جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ادیپونکتین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Leptin and adiponectin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. Physical activity can improve plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. 

The search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, and Magiran databases until January 2024. The present meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of leptin and adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Mean difference and %95 confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effect model. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test and publication bias was evaluated by visual analysis of the funnel plot and Egger's test. 

A total of 21 studies with (28 interventions) 816 overweight or obese children and adolescents were meta-analyzed. The results showed that aerobic exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [P=0.001, (-0.57 to -0.19) SMD=-0.387] and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [P=0.001, (0.25 to 0.60) WMD=0.430] became overweight and obese compared to the control group. 

In general, the results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that aerobic exercise is an effective and beneficial exercise method for reducing leptin blood circulation and increasing adiponectin in overweight and obese children and adolescents. Therefore, it seems that types of aerobic exercise may be a non-pharmacological and practical intervention to regulate adipokines and reduce disorders related to overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

This review aims to investigate and analyze recent studies related to the effects of various exercise training on adipokines secreted from adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Search in Persian and Latin databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID with the keywords aerobic exercise, resistance training, High-intensity interval training, diabetes, Adipokine, Leptin, Adiponectin, and Resistin, resistance training, intense interval training, aerobic exercise, combined exercise, adipokine, leptin, adiponectin and resistin were performed to retrieve articles published in the period from 2010 to 2023.

The results obtained from the study showed that aerobic exercise with moderate intensity (60 to 80%) reduces the leptin levels of diabetic patients, however, the effect of combined exercises (aerobic and resistance) is much greater than other types of exercises. In addition, aerobic exercises with moderate intensity (50 to 70%) lead to an increase in adiponectin levels in diabetic patients, however, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) had a greater effect in increasing adiponectin levels than other exercises. Also, studies showed that all three types of activities, aerobic exercise (50-70% intensity), intense intermittent exercise, and resistance exercise (30-70% 1RM) have the same effects in reducing the resistance levels of diabetic patients.

Aerobic exercises with medium and high intensity and especially combined exercises (aerobic and resistance) while improving adipokines, decreasing leptin and resistin levels, and also increasing adiponectin in diabetic patients.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common complications of pregnancy and its prevalence worldwide is increasing along with enhancing two types of diabetes. Gestational diabetes can cause various complications for the mother and fetus. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of combined training on the levels of some adipokines in women with gestational diabetes.
For this purpose, among pregnant women aged 25 to 35 years with gestational diabetes and gestational age of 13 to 14 weeks, 28 people were voluntarily selected to conduct the research and randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group (14 people) and the control (14 people). The combined exercise training program was as follows: for 12 weeks, three training sessions were held each week. Measurements and blood tests were performed 24 hours before the start of training and 24 hours after the last training session. To analyze the data, ANOVA test with repeated measures (repeated measure ANOVA) was used. The significance level was considered p≤0.05 and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 software.
12 weeks of combined exercise training caused a significant increase in the hormone adiponectin (P=0.001) and a significant decrease in the hormone visfatin (P=0.001) in the experimental group.
The results of the above research showed that women with gestational diabetes can benefit from many advantages, including the improvement of adiponectin and visfatin secreted from fat tissue, with correct and principled exercise training.

Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines produced by fat cells and play an important role in obesity. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of low-calorie diet (LCD) and exercise (Exe) on leptin and adiponectin in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity.

A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SID, Magiran, and Google scholar databases for English and Persian articles published until August 2023. The effect size and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effect model.

The results of 25 studies with 2063 middle-aged and elderly people with overweight and obesity showed that the combination of exercise and diet compared to exercise alone causes a significant decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.4, P=0.001], and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [SMD=0.17, P=0.02] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity. Also, findings showed that the diet compared to exercise alone causes a decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.16, P=0.1], and a significant increase in serum adiponectin [SMD=0.05, P=0.7] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity. Also, diet compared to exercise alone does not cause a significant change in serum leptin [SMD=-0.11, P=0.2], and serum adiponectin [SMD=0.02, P=0.8] in middle-aged and elderly adults with overweight and obesity.

It is suggested that middle-aged and elderly people to achieve hypoleptinemia and hyperadiponectinemia, use a combination Include exercise training and low-calorie diet in your lifestyle.

A high-fat diet and increased calorie intake increase the prevalence of obesity،,which itself causes many diseases. The studies carried out in the field of investigating the mechanisms related to obesity and its related diseases have introduced the increase of fat mass and as a result the disruption of cytokines as one of the most important influencing factors. Therefore, the aim of the current research was the effect of eight weeks of intense interval training on serum lipid peroxidation indices and adiponectin gene expression in obese mice.

The current research was experimental with a control group. 24 male rats were randomly divided into three control groups, self-obesity group and self-obesity group with high intensity interval training (HIIT). The normal distribution of the data was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Then، in order to compare data between groups، one-way analysis of variance was used, and if it became significant، the data were compared using Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P < 0.05.

The findings of this research showed that in the exercise group, there was a significant increase in the state of superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared to the self-obesity group. However,, there was no significant change in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the level of adiponectin gene expression in the liver of self-obesity group and interval training group.

Obesity causes an imbalance in the oxidative status and a disturbance in the production and secretion of adiponectin in the liver tissue of obese mice، and intense intermittent exercise improves the oxidative status, but it does not have a significant effect on the expression of the adiponectin gene

Considering the roles of resistin, leptin and adiponectin in metabolic activities, especially in relationship with exercise and adipose tissue, and the lack of research in a related context this study was carried out to examine the effect of aerobic training and high-fat diet on leptin, adiponectin and resting serum levels of resistin in male rats.

This research was conducted using an experimental method. For this purpose, 28 male rats with an average weight of 152 ± 5g and the age of four weeks were divided into four groups: normal diet (N = 7), high-fat diet (N = 7), training (N = 7) and high-fat diet+ training (N = 7) groups. High-fat diet groups underwent high-fat diet (HF: 5/817 kcal/g) for 30 days. From the 60th day of life, a normal fat diet (NF: 3/801 Kcal/g) was applied Aerobic exercise wascarries out on a treadmill, for four weeks, three times a week (12 weeks from 60th to 98th days of life), 40 minutes with 50 cm/s speed. ELISA method was used to measure the biochemical markers including resistin, adiponectin and leptin. Factorial analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. If post hoc comparisons were needed to compare groups two by two, Turkey’s post hoc test was used according to the results of Levine’s test.

The resultes showed that high fat diets cause a significant increase (p = 0/001) in serum levels of leptin (12/77 ± 1/12), leptin to adiponectin ratio (0/62 ± 0/13) and resistin (4/22 ± 0/58), and a decrease in (p = 0/01) adiponectin (21/12 ± 4/28) in male rats. However, aerobic exercise was accompanied by a significantdecrease(p = 0/003) in serum levels of leptin (6/17 ± 0/96), leptin to adiponectin ratio (0/14 ± 0/03), and resistin (2/42 ± 0/69). Moreover, an increase in (p = 0/001) adiponectin serum levels (42/74 ± 4/9) was observed.

Aerobic exercise might have beneficial effects on adiponectin, leptin, and leptin toadiponectin ratio in people with high-fat diet. On the other hand, high-fat diet is associated with detrimental effects on these cytokines and resistin.

Adiponectin is one of the most well-known adipokines with anti-inflammatory effects that plays an important role in regulating the whole-body metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the circulating levels of adiponectin in individuals with and without metabolic disorders.

A systematic search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Jihad Center and Magiran using the keywords "HIIT" and "adiponectin" to identify Persian and English languages published articles until October 2022. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software. I2 test for calculation of the heterogeneity and visual interpretation of funnel plot test and Egger test for assessment of the publication bias were used.

Data analysis of 28 interventions (24 studies) showed that HIIT resulted in a significant increase in adiponectin [0.40 CI: 0.12 to 0.68), P=0.004]. Also, the data analysis of eight interventions showed that HIIT led to a non-significant increase in adiponectin compared to the MICT [0.41 CI: -0.04 to 0.86), P=0.07].

The findings of the present study showed that HIIT is a suitable and efficient training method to increase adiponectin, especially in people with metabolic disorders.

Chronic low-grade inflammation caused by obesity disrupts the balance of adipokines. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet includes anti-inflammatory foods that have positive effects on body composition and adipose tissue. This study aims to compare the effects of the DASH diet with a low-calorie diet on serum levels of Spexin, leptin, and adiponectin in overweight and obese adults.

This randomized controlled clinical trial enrolled 120 overweight and obese adults who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) a DASH diet with reduced calories, 2) a restricted calorie diet, and 3) an isocaloric diet (control group). The intervention period lasted 12 weeks, during which serum levels of adipokines, Spexin, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at the beginning and end of the study.

After the intervention, serum levels of adiponectin significantly increased and leptin significantly decreased in the DASH group. In the low-calorie group, only the effect on adiponectin was significant. The reduction in these variables was greater in the DASH group than in the low-calorie group. The difference between the three groups was significant for leptin and adiponectin, but no significant changes were observed in Spexin levels.

The DASH diet with reduced calories was found to improve serum levels of Spexin, leptin, and adiponectin, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular factors compared to the low-calorie diet.

Obesity leads to impaired secretion and expression of adipokines in humans and causes the onset of type 2 diabetes. Although the role of regular exercise in the prevention of metabolic diseases has been reported, the mechanism of high-intensity exercise is still not well understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training on the changes in insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels in male Wistar rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study 20 male Wistar rats aged 8-10 weeks were randomly divided into four groups: Control, type 2 diabetes, exercise, and diabetes-exercise. Type 2 diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet and a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ). The rats in the exercise and diabetes-exercise groups completed 8 weeks of HIIT training (running at an intensity of 85-95% of maximum speed, intervals of 4-10). Insulin, adiponectin and leptin levels were measured in serum. Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance-beta (HOMA-β) and the Quantitative Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity Index (QUICKI) were calculated to assess insulin resistance and sensitivity.

Diabetes decreased the level of insulin, adiponectin and leptin in serum. HIIT reversed the impairments caused by diabetes. HOMA-IR, HOMA-β and QUICKI also improved in the diabetes-exercise groups.

Overall, our results confirmed that diabetes has detrimental effects on serum leptin, adiponectin and insulin indices and that HIIT training can improve these disorders.

Disturbance in the regulation of secretion between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines can lead to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of concurrent training, calorie restriction and concurrent training+ calorie restriction on the levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines and insulin sensitivity in obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Thirty seven women with non-alcoholic fatty liver were randomly divided into four groups: control (n=9), calorie restriction (n=9), concurrent training (n=9) and concurrent training+ calorie restriction (n=10). Training protocol included combination of aerobic with 40-60 percent of heart rate reserve and resistance training 40-60 percent of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), eight weeks and three sessions per week. The calorie restriction groups, alleviate 400 to 500 kcal/day from total daily calorie intake. Blood samples were taken pre- and post intervention. For statistical analysis, paired samples t-test and analysis of covariance at a significant level of p<0.05 were used. Concurrent training+ calorie restriction significantly increased serum adiponectin and adipolin concentration compared to the caloric restriction and control groups (both, p<0.026) and the insulin sensitivity index compared to the control group (p=0.027). Also, there was a significant increase in serum adiponectin and adipolin concentration and insulin sensitivity index of the concurrent training group compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the calorie restriction group, only the insulin sensitivity index increased significantly compared to the pre-test (p=0.004). It seems that performing concurrent training alone and with calorie restriction is a more effective intervention in increasing anti-inflammatory adipokines and improving insulin sensitivity than calorie restriction alone.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women which is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Some Factors such as adiponectin and APPL-1 play a role in IR signaling that is affected by exercise. Therefore, the present study was conducted with aim to evaluate the effect of swimming training on the IR and the expression of adiponectin and APPL1 genes following induced PCOS in rats.

This experimental research was conducted in 2021 on 36 female wistar rats. The rats were divided in six groups. Swimming training was done (six and eight weeks/five days a week, 60 min each session/ flow of the water speed was increased from seven to 15 L/M). After 24hr of sacrifices the mice, the level of IR, expression of adiponectin and APPL1 genes were measured in the liver tissue. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and two-way ANOVA. P< .05 was considered statistically significant.

Six weeks of training had a significant effect on IR serum levels (P=0.001) and adiponectin gene expression (P=0.004), while it had no significant effect on APPL-1 gene expression (P=0.433). Also, eight weeks of exercises had a significant effect on the IR (P=0.001) and the expression of APPL-1 and adiponectin genes (P=0.001).

Swimming training can lead to significant changes in IR serum levels, expression of adiponectin and APPL-1 genes. It seems that 8 weeks if swimming training have positive effects in PCOS patients by improving the metabolic pathway.

Non- alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by fat deposition in liver cells and, if not controlled, may cause fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cell destruction of the liver. Sports activity is one of the contributing factors in the recovery of non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high- intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of adiponectin, irisin, and lipid profile in women with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease.

In this experimental clinical trial, 25 women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with an age range of    30-50 years were selected as a statistical sample based on the inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two exercise groups (13 people) and control groups (12 people). Intense interval training was performed for 8 weeks (four sessions per week and each session lasting 48 to 60 minutes). Blood samples were taken before and after the test to measure the levels of adiponectin, irisin, and lipid profile. Statistical analysis of the data was done using independent t- test and correlated t- test using spss21 software at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that after training intervention, the serum levels of adiponectin (p= 0.049), irisin  (p= 0.004), and HDL (p= 0.005) significantly increased, and LDL (p= 0.001), TG (p= 0.001), TC (p= 0.001) had a significant decrease in the exercise group compared to the control group (p≥0.05).

Considering the positive effects of HIIT on serum levels of irisin, adiponectin, and lipid profile in patients with non- alcoholic fatty liver, it seems that these exercises can be recommended as a non- pharmacological treatment to improve these patients.

Obesity, results in a number of serious complications, such as type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. The levels of blood of adiponectin and cortisol have been associated with obesity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of adiponectin and cortisol levels with obesity and biochemical parameters.

This case-control study was conducted only on men, 80 participants with body mass index (BMI)≥25 considered as case group, and 100 participants with BMI<25 as control group in the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Plasma levels of adiponectin and cortisol were measured through ELISA kit and other variables were determined by standard methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. P-values <0.05 were considered as significant.

Our findings showed no significant difference in cortisol level between individuals with BMI≥25 and individuals with BMI<25. Obese men had significantly higher levels of triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and lipid profiles whereas, adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were lower compared to the control group (p-value<0.05). In this study, an inverse correlation was observed between adiponectin and fasting blood glucose (FBS), and also BMI. It was found a positive correlation between cortisol and cholesterol and also FBS.

The results show that there is no relationship between cortisol and obesity, but a negative correlation between adiponectin levels and obesity.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is growing at an early age. Genetic factors probably play an important role in the early onset of type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene rs2241766 (+45 T/G), rs1501299 (+276 G/T) and rs17300539 (-11391G/A) on the age of diabetes onset and initiating insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In this case-control study, 183 patients with type 2 diabetes and 155 healthy individuals participated. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected. Genotyping was performed by using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS-PCR). Data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 26).

According to results, in rs2241766 (SNP+45 T/G), the age of onset of diabetes and age of starting insulin therapy in the TG genotype carriers was significantly less than in TT genotype carriers (Respectively P=0.035, P=0.048). In SNP+45 T/G, 48.6% of patients with diabetes onset age<35 years were carrying the TG genotype (P=0.013). TG genotype (OR=2.381, 95% CI:1.430–7.994, P=0.006) was associated with the significantly increased risk of diabetes onset age <35 years.

According to the results of the present study, SNP+45 T/G of the adiponectin gene has a significant effect on the early onset of T2DM as well as the rapid progression of the disease. Evaluation of effective genetic variants can be useful in pre-diabetes screening for early detection and prevention.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise on serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in obese children and adolescents.

A systematic search of the published Persian- and English-language studies from PubMed, Web of Science, SID, and Magiran databases was done using related keywords up to February 2022. After selecting articles based on the inclusion criteria, a result meta-analysis was performed. Effect size (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Also, the I2 test was used to determine the heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot test and Egger’s test were used to determine publication bias.

The results of 24 studies on 985 obese children and adolescents showed that exercise caused a significant decrease in serum leptin [SMD=-0.94 (CI:-1.25 to -0.62) p=0.001] but a significant increase in serum adiponectin [SMD=0.85 (CI:0.48 to 1.22) p=0.001]. Also, the meta-regression results showed that the duration and effect of exercise were not significantly correlated with serum leptin levels in obese children and adolescents (r=-0.03, P=0.13) but were significantly correlated with serum adiponectin levels in obese children (r=-0.07, P=0.001).

The present study results showed that both types of exercises (resistance and aerobic) reduced the circulating levels of leptin but increased adiponectin in obese children and adolescents.

Adiponectin and leptin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. In this study, ratio of leptin to adiponectin, along with the insulin resistance index, is a good indicator for the diagnostic purposes of obesity and diabetes.

Sixty obese women aged 35-45 years (BMI ≥30) were divided into four groups: control, exercise, massage, and exercise+massage. Aerobic exercise included aerobic training, 8weeks, 3days/week, that bigan with 25 minutes and 55% of HRmax, and in the last week reached 40 minutes and 85% of HRmax. Massage was performed by LPG device for 30 minutes, 3days/week and 8 weeks. The combined group performed an exercise program after 30 minutes of massage. Blood samples were taken from the vein of the left hand, bifor and 48h after the exercise and massage intervention, and after 12h of fasting. were measured the Leptin, adiponectin,insulin and glucose levels . In order to analized the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was used at a significance level of p≥0.05.

The levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, BMI, leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin in the post-test of exercise+massage group were significantly changed compared with post-test of three groups, (p=0.001).

Performing aerobic exercise with massage on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin levels seems to be more effective than exercise and massage alone.

Moderate volume interval training regulates gene expression in patients with diabetes and reduces the risks of hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the eeffects of high intensity interval Training on the gene expression of Adiponectin and Resistin in adipose tissue of diabetic Rats.

The present study was experimental. To this end, 24 diabetic male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n-8); normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), high intensity interval training (HIIT). Diabetes was induced in all groups expect for normal control group by intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection after 12 hours of fasting. Glucose oxidase was used to measure glucose in plasma using ELISA method to measure insulin levels.HOMA-IR method was used to measure insulin resistance index. Real-time PCR technique was used to evaluate the gene expression of the Adiponectin and Resistin. Comparison of groups was performed by (one way ANOVA) at the alpha level of 0.05.

Adiponectin gene expression was significantly increased in HIIT group compared to DC group (p<0.05). Resistance gene expression in HIIT group was significantly reduced compared to DC group (p≤0.001). Insulin resistance was significantly reduced in the HIIT group.

The results showed that intense intermittent exercise reduced insulin resistance and possibly regulated cellular metabolism by increasing adiponectin gene expression and decreasing resistin gene.

Sex impacts the manner in which a person responds to such disease as susceptibility and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex differences in the genotype distribution and allele frequency of some of the adiponectin gene polymorphisms and the comparison of the interaction of the studied polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes-related environment risk factors between males and females.

This study included 103 males and 79 females with type 2 diabetes and 94 healthy males and 61 healthy females for control. Genotyping was performed using amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (T-ARMS-PCR). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-26.0. The interaction between SNP-SNP and SNPs-environmental factors was analyzed using MDR (version 3.0.2) software.

Sex-genotype interaction effect was significantly associated only for triglycerides with SNP-11391G/A (p= 0.027). For SNP+45T/G, the difference genotypes were distinctly associated with hemoglobin A1c (p=0.024), body mass index (p=0.033) and body fat percentage (p=0.018). For +276G/T fasting insulin level detected a potential difference in genotypes (p=0.016). Regarding to the results of MDR analysis, the combination of fasting blood glucose, rs17300539 and sex was the best three-factor model. In this model, the distribution of patients according to sex is demonstrated that most men with GA and AA genotypes of -11391G/A had Hemoglobin A1C more than 8.5 while in women there was no relation to genotype found.

Sexual difference impact the interaction between adiponectin gene polymorphisms and environmental risk factors. According to the findings of this study, the effect of environmental risk factors on the progression of type 2 diabetes related to Adiponectin gene polymorphisms are demonstrated within the males more than females.

 

Obesity and overweight and especially visceral fat accumulation are common findings in people with polycystic ovary syndrome and it has been shown that increasing body fat has a direct role in determining insulin resistance (4) Research shows that weight loss alone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome reduces insulin and androgen levels and resumes ovulation cycles (5) Research has also shown that in people with polycystic ovary syndrome, some cardiovascular risk factors such as fat profile (CHOL, TG, HDL, LDL) (7) are also affected due to The mechanisms of this disease are formed by this change in balance.Today, restrictions on diet and physical activity are recommended by experts as a priority for these patients (3). This has led to the use of different training methods, which have also yielded different results. Among these is a type of intense periodic Tabata exercise (13). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (14).
However, in view of the above, it should be noted that due to the complications of polycystic ovary syndrome, which include infertility, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance; Reducing the symptoms and treating this disease is very important. Therefore, according to the various results that have shown the role of exercise in controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease, and since no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercises in water on these patients. The effect of Tabata exercises on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can be of particular importance.

The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05.

The results of two-way analysis of variance test showed exercise (F = 47.708, P = 0.001, µ = 0.536), time (F = 26.049, P = 0.001, µ = 0.317) and exercise-time interaction (F = 69.105, P = 0.001 (5 = 0.552) had a significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Regarding leptin, it was found that exercise, time and interaction of exercise and time had a significant effect on leptin and cholesterol in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Also, the results of Ben Foroni test showed that leptin and cholesterol at the end of the period were significantly lower in the exercise group than the control group.The results also showed that exercise had a significant effect on triglyceride and LDL levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but exercise time and interaction and time had no significant effect.Based on the results of two-way analysis of variance, it was found that exercise and interaction between exercise and time have a significant effect on HDL in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but time has a significant effect on HDL in obese women with ovarian syndrome. It did not have polycystic.

It seems that the increasing nature of exercise in water, which with a gradual increase in the intensity of exercise and the use of intense exercise movements that were followed in the present study, has led to an increase in energy consumption and a significant increase in adiponectin concentrations. In addition, the involvement of larger muscle masses in this method of exercise has helped to intensify this process in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Findings have shown that when working in water, more muscle groups are used to overcome water resistance, and this can be useful in increasing the dynamic pressure on bones and muscles and increase energy consumption(23). It seems that this mechanism is the main cause of changes in serum adiponectin in the present study.Intensity and duration of activity, nutritional status of individuals, blood sampling hours, calorie imbalance, rhythm of leptin wheels, etc. are affected by exercise (30). People who are more obese are more resistant to leptin, so they need more exercise to affect leptin levels (30).Modifying the leptin response to exercise can lead to insulin sensitivity and improve energy expenditure. In general, physical activity lowers leptin levels not only by reducing fat mass but also by increasing leptin sensitivity.The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of Tabata training in water had no significant effect on cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cholesterol levels are affected by the balance between endogenous cholesterol and cholesterol from food. In the present study, nutrition and stress could not be controlled. Perhaps due to the pressure and duration of the protocol, cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not change significantly. Because the mechanism of action of exercise in improving lipid profile is related to the enzymatic processes involved in lipid metabolism, so if exercise was done with proper nutrition, it would allow for greater enzymatic and hormonal adaptation and changes in cholesterol.Regarding the possible mechanism of the effect of physical activity on blood lipoproteins, the findings of previous research have shown that physical activity reduces triglycerides by increasing the activity of two enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (32). It seems that longer training can be more effective on the lipid profile, while exercise affects most of the lipid profile of women with higher basal triglyceride levels (33). Also, one of the mechanisms of effect of regular physical activity is that it increases the transport and use of triglycerides by muscle (34).

Adiponectin and leptin are two peptide hormones that regulate energy balance. In this study, ratio of leptin to adiponectin, along with the insulin resistance index, is a good indicator for the diagnostic purposes of obesity and diabetes.

Sixty obese women aged 35-45 years (BMI ≥30) were divided into four groups: control, exercise, massage, and exercise+massage. Aerobic exercise included aerobic training, 8weeks, 3days/week, that bigan with 25 minutes and 55% of HRmax, and in the last week reached 40 minutes and 85% of HRmax. Massage was performed by LPG device for 30 minutes, 3days/week and 8 weeks. The combined group performed an exercise program after 30 minutes of massage. Blood samples were taken from the vein of the left hand, bifor and 48h after the exercise and massage intervention, and after 12h of fasting. were measured the Leptin, adiponectin,insulin and glucose levels . In order to analized the data, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test was used at a significance level of p≥0.05.

The levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, fat percentage, BMI, leptin, adiponectin, and leptin/adiponectin in the post-test of exercise+massage group were significantly changed compared with post-test of three groups, (p=0.001).

Performing aerobic exercise with massage on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin levels seems to be more effective than exercise and massage alone.