جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اختلال هویت جنسی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Gender identity disorder describes the condition when a person identifies with a gender different from the birth-assigned sex. The cause of this disorder is still unknown, but it is believed that biological variables can play a role in its creation and development. The diagnosis of this disorder is currently based on interviews and clinical criteria, but the presence of biological evidence, especially since it is anatomically and objectively visible, is very effective in confirming the diagnosis and facilitating treatment and patient support. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the findings of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these patients to obtain a specific brain pattern so that in the future, this disorder can be identified and treated more accurately using this knowledge. The results of this study show that there has been very little research, and in some cases, if an experiment is repeated, contradictory results have been obtained. This is because in these studies, analyzes were done without considering confounding factors and with small sample sizes. Therefore, to achieve a specific pattern of brain morphology changes related to this disorder, there is a need for wider and more comprehensive studies.

Hermaphrodite patients are individuals who, due to various issues such as chromosomal, gonadal or hormonal disorders that occurred during pregnancy, experience physiological abnormalities in their genital area after birth. As a result, they may have both male and female genitalia or be born ambiguously as a baby boy with female sexual organs, or vice versa. In order to study the challenges presented by this condition in the Islamic Penal Code, sources were collected from Irandak, Normagz, and SID Civilica Jihad academic databases using keywords such as hermaphrodite, neutrality, criminal policy, gender identity disorder, gender ambiguity, recidivism, multicrime, neutral jurisprudential rule, and factors that reduce responsibility due to thematic and conceptual relevance. The time frame considered for the study was from 1980 to 2022, and 57 sources were included. The criteria for inclusion in the study were criminal, jurisprudential, and medical articles related to hermaphroditic and criminal topics relevant to the questions posed in the article. The purpose of this study is to provide a correct explanation of the challenges in the Islamic Penal Code and to answer them. Given the nature of these disorders and the lack of knowledge among affected individuals, families, and society, as well as the exclusion of the conditions of these patients in different laws, this article attempts to explain the place of hermaphrodites in medical science, how this disorder occurs in these individuals, and the introduction of hermaphrodite patients in Islamic jurisprudence. It also discusses where these individuals are placed as human beings in Imamiah jurisprudence. The most important part of this article is devoted to the articles of the Islamic Penal Code regarding the commission of crimes such as hudud, retribution, blood money, and punishment. The most significant challenge in implementing penal law for these patients is the lack of differential criminalization. Specifically, there is a need to develop criminal laws for crimes that these individuals are more likely to commit and determine appropriate punishments, such as obtaining a guarantee of non-custodial executions. In addition, during the investigation phase, there is a lack of an appropriate differential procedure for this category of patients. This requires training for judges and officers, such as police and officers dealing with these patients, as well as adaptation of detention spaces (detention centers and prisons) to prevent victimization or re-offending due to the special mental and physical conditions of these patients. In conclusion, research on hermaphrodite patients is necessary to change attitudes towards them and take practical measures at the social level in legislative, judicial and executive criminal policy. This article uses a descriptive method and library sources to explain and analyze this purpose.

Social health is one of the most basic health indicators of any society, which is affected by the issues that people face, including those applying for gender change. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the social health of people applying for gender reassignment in comparison with transsexuals and normal people.

This comparative causal study was a cross-section research employing the Keyes standardized questionnaire. The research population was conducted in three groups of gender change applicants who referred to the forensic medicine of Mashhad, who were confirmed to have gender identity disorder during 2017, and according to that two groups of gender change and normal people were included in the study. The research data were compared using ANOVA test and Spearman and ETA tests were utilized for the correlation of non-parametric variables.

In the general dimension of social health, no significant difference was observed between the three studied groups (P>0.05), in the two dimensions of social affinity and cohesion, there was a significant difference between the three groups of gender reassignment applicants before the operation, the gender reassigned group, and normal individuals so that in the aspect  of cohesion, the mean of transgendered people is significantly higher than normal people (P=0.03) and also in the facet  of correlation, the mean of people with gender dysphoria before surgery is significantly less than that of normal people. (P=0.03). Meanwhile, a moderate relationship was found between the level of education and that of social health of people (r=0.55).

Before the operation, people suffering from sexual boredom are less interested in their social life and the world around them compared to that of normal people, which is caused by their despair and hopelessness in accepting their desired social identity. It is therefore necessary to identify and treat these people before entering the field of social life.

Due to the prevalence of sexual identity disorder in our country, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy on social health and depression in patients with sexual identity disorder.

The statistical population consisted of men with sexual identity disorder in Tehran who were selected through convenience sampling of 40 of them and voluntarily in the pre-test stage of research questionnaires which included Saffarinia Social Health Questionnaire (2014). And Beck Depression Inventory (1978) were completed and randomly assigned to the study design. The experimental group underwent group spiritual therapy for 14 sessions and then, in the post-test phase, both groups answered the research questionnaires. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with repeated measures.

The results showed that spiritual therapy improved social health and depression in the experimental and post-test groups (P <0.01).

Considering the effectiveness of group spiritual therapy on social health and depression in patients with sexual identity disorder, this treatment can be used to reduce their psychosocial problems.

Spirituality is a complex concept that affects the important life goals and is experienced by every human being. Comprehension of what people who are diagnosed with gender dysphoria understand about spirituality can help make sense of their individual and social needs and concerns. The purpose of this study is to fathom and explain the spiritual experiences of transgender people.

Methods & Materials: 

This is a qualitative and phenomenological research study in the forensic field of the south of Iran. For this purpose, ten individuals with gender dysphoria (six Transfeminine, four Transmasculine) were selected by purposeful snowball sampling and in-depth and semi-structured interviews were utilized. Data were analyzed using theoretical coding.

In axial coding, while comparing categories and codes with each other, their relationship was examined and finally the general categories of Resort, Acceptance, Divine testing and Relaxation, and the main theme of the strong desire for spirituality were extracted from data analysis.

The spiritual experiences of transgender people cover a wide range of principles. The participants in the study cited the feelings of insecurity and fear of loneliness as their main reasons for paying attention to spirituality. It can be concluded that in addition to the physical need, the spiritual dimension of transgender peoplechr('39')s lives must be carefully considered to ensure their individual and social health.

Gender disorder or sexual dysfunction is a complex psychological problem and these patients are more vulnerable to psychological problems, such as anxiety due to gender issues and pressures on them. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of empowerment baced education on the anxiety of transgene patients under hormone therapy.
The present study is a randomized clinical trial with 87 transgender patients in 1397 affiliated with the Tehran Welfare Center. The samples were selected based on inclusion. After explaining about goals and obtaining written consent, patients were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention and control. Demographic information questionnaires and Spiel berger's anxiety and history questionnaires were completed by both groups. In the intervention group, educated based on empowerment-based education (perception of threat, problem solving, training participation, and evaluation). For 3 months, follow up was conducted once a week by phone. In the experimental group 3 months after the intervention, and in the control group 3 months after completing the initial questionnaire by completing the questionnaires, the results were analyzed by using SPSS software version 24 and by descriptive ststistics, independent t-test, paired t-test and Fisher's Exact Test. P<0.05 was considered meaningful.
According to the findings, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and disease records before the intervention (P>0.05). After intervention, it was revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the mean of apparent anxiety (P = 0.045). However, there was no significant difference in the mean of anxiety anxiety between the two groups (P = 0.731).
Based on the findings of this study, education had effect on clients' apparent anxiety; so it is suggested that educational nursing interventions should be designed and implemented to reduce the anxiety of these patients based on empowerment model.

This study was conducted to compare individuals with and without gender identity disorder considering copying styles, early maladaptive schemas, and self-esteem.

This is a causal-comparative study. Statistical population consisted of individuals with gender identity disorder in Tehran, Iran during 2016. Purposeful sampling was used as sampling method. Sample size obtained to 30 members based on causal-comparative plan; in this case, 30 members were assigned to two groups of individuals with and without gender identity disorder. Ordinary individuals were matched with individuals with identity disorder based on age, gender, education and job. All individuals signed the consent to participate in study. Endler & Parker Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-sf2), and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory employed as research instruments. 

Statistical findings showed that self-esteem of ordinary individuals (20.6) was higher than individuals with gender disorder (19.1) and individuals with gender identity disorder obtained higher scores in early maladaptive schemas expect for sacrifice compared to ordinary individuals. Also, there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of emotion-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping strategy considering F value and Significance level (P<0.0001, F=16.34; P<0.02, F=5.62) while there was not any significant difference between groups in terms of task-oriented style.

individuals with gender identity disorder have low self-esteem, higher emotion-oriented coping styles and higher early maladaptive schemas.

  The results of surgical treatment, successfulness and methods of evaluation in gender dysphoria are highly variable. This study was done to determine the status of sexual function in patients with impaired gender identity after sexual re-assignment male to female surgery. This cross-sectional study, conducted on 40 patients referred to surgery clinic in Tehran during 2014-2015. Female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire was used to assess the status of sexual function. Ninety- five percent of patients had a healthy sexual desire and arousal. Also, 75%, 55.4% and 27.5% of patients had satisfaction, moisture content and good orgasm, respectively. The pain was tolerable in 25% of cases; however, in terms of overall sexual function, only 12.5% of patients had a satisfactory sexual performance. The relationship between education, occupation, residence and previous history of mental illness with sexual function was not significant. Also, 42.9% of patients who had not desirable sexual performance, had a history of drug abuse, and all these subjects reported desirable sexual performance. Sexual function in cases that have undergone surgery was not suitable. Sexual pain and anorgasmia were important factors in this condition

Research shows individuals' Life Regard and God image can be effective in preventing the vulnerability to physical and mental consequences of psychological disorder. The purpose of this study was to compare the God image and Life Regard in transsexual individuals after sex change surgery with those of their counterparts before the surgery. The general design of the study was descriptive and correlational. Sixty five individuals with gender identity disorder were selected from among transsexual individuals in Iran using snowball sampling. Some of the participants had undergone sex surgery, while others had not. God Insight Scale and Life Regard Index were administered among the individuals. All ethical issues were observed in this study and the researchers declared no conflict of interests. The results of data analysis showed that transsexuals who had changed their sex received significantly higher scores in the God image Scale and the Life regard Index. Also, there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of the sub-scale mean scores. However, there was no measurable discrepancy between the scores of two groups with respect to their gender and educational level. Working on individuals' God image and life regard can modify some maintenance and resonator factors of gender identity disorder and can be effective in their treatment.

Remarkable body transformations affect one's identity, embodied mentality and self-perception. The present study was conducted with the intention of determining identity styles in persons with gender identity disorder in Fars Province.
The present case-control study was conducted by observing two groups, control (204 persons) and case group (60 persons), with accessible sampling and out of GID visitors to Fars province forensics head office and normal people. They were evaluated through personal information and Berzonsky identity styles questionnaire. Attained data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS (version18) questionnaires, a significance level of (pFindings: acquired findings indicated that concerning identity avoidance frequency was highest among operated GID sufferers and concerning normative identity and it was the highest among non-operated GID sufferers. In non-operated group there is a negative inverse correlation between identity avoidance and job and education; however, in the operated group there is a definite correlation between information and normative identity and education, and there is a direct correlation between commitment and education, on the other hand. In both groups between identity commitment and education lies a significant relation.
Considering the findings of the research, it can be concluded that people with gender identity disorder who have operated and those not operated have difference of identity and there is a relationship between demographic variables and type of identity.

Sex conversion in Iran, similar to any other countries around the world raises some socio-medical problems. In most countries, the process of sex change in gender studies has been less explored. This study aims to determine the correlation of social support and sexual function of men with gender identity disorder after sex reassignment surgery in Tehran, Iran.
‪ In this descriptive-correlation study, 85 transgendered men that admitted to Mirdamad Day Clinic in Tehran were selected through convenience sampling. Data was collected by demographic questionnaires, and “Female Sexual Function”. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support" Validity and reliability were assessed by 10 experts and data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.‬‬‬ ‪
The overall prevalence of sexual dysfunction was 84%. The highest frequency was related to scope of pain (77%) and the scope of orgasms (53%). Further, 51.8% of the patients had lower social support. The mean of family support had the highest value (53.3%) among scopes.‬‬‬
This study showed that gender identity disorders had low social support and sexual functionality after surgery. Therefore, patients should be advised of the possible sexual dysfunction consequences before the surgeries.

The present study was performed by the aim of qualitative evaluation of the experience of parents from the prepubescent period of their children with gender identity disorder. This study was a qualitative research. By the available and targeted method of sampling, 10 parents of children with gender identity disorder who were referred to Tehran Psychiatric Institute in 2012 participated in a deep unstructured interview. After typing, the recorded interviews were encoded by the method of inductive content analysis. The gathered findings were classified in four main categories as “similarities to the opposite sex / differences from the same sex”, “difficulties in school”, “the way of coping with the reality of gender identity issues”, and “parents’ feelings”. By the different ways, the parents had experienced the reality of the difficulties of gender identity in their child during his or her childhood, but they postponed coping with this event by using the various mechanisms such as negligence, overseeing, giving a promise, lack of seriously and procrastinating. The present study is the first research in our country in which the parents of children with gender identity disorder demonstrated their problems. With consider to the obtained findings from the present study, it is necessary not only to design the multi-dimensional programs which educate general public (include parents) and also experts for becoming familiar with gender identity but also to involve the parents of children with gender identity disorder in cooperation with primary healthcare providers for the process of diagnosis and treatment.

Regarding the process of transsexuality as a topic in the domain of sex study is not well-cared so far in different cultures. The present research aims to investigate the social causes expending the tendency sex change surgery among transsexual youth in province Tehran. Descriptive and survey methods were used to analyze data collected through questionnaires. The population included 312 transsexuals referring to Welfare Organization of Tehran. A sample of 150 cases was selected through Cochrane''s sampling formula. Independent variables included culture، socio-economic status، religious values، civil-jurisprudence knowledge، and political sway. Sexual change (from male to female and vice versa) was regarded as the dependent variable. Results analyzed through the use of statistical tests and software SPSS. Regarding the correlation coefficient obtained، the findings show that there is a significant relationship between، 1. Parental absence (female to male: 0. 61) (male to female: 76)، 2. Family support (female to male: 0. 43) (male to female: 0. 53)، 3. Family satisfaction (female to male: 0. 37) (male to female: 0. 31)، 4. Life expectancy (male to female: 0. 64 ((female to male: 0. 53)، 5. Labeling (female to male: 0. 69) (male to female: 0. 73) 6. Adherence to traditional values (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 70) 7. Employment (female to male: 0. 59) (male to female: 0. 63)، 8. Income (female to male: 0. 89) (male to female: 0. 91)، 9. Education (female to male: 0. 67) (male to female: 0. 55)، 10. Adherence to religious beliefs and values (female to male: 0. 73) (male to female: 0. 66)، 11. Non-existence of legal laws and acts (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 26)، 12. Performance of governmental organizations on one hand and tendency to sexual change on the other hand (female to male: 0. 39) (male to female: 0. 33). The present study confirms that the most effective and important cause tendency in expenditing sex change surgery was include income level، the absence of either per both parents، stigmatizing and adherence to religious beliefs minimum cause was family satisfaction that: 1- with financial support and public insurance and development of special hospitals 2- by giving information to families، 3- for acceptance by the society، Can to help them (some of people with gender identity disorder)

The purpose of this study is description، diagnosis and necessity of psychotherapy and assessment of comorbidity disorders for patients with transsexual.

Two cases had referred to clinic of psychology for the demandant of sexuality change. This two case were evaluated through clinical interview، a personality questionnaire of NEO (NEO-FFI) and the Minnesota Multifaceted personality inventory-short form (MMPI).

Overall results showed the applicants who refer to psychological clinics in order to change the gender، should be examined by diagnostic tools and clinical interviews by regard to clinical judgment permission of transsexuals grant to them. As in case1، are observed borderline and hystrionic personality characteristics (not pure)، lack of assertiveness and depression.

According to our results، two clients have demands for changing of their gender; However، They experience various psychological conditions، Thus it must be done psychotherapy before therapy through surgery.

The present study was conducted as a part of a broader study on gender roles in patients with gender identity disorder (GID), and its goal was to determine patients’ sexual orientation comparing to healthy controls. In current cross-sectional study, 12 males and 27 females with GID were compared with 81 male and 89 female controls. The participants’ gender orientation and gender self-identity were investigated via asking two questions. Data analysis was carried out using t-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and kappa statistic. In the male-to-female GID patients, one participant was sexually attracted to females and the rest (91.7 percent) to males. In the female-to-male GID patients, the frequency of sexual orientation to females and males were 96.3 percent and 3.7 percent, respectively. The frequency of heterosexuality in male and female controls was 93.8 percent and 69.7 percent, respectively. The frequency of individuals with GID who sexually attracted to the same-sex showed no statistically significant difference between males and females (p>0.05), though a substantial concordance was observed between these patients’ biological sex and sexual orientations (κ=0.653, SE=0.164, p<0.001). In Iranian patients with GID, a substantial concordance was observed between biological sex and sexual orientation.

The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge and attitude of patients with gender identity disorder (GID), presenting to Tehran Psychiatric Institute, toward Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

58 patients with gender identity disorder (41 female-to-male and 17 male-to-female) were selected using convenience sampling. The subjects completed the questionnaire proposed by Family Health Organization. Subsequent to determining the distribution by statistical methods, data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric tests suitable for group comparison.

About 70% of the subjects believed that an apparently healthy individual could be infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Only five subjects (8.6%) considered themselves to be at risk for HIV infection. With regard to routes of transmission, 70% believed anal sex carries lower risk than vaginal sex.

Subjects had a low level of knowledge regarding sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore, all individuals with GID should be provided with sufficient information about AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the referral process of cases requesting Sex Reassignment Surgery in Tehran legal medicine center according to the international standards. This study has been performed as a research during one year. Within a descriptive cross sectional study, 129 files which all of them have been given surgery permission, have been studied in Tehran legal medicine center since 2004 until 2008. A checklist of criteria was made by researchers according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and Harry Benjamin international gender dysphoria association (HBIGDI) for evaluation of research variables. The ethical permission was given to the researchers by LMO. In this case 52. 7٪ of files have been female that this rate is not similar to other international research fingings. Regarding to the main research variables (diagnostic situation, psychological intervention, real life opposite sex role, hormonal tests), descriptive results show that only 27. 13 ٪ of cases are in agreement with the standards and hypothesis of this study. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study based on all cases of non-complinace with the international standards were confirmed (P<0. 01). Regarding to low level compliance of patients’ therapies process with international standards and lack of sufficient real life in opposite sex role, it is necessary to attend to all of therapeutically process. Most of these real life problems are related to cultural situations in social acceptance of GID cases and need more suitable ground for enhancing.

Personality assessment in patients with GID is effective in their diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Surgery in patients with comorbid personality problems may be more worth their condition. This project appraised the personality patterns of GID patients. This was a descriptive-cross sectional study. The subjects of the project were 36 GID patients (22 female, 14 male). They were referred to the clinic of Tehran Psychiatric Institute & Mental Health Research Center for psychological assessment by Legal Medicine Organization. The subjects were selected using convenience sampling and evaluated by DSM based clinical interview and MCMI-II. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. The most frequencies of dual symbols were 75(obsessive-narcissistic,4 cases) & 17(schizoied-compulsive,2 cases)combinations. The most frequencies of personality patterns in GID patients were narcissistic(22%) and compulsive(29%). The frequency of personality patterns GID patients is high and this should be taken into account in the assessment and treatment planning of GID patients.

Gender identity disorder consists of the patient’s consistent desire to identify with the opposite sex and feels significant discomfort or the inability to deal with this condition. In patients resistant to treatment (Individual Psychotherapy, Psychoanalysis …) operational procedure has been utilized and has been authorized in Iran through a religious decree issued by the country’s late leader, Ayatollah Khomeini since 1964. A study into the instances of surgery procedures in the country has proven positive results. The procedure consists of cross-sectional study in small scale on 12 transsexual individuals consisting of 9 men and 3 women. All of the participants had sexual reassignment surgery at an average of six years prior to the study. They all were from middle class families and held an average age of 25. The participants were subjected to MMPI-1 questionnaire, (MF) MMPI-2, The Bem Sex-Role inventory and the Bem Gender Traits Test. The study showed that the patients have responded positively to the treatment in psycho –social dimension and had obtained a normal grade at the MMPI- 1 test. According to the results of the Bem and MF tests they have also accepted their new identity and role. Results of Semi structural interview included all of sample agreed with their decision. Neither of the patients has expressed regret of undertaking the surgery Multiple factors include economic status of the patients, satisfying interpersonal relationships, efficient support system, sexual partners and satisfactory sexual life, suitable familial reactions and possibility of extra surgery have prominent role to adjust them with their new identity and role in the society.