object itself will lead the art research to find the origins of meaning and various cultures. Moreover, the study of differences and varieties will provide the meeting point between various cultural horizons and will help to create new meanings.