جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pedestrian » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

In recent years, according to the increasing population and the growth of cities, the movement of people in the urban environment and access are among the key issues in the quality of urban spaces. In this regard, urban infrastructures and the spatial location of activities are particularly important as factors determining the way of travel, ease of transportation, and accessibility. Walking is the most natural way of moving citizens on city streets. Pedestrian movement is the most important way to observe the streets, and walking on the streets has a spatial identity, a sense of belonging, and receiving the qualities of the urban space. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the urban space capability of the Safaris pedestrian walkway in Ardabil city as a pedestrian route. Effective criteria in this regard are determined by analyzing the spatial quality of the route. In this regard, choosing the right policy to improve the position of pedestrians in the city and reduce the dominance of cars in the historical context of Sheikh Safi Ardabil, it has been tried, examining the quality and existing spatial features, the possibility of converting the pedestrian path of Sferis into a pedestrian axis (reducing traffic private cars, not their complete elimination) should be paid.
For this purpose, after introducing the historical context of Sheikh Safi and the axis under study, the quality of the Safaris sidewalk has been measured and evaluated with the help of documentary studies and survey methods (preparation and completion of a questionnaire by 383 passers-by and citizens). The results of the research show that the design and implementation of the Safaris sidewalk have been suitable for the quality of urban life and spatial quality in this field, aesthetic, urban view, flooring, urban furniture, human discovery, etc. However, despite the acknowledgment of passers-by to the favorable changes after organizing the axis as a pedestrian path, most of the respondents emphasized the problems such as traffic, low accessibility of citizens, and the local economy of that area. However, despite the acknowledgment of the pedestrians, it deals with better changes after the organization as a sidewalk; the problems related to the answers are given by the issues such as traffic, access to local areas, and the local economy of that area. As a result, this plan has not been able to answer all the issues in this field and it has caused dissatisfaction among some residents in this area. Identifying the existing weaknesses and redesigning with a comprehensive approach should be done in this plan.

For the sociability of public spaces, a wide range of components are considered, but the problem that exis ts is that little attention is paid to the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In examining the models presented for the sociability of public spaces in Iran, what has been less addressed by researchers is the provision of components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city. In such a way that it can be said that not much indigenous look has been done towards these components. In this regard, the mos t important goal of the current research is to analyze and explain the components affecting the sociability of public spaces and to examine their importance in the Iranian-Islamic city. The s tudy case of the research is the Ali Qapu pedes trian in Ardabil city, which is one of the mos t important Sociable public spaces of the city, which has been able to play a role in explaining the his torical and cultural identity of Ardabil. The current research is based on the purpose of the applied-developmental type and in terms of the method is of the descriptive-analytical type. The method of collecting data in this research is based on library-documentary s tudies and field s tudies in such a way that library-documentary s tudies (including books, articles and plans related to the research topic) have been used to compile the theoretical foundations. In order to inves tigate and evaluate the area of the research, field s tudies in the form of observation, interview and ques tionnaire have been used. In order to analyze the research data, after interviews and discussions and completing the ques tionnaires by 30 specialis ts in the fields of urban planning, architecture, sociology and res toration, ANP-Dematel integrated model and Spss and Super Decisions softwares were used. The research findings show that the components of "permeability", "inclusiveness", "sensory richness" and "privacy" are the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces. The final achievement of the research is the presentation of the four components of "privacy", "spatial simplification", "naturalism" and "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in the form of "value-normative" components and centered on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city in order to make public spaces sociable. Designers and urban planners can work more efficiently by considering these components. Components such as "Privacy" in providing a sense of peace and creating mental privacy for the users of the space, using the "Iranian-Islamic Facade" in order to show the identity of an urban space, "Naturalism" by creating greenery and freshness in the space, and "Spatial simplification" which can cause a better unders tanding and readability of the public space, they are one of the mos t important components of sociability of public spaces in Iranian-Islamic cities. Therefore, in order to design such spaces in the cities of the country, a revision should be made in the field of using their design components, and the components based on the social norms of the Iranian-Islamic city should be used in order to improve the sociability of urban public spaces.

Due to the growing population and increasing urbanization and human desire to be in cities, problems have been created about living conditions in the urban environment that urban planners sought to provide solutions to improve urban living conditions and introduce approaches such as smart cities. Pedestrian orientation is also one of the principles that can be applied in a smart city. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical of the applied type that the required data has been collected using the library data of valid articles. In this study, first, the desired indicators were extracted by the Goler method, then by Delphi method, 10 copies of questionnaires were completed by experts to determine the scores of factors, and by using the method of cross-impact analysis to analyze the effective components related to the pedestrian orbit. In the smart city. A total of 24 factors were finalized and finally factor analysis was performed with tables and graphs extracted from this software. The results of this study show that among the indicators and factors that were examined, the rate of use of non-motorized means of transport, separate pedestrian and bicycle path, variety of means of transport, the culture of using smart facilities, rate Scattered surface, pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, environmental density and diversity, cleanliness and environmental quality, desirable urban furniture are of special importance that should be paid special attention in the process of smart city planning and sidewalks.

In recent years, following the unprecedented expansion of cities and the increasing importance and role of cars in the city, the role of pedestrians in urban spaces has gradually faded. Pedestrian paths are the manifestation of civil life and the place of social encounters and the formation of social interactions. Today, pedestrian road construction projects are proposed in many cities as a solution to prioritize people. Many of these plans are carried out regardless of their possible consequences, and after the implementation of the plans, their negative and positive effects are revealed. In other words, the plans are implemented without study.In this research, we seek to investigate the physical, social and economic effects of the implementation of the health pedestrian plan of Ostad Shajarian, Shiraz. The current research is applied in terms of developmental goal and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of the research is all the people who are present in the footpath and its area of ​​influence. To analyze the qualitative components, a questionnaire was used and its results were analyzed using SPSS software. ROR method was also used to analyze quantitative components. The results show that Ostad Shajarian's Health Walk has been useful for the citizens of Shirazi, considering its current function and structure.

With the passage of time and social, economic and cultural changes in societies and the subsequent physical changes in cities, the physical body of cities has undergone many changes. during these changes, the primitive center of cities, as a historical wealth of human habitation in the past, has been neglected. The historical core of cities has valuable elements and spaces that, despite the sudden and inappropriate changes and developments of today's cities, have been formed slowly over time and according to human needs. The city of Sanandaj is no exception to this rule and, like other cities, has undergone changes and inattention to the historical context. The main purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of creating a meaningful relationship between historical monuments in the city's historic districts for pedestrianization and tourism within this area. The main question of the research is whether this is possible and how this connection can beestablished. The present research is in terms of applied-developmental purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method, the information of which has been collected through field surveys, library and documentary studies, etc. According to the studies, it can be said that the the historic urban quarters of Sanandaj city has the necessary potentials to create a pedestrian tourism network between its historical buildings through the existing network of passages. In this research, among the passages in this area, the most suitable routes and entrances of Baft have been identified to achieve the goals of the project, and then by defining various local projects, an attempt has been made to present a coherent plan for this area. Considering the pedestrian approach in the research, passages in both urban and local scales in three categories of sidewalks, paved passages and intra-local pedestrian tourism passages have been proposed.

This article, with the aim of changing an urban space into an urban place, measures the role of "walkability" in the sense of the place that it causes. The article tries to find how and to what extent the increase of walkability may develop and make the place more meaningful within the area.The research method is based on a case study in which the qualitative and quantitative data has been gathered through observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires. The efficient responses are assessed by the consensus of professionals, statistical documents as well as people’s opinions and field observations. Reviewing the urban design literature, the aspects of the place, as well as “walkability” factors are analyzed and three aspects, nine dimensions, and 23 measures are suggested to assess streets’ walkability. Information for each measure has then gathered through questionnaires and the entire outcome about research questions are statistically analyzed. Thus, both qualitative and quantitative methods are used together in this research.Based on a Likert-type scale each criterion, addressed by each question, is rated from one to five that one equals the most acceptable, and five equals the worst. The survey also includes the SWOT analyses (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) addressing all questions. So, these diagrams again provide the ability to compare the qualitative measurement with the quantitative results of questioners. Based on this research, increasing the behavioral aspects of the studied streets will have the highest impact to balance the place quality. Pedestrianized streets have shown more balanced behavioral patterns, particularly in optional dimensions. Therefore, this research uses, for the first time, Jan Gehl’s model of triple behaviors, optional, social, and functional in order to define walkability.This research concludes that the increase of walkability means the enhancement of place aspects that balance the physical and non-physical aspects of a place. It recommends walkability as the main factor to evaluate urban development plans in historic zones. The sense of a place perceived by people who walk within the cities is one of the imperative factors which must not be neglected.

The Covied-19 Pandemic showed the vulnerability of cities in their current state and revealed one of the strongest stimuli for the need for radical rethinking in Urban Planning. One of the theoretical approaches that has been considered by many cities in developed countries is the 15-Minute City Approach. density, proximity to complementary and consistent functions are its basic principles.

The purpose of this article is to study the concept of a 15-Minute City, identify the components of achieving it and feasibility study of the adaptation this approach in Iranian cities as a post-pandemic urban planning approach. As a case study, Mehrshahr, Karaj has been studied.

It is applied research that is applied descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of access to index uses, the analysis of the pedestrian network in GIS software was used and using SWOT and QSPM techniques to determine and prioritize strategies for future development. The study area in the direction of the city was 15 Minutes.

The lack of functional diversity (vacuum in educational, religious and medical uses) and the lack of path continuity and very poor flooring for pedestrians are important issues in this area to adapt to the 15-Minute City approach.

Ensuring the safety and security of pedestrians and cyclists, providing infrastructure and services required for pedestrians and cyclists, applying the principles of mixed and multiple land use and balanced distribution of services are the most important strategies proposed.

One of the most important issues in environmental psychology is the effect of physical environment characteristics on human behavior. The qualities created by architectural design can reinforce some desirable behavioral patterns and equally detrimental to some destructive behavioral patterns. Therefore, examining how these qualitative components affect the current spaces and the resulting behaviors can help to better design future spaces. One of the most important uses of today's architecture, which almost all people deal with in their daily lives, is commercial spaces. Studies show that how to deal with spatial qualities such as inevitability, legibility, enclosure, etc. is provable on the behavioral patterns of users of these spaces. Meanwhile, "permeability" is one of the qualities that is considered constantly in the emergence of the desired environment required by users of commercial spaces and the theory of "responsive environments" also discusses the two aspects of visual permeability and physical permeability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the indicators of achieving the quality of permeability in the design of commercial spaces that affect user’s behavioral patterns.

The main research questions are: What are the criteria for measuring permeability in both physical and visual dimensions in commercial space architecture? 2- What are the most common current patterns of behavior in commercial spaces? 3- What is the relationship between the repetitive patterns of behavior and the quality of permeability in commercial spaces?

Therefore, in the course of conducting research, two spaces were selected in Qazvin city which were similar in terms of construction time, scale and location. Mehromah commercial Complex a linear plan was compared with Alborz commercial Complex with a concentrated plan. Both of those commercial centers have a main entrance from the main street and a side entrance from the side aisle. Behavioral plans in these two samples were collected by field survey and direct observation, photography and tracking method in two activity categories: "pause" and "movement". Therefore, the basic findings were extracted by analytical-comparative comparison of behavioral and physical aspects in the discussed samples.

Results are: Equipment and facilities (elevators, ATM., etc.) enter the role of interfering factors in the behavioral patterns of commercial centers. Accumulation and stopping in these areas, while affecting the movement and pause maps, have nothing to do with the physical characteristics of the space. In other words, users can access them wherever they are. Specifically, in the event of stronger visual marks, users' presence, pause, and optional pause will be intensified. The behavioral pattern of pause in commercial centers, including standing and sitting, shows a significant relationship with the physical and visual components of permeability. The behavioral pattern of movement also has a significant relationship with users' motivation and purpose. On the other hand, the greater the number of motion options, the greater the level of permeability and this slows down people's movement in space and consequently draws more attention to their surroundings. The type of route also affects people's speed of movement. On steep paths (ramps), people's speed increases and the number of people who pause is very small. The overall results of this research show that spatial patterns that are visually more permeable have led to the formation of more stable behavioral patterns. Therefore, they are closer to creating the desired environment and meeting the needs of users. Knowing these multiple aspects can provide new perspectives on space quality analysis and the opportunity for the desired behavioral base to occur. Therefore, in designing spaces, it is better to pay more attention to the visual hierarchy and strengthen it instead of the movement hierarchy.

AbstractOne of the most important indicators in the urban standard is attention to the physical and social characteristics, which is one of the most important factors in explaining these indicators to the principles of pedestrian standard in urban sidewalks. Therefore, in this study, the status of pedestrian capability criteria in Shamsabad neighborhood of Malayer city has been investigated. The method of data collection was a questionnaire and data analysis was performed according to the two-variable correlation method and two Pearson criteria and Friedman test. Findings indicate that Shamsabad Malayer neighborhood has created many problems in terms of landscape, environmental quality and low physical standards. For this reason, it can be said that the most important issue to improve the current situation and bring the conditions of Shamsabad neighborhood of Malayer closer to a standard pedestrian axis, is to create active 24-hour uses along with creating space inside this route. Also, attention should be paid to the universality of the route, ie the provision of access facilities for the disabled, children, women and etc.Keywords: Pedestrian, urban standards, social index, Malayer cit

Walking is one of the basic needs and capabilities of every human being that rapid urbanization and lack of attention to pedestrians in urban design and planning and focus on car-based planning in Iran's metropolises has been neglected. Man, as the main actor of space and the creator of the city, is forgotten in the planning of the modern age and in contrast to the tendency of urban planners often to car-oriented planning, pedestrian strategy to reduce environmental pollution, increase vitality in urban spaces, protect historical and valuable areas and Their improvement was used by the urban planning system of most countries of the world. Promoting walking, in addition to easy access to urban services and needs, also provides a boost to tourism and business activities. District 12, as the historical heart of Tehran, is a space that has a high potential for tourism, and the extra-regional services of the bazaar also attract a large number of pedestrians daily. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the ability to walk and the indicators related to its improvement. The objectives of the research include measuring the degree of desirability and shortcomings of the streets in terms of pedestrian capacity. This study, by comparative field observation method, has examined and ranked the walkability of zones one and two of this area, which includes the neighborhoods around the market, and has provided suggestions for improving its quality. The results obtained through research and scoring metrics on the streets show that District 2 is superior to District 1 in terms of the implementation of study plans and pedestrian-centered.

Following the industrial revolution, the development of urbanization, and the expansion of cities, the oldest form of human movement, i.e. walking, was replaced with the use of automobiles. Therefore, the ease of traverse for pedestrians around cities is less significant now than a century ago. Today, there is a growing interest in enhancement of walking habits in urban areas in order to reduce pollution and other problems associated with motor transportation and to improve public health. Therefore, the issue of walking habits has been included on the agendas of many cities. Highlighting its significance, a large number of studies have been conducted around the world and in Iran over the past few decades to address the issue. The increasing trend in the past decade in the publication of high-quality articles addressing the topic of pedestrians demonstrates its importance and the expert concern for it in the field of urban planning and design. The present article aimed to investigate the issue of pedestrians quantitatively and qualitatively, analyzing and interpreting research published in Iran as high-quality articles and to avoid unnecessary replication in the field. It involved meta-synthesis, using encoding to analyze and interpret previous studies. Thisprovided a valuable opportunity for researchers to access an overview of the existing research activity, which could be very useful and effective in definition of research projects and adoption of new orientations on specific topics. The present paper resulted from an investigation of 80 high-quality articles focused on pedestrians, and sought to draft a vision on pedestrian research by studying the structures and contents of relevant high-quality Persian papers. The results of the research indicated that the volume of pedestrian research has been growing rapidly in the past two decades, with orientations toward walkability and footpaths. In most articles focused excessively on footpaths, however, promotion of walkability in cities to a basic level with the aim of improving quality and meeting the needs of citizens has been neglected. In fact, pedestrian research should be focused not only on expansion of footpaths but also on flexibility in promotion of the basic principles of walkability and, consequently, the desire to walk around cities, of which footpaths are only a part. The most important issues found through a review of the existing pedestrian studies include the unnecessary replication of the contents of pedestrian research, repetitive selection of case studies, application of inconsistent terminology, and lack of concern for particular target groups including children, women, and the disabled. The review also indicated that the majority of the studies had been conducted only at the micro-scale (sidewalk-street), and no mention was found of other types of space used for pedestrians, such as neighborhoods. Many articles have dealt with the issue of pedestrians in isolation, while pedestrian studies are part of the research on transportation systems, and need to be linked to investigations of other modes of transportation. Finally, the most common topics associated with the issue of pedestrians were extracted, including activity-behavior, vision and perspective, social issues, environmental qualities, safety and security, health, and tourism. Thus, future research will need to disregard repetitive topics and focus instead on other relevant, influential issues in the area.

Pathways as one of the striking elements of landscape perceptions play an important role in promoting social and cultural activities in society. Such a role helps the audience perceives the landscape and then saves the collective and individual memories. This way is not merely a route from point 1 to point 2 to go, it goes beyond the elemental role of the origin-destination. Pedestrian pathways present important images of the landscape. The goal of way isn’t only having beginning and destination, but also perception happens on the path and the destination is meant by that.The location and development of the city of Tehran in the range of Alborz Mountains, the historical, natural and topographical potential of this establishment have made these landscape edges play an important role in the interactions of the people with this landscape and formation of its identity. for Tehran. Bam-e-Tehran's pedestrian pathway in the northern part of Tehran's area 1 is one of the most important pedestrian pathway outside the city in the mountainous pure nature that focuses on perception of the nature and the city. This path is a combination of natural and interactive features which has created a communal space that has inherited some parts of its identity from the city and the other parts from nature.in fact it made a connection among the audience's perception, nature and the city. The leading research first reviews the types of pedestrian pathways, its characteristics and perceptions of the users, and then analyzes the landscape layers of Bam-e-Tehran's walking way as a natural-social roadway.

Today, walking is one of the missing links in urban life. Thus, it is required to review the form and structure of today’s streets, which is a great concern for the urban experts and citizens. Therefore, it is crucial to consider urban pedestrians and find solutions to promote urban environmental quality of life and to promote citizens’ satisfaction with the environment. The city of Sareyn is not an exception. Given the climatic conditions of Sareyn and its high traffic, it cannot attract tourists and residents. These circumstances may pose an obstacle to the development of Sareyn in terms of tourism. Thus, constructing pedestrian walkways could facilitate the revitalization and development process of the city. As a result, this research aims to introduce significant factors in constructing pedestrian walkways in Sareyn, which will be a suitable background to guide the development process of the city.

This paper applies the path analysis method to determine the factors affecting the construction of pedestrian walkways in Sareyn. The results of regression analysis method for direct effects indicate that about 64% variance in pedestrian walkways is likely to be explained by research indicators. Variables of walkways and transportation, security, economic functions and urban services and facilities are more significant than other variables in predicting the dependent variable. The second and later stages of the path analysis method measures indirect effects. The results of these stages show that the effect of urban services and amenities on the construction of a pedestrian walkway is 46.3%, it is 11.4% for the transportation criterion, 11% for economic performance, 3% for the socio-cultural criterion and 18.1% for the security factor. Sum of the direct and indirect effects of the independent variables on constructing pedestrian walkways shows that the most effective factor in Sareyn city is related to “Walkways and Transportation” factors. Walkways and transportation affect the dependent variable directly by 0.362% and indirectly by 0.091%. Other effective factors in order of importance are security, urban services and facilities, economic, socio-cultural and geographic functions.

Path analysis method was used to determine the effective factors on making pedestrian walkways in Sareyn, as a pole of tourism in Iran. Due to the multiplicity of factors, multiple regression test was performed. The direct effects were analyzed in the first step and then the indirect effects were calculated. In the first step, it was observed that research factors explained pedestrian walkway construction by 64%. The most significant factors in this stage were urban services and facilities, transportation, security, socio-cultural and economic functions. The most significant indirect factors were determined to be geographic factors with an indirect path and security with two indirect paths. There were 5 direct and 8 indirect paths in this research. Finally, the most important factors were walkways and transportation, followed by security, urban services and facilities, economic, socio-cultural, and geographic factors. The results show that the improvement of the above factors would make good conditions for constructing pedestrian walkways. Furthermore, the improvement of these factors would have a positive effect on the number of pedestrians using walkways. Finally, improvement of other factors would also have such effects.

Industrial revolution, urban growth and population increase have greatly affected the area of cities and have caused a staggering increase in the number of automobiles and streets built to facilitate automobile movement. One of the most important problems in urban streets is pedestrian-vehicle interaction at crossings which is a substantial concern for citizens. Installing footbridges has been supported by related organizations in Iran to solve this problem and increase walkability of the streets. In brief, walkability is the attraction level of places for pedestrians’ presence. Based on the opinion of many urban authorities, footbridge is one of the mobility facilities in crossing the streets. Bridges were used to cross the barriers since a long time ago. However, they were built for avoiding automobiles on the streets and their design were upgraded since about half a century ago. This applied research seeks to comparatively evaluate footbridges and pedestrian crossing in relation to walkability. For this purpose, Karim Khan-e-Zand Street in District 6 of Tehran, between Valiasr Square and Haft-e-Tir Square, was selected as the case study. It is a mechanized footbridge at the intersection with Hafez Street. An ordinary (non-mechanized) footbridge has been installed on it at the intersection of Kheradmand Street. The article is based on the analytical-descriptive method. The Analytic Network Process (ANP) is used to evaluate the findings. After studying the theoretical concepts of research through a documentary-library method, appropriate criteria for walkability assessment are weighted by the Delphi method and field data is collected through survey method using questionnaires distributed among 150 citizens. The obtained data was analyzed by Super Decision software package. Three options were considered for citizens to evaluate footbridges in terms of walkability of Karimkhan-e-Zand Street in Tehran: using non-mechanized footbridges, mechanized footbridges and pedestrian crossing. The findings show that security and safety, mobility, accessibility, and physical conditions are respectively more important than other criteria in selecting footbridges for crossing the street. Furthermore, the least important criteria are attraction and comfort of the path and its maintenance quality, respectively. Among the sub-indicators related to security and safety of paths, crime-related security and presence of others were selected as the most effective ones. The length of path is the most important factor while the slope and topography are the least important factors related to the physical condition of the path. Path lighting in night was selected as the most important sub-indicator related to facilities. Also, path continuity and ease of mobility can be referred to as the most important factors among sub-indicators of movement and accessibility. Finally, with regard to the walkability of streets, despite the opinion of urban managers, level crossing with a score of A=0.36 is more favorable than footbridges, and mechanized footbridge with a score of B=0.33 is more desirable than non-mechanized footbridges with a score of C=0.30. Therefore, it seems that a fundamental review is required in the current trend of development of footbridges in Iran.

Main objective of this paper, derived from a research conducted at the Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center, is to provide practical guidelines for “Design criteria for Handicapped-2nd Edition”. There are persons with disabilities in all over the world with different levels of disabilities. The number of persons with disabilities in the world is large and growing. The term “disabled person” means any person who is unable to meet the necessities of a normal individual and/or social life by himself or herself, wholly or partly, as a result of a deficiency, either congenital or not, in his or her physical or mental capabilities. Adequate space should be allocated for persons using mobility devices, e.g. wheelchairs, crutches and walkers, as well as those walking with the assistance of other persons. Universal design refers to broad-spectrum ideas to produce buildings, products and environments that are inherently accessible and comfortable
for users of all abilities, ages and sense, including older people, blinds, children, people without disabilities, and people with disabilities. An accessible environment is one which a disabled person can enter and make use independently or with help from a partner or assistant, including being able to escape in sudden emergency accidents like fire. Nowadays,
accessibility and universal design for urban environment is an important issue for the governments. The barriers for different disability groups varied greatly. Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. The pedestrian environment includes sidewalks, curb ramps, crosswalks, bus stops, signs, and street furniture. Designing the pedestrian for universal access enables persons with disabilities to live independently and lead full, enriched lives; they are able to go to work and to school, to shop, and otherwise engage in normal activities. Moreover, walking environments that accommodate people with disabilities improve walking conditions for everyone. In the recent years, the Municipality of Tehran has actively capitalized to pedestrians which are adapted for people with physical and movement disability, especially the blinds but the success rate is not high. Disabled people with requires level, clearly need easy access
and careful attention in the design and placement of pedestrians. Therefore the walking environment should be safe, inviting and accessible to people of all ages and physical abilities and seamlessly connect people to places. It should be continuous, with complete sidewalks, well-designed curb ramps, and well-designed street crossings. Providing these requirements would also satisfy the needs of all other users, especially older people, people with heavy shopping/young children, and people with temporary impairments or low levels of fitness.Therefore, the following two questions arise:1- What are the reasons to undesirability of the adapted urban pedestrians?
2- Which are the practical or suitable solutions for improving measures?
To answer the above questions, based on the descriptive-analytical methods supported by theoretical studies, data collecting, case studies (Regions 2,3 and 6), and evaluation of the challenges and obstacles in the urban pedestrians available in Tehran we try to explore the possibility of providing effective and relevant solutions for the current design
and adaptation of urban walkways. Finally, based on the research results, specific operational details were presented to prevent any personal preference perceptions of the existing regulations by executives as well as to provide coordination in the design and implementation of regulations on urban pedestrians, which is a factor to achieve personal independence and social rights. The results of this study revealed that despite the recent attention by authorities and planners, unobstructed, independent, safe and comfortable pedestrians are not yet accessible for all disabled people.

Wind is one of the climatic factors which can be affected by the urban development. Wind speed, wind direction, air pollution, rain, radiation and daylight are all examples of physical aspects that constitute the outdoor climate, and that are changed by the presence of the buildings. The change of these quantities depends on the shape, size, and orientation of the building and on the interaction of the building with the surrounding buildings and other obstacles such as trees etc. In particular near high-rise buildings, high wind velocities are often produced at pedestrian level that can be experienced as uncomfortable or even dangerous situations. The wind speed at pedestrian level results from the complex wind flow pattern around a building. Studies of pedestrian wind environment consequently involve the study of building’s aerodynamics in general. Pedestrian comfort in sidewalks, entrances, plazas, and terraces is often an important design parameter that needs to be considered by the building owner and architect. Assessment of the acceptability of the pedestrian-wind environment is desirable during the project design phase so that modifications can be made, if necessary, to improve areas found to be excessively windy. Therefore, the design of a building should not only focus on the building envelope and on providing suitable indoor environment, but should also include the impact of the design on the outdoor environment. The outdoor environment of a building, in particular in terms of wind, has received relatively little attention in the building physics community. Most investigations were based on wind tunnel experiments and the building configuration being most extensively studied is two square-plan building models placed in different relative positions. Earlier studies used rigid models where mean wind pressures and wind forces were measured. Dynamic behaviors are important for tall buildings so that in later studies, wind-induced dynamic response and loading of buildings were investigated. The aim of the present paper is twofold: it is an attempt (1) to stimulate the interest of the building physics community for the problem of wind nuisance around buildings, (2) to indicate the need for further research efforts. The present paper addresses building physicists and focuses on the outdoor wind environment for pedestrians. For this aim, first the typical wind flow pattern around buildings and the related wind environment at pedestrian level are discussed. Second, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations of building aerodynamics have been performed. A numerical model based on the compressible flow equations has been used to simulate the pedestrian wind fields around the programmed tall buildings in Sahand neighborhood located in Eastern Azarbaijan, Iran. Since numerical model can provide the detailed flow field data, it has a great advantage compared with the wind tunnel experiment in evaluating the wind impacts on pedestrian and other environmental issues accurately. By modeling parallel buildings with a passage in between in four different shapes and comparing the results with Beaufort scale, we could improve the wind situation at pedestrian level.

Increase the volume of presence and traffic of automobile in the city and traffic congestion in the main street of cities cause to Humanitarian cities issue By increasing the walkability and pedestrian mobility attention to the contribution of the transport system Placed on the agenda of planners and urban planners. during the day walking paths and hiking Lightened by natural light experience a comfortable, safe and enjoyable for you. But during the night, the artificial lighting techniques that must walk with maintaining standards, the environment and priorities for the specific needs of pedestrians, turned. Several factors create a perfect lighting for a safe and attractive walking are effective. In this study, safety factors, personal safety and attractiveness as the most important factors in improvement to walk and citizens have been examined. Qom city due to cultural and geographic characteristics of specific has The potential to attract pedestrians, especially late at night That should use maximum potential And prepare environment and urban landscapes to best for citizens walking. The people of these cities, often in the dark hours of air and sun to your everyday tasks such as shopping, recreation and hunts. This special potential, the need to provide appropriate conditions for the citizen's quality of urban space even more enjoyable. On the other hand, walking is always an option as the most desirable handling and transportation Urban spaces are known. Therefore, improvement to pedestrian routes and encouraging citizens to walkability requires an efficient and quality lighting is Therefore, in this study the role of lighting in the quality of citizens has been part of the walk. The research is descriptive, analytical and survey data were collected through interviews and questionnaires distributed among the citizens of the city of Qom is done and SPSS software was used for data analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of lighting in improving the quality of walking trails citizens; Other objectives of this study examines the role of lighting in personal security and physical safety and increase the attractiveness of landscapes and walking paths noted. he sample size according to the number of pedestrians using the walk In the desired time by using the Cochran And taking a 80 percent probability of accuracy of speech adjective and 96.1 and 5% probability of error was estimated at 190 Which would increase the reliability of results, rose to 195 people. The results of this study showed that If special attention to lighting, hiking trails and strict implementation of the agenda improvement programs to urban space, especially in cities subjected desert climate We can also improve the quality of urban life, plays an important role in enhancing security, safety and attractiveness played sidewalks and walking the grounds enhance the quality and increase the participation of citizens in urban space.

Open spaces and pathways are areas of urban environment that a part of the social life of the citizens and inhabitantsof a town flows in there. Therefore, it is important to design thermal comfort, make a chance for safe, comfortableand stable life at such spaces, especially in hot and dry climates with hard and harsh environmental conditions ofthese regions. Through many of the urban land uses, the universities are spaces that placed buildings and differentuses within its own. Thus, in order to make the appropriate weather and climate conditions for students, it's veryimportant to design of open spaces and pathways between the buildings such as pathways among colleges,residence halls, rest areas, and also places to pause. The present paper considering the importance of designof open spaces in this place, and aims to evaluate the thermal conditions of pedestrian streets and open spacepathways, and also to identify factors contributing in creating the appropriate microclimate in such spaces, dealwith the following questions:- How open spaces thermal comfort indices can improve the design of pedestrian pathways?- Is it possible to determine the thermal status of pedestrian streets by using the field sampling?- What approaches should be considered in design of open spaces for thermal comfort?The present study includes two parts: the first part is the collection of information based on field study and thesecond part is the analysis and evaluation of collected data. The field sampling was carried out in one of thecrowded pathways at the University of Kashan, located in Ravand region, at the peak of summer heat and wintercold - on December 13 and 14, 2012 and June 22 and 23, 2013- at four times, in morning, noon, evening andnight, by mobile meteorological devices that are able to sample temperature, humidity, wind and air pressure data.The selected direction, connect the entrance door to colleges, restaurant, mosque and male residence halls. Theweather conditions were compared in different parts of the path, after transfer of the obtained data from the fieldsampling to related tables by using the Excel program. Furthermore, thermal status of these points was evaluatedwith the help of most recent evaluation index of outdoor thermal condition that is called Universal Thermal ClimateIndex, and was compared with the psychometric graph with thermal zone defined by the mentioned index.The results obtained from these graphs besides indicate thermal condition of the path, determine requirementsof each point to reach optimal weather conditions. In addition, the results show that the available elements of theenvironment and its architectural space design how much is impressive in microclimate condition of the area. At theend, a general framework and appropriate solutions is provide for better organizing of the open spaces in the formof two crossing spaces and pause spaces by comparing the mentioned pathway with climate compatible pathwaysof the historical context of Kashan and by using the techniques applied in their design.... Keywords: Open Space Design, Radiant Temperature, Universal Thermal Climate Index, Pedestrian, OpenSpace Thermal Comfort