جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحلیل » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

This study was conducted with the aim of bibliometric analysis and visualization of the Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine during the years 2010 to 2021.

The present study is a descriptive bibliometric study. The community studied in this research consists of 546 articles from 48 issues and 4 special issues of the Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine from the the first publication (2010) to the end of 2021.The journal website and Scopus database were used to collect the required data. Bibliographic and citation information of all articles were extracted and saved in CSV format. Specifications of all articles were downloaded and saved in ris file format for visualization. After collecting the data, Excel software was used to perform descriptive analysis and VOSviewer was used to visualize the data.

The trend of journal publication and citations is first upward and then downward; so that the number of articles in the journal is ascending and then descending from 2010 to 2016. The trend of received citations is also upward and growing from 2010 to 2012, and then downward and constant. Alireza Ghannadi’s article titled "Necessity, importance, and applications of Traditional Medicine knowledge in different nations" was the most cited article in Scopus with 12 citations. Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani is the most productive author with 36 articles, and Meysam Shirzad has the most co-authorship with 153 links. Most of the top authors are from Tehran and Isfahan Universities of Medical Sciences. The keywords, traditional medicine with 74 occurrences, traditional Iranian medicine with 46 occurrences, and Persian Medicine with 45 occurrences are the three most frequent keywords in the Journal respectively.

This study has provided a bibliometric analysis and citation analysis of all the articles in the Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine during the years 2010 to 2021. The findings of this study can serve as a guide and roadmap to journalists and assist them in continuing their way.

Today, the effects of terrorist activities are so severe that they can be passed from generation to generation and involve many groups and individuals (3). Tendency to terrorism as an important and key indicator plays a key role in the presence of individuals in these groups (3). Tendency to terrorism refers to the attitudes, mentality and behaviors of individuals regarding terrorist activities and the degree of interest of individuals to be attracted to terrorist groups as well as activities in this field (5).Various issues are involved in the formation of the tendency towards terrorism, including individual, psychological, social and cultural issues (2). Psychological aspects as a key factor can overshadow the behaviors and attitudes of individuals in the field of terrorism. Mental health has been considered as one of the key activities in international policies. In a way, advancing mental health goals as a general concern has caused governments to spend a lot of money to improve it (7). Improving indicators related to mental health has been considered as one of the key indicators in the evaluations of countries and extensive efforts have been made in this regard (8).Understanding mental health functions in the field of tourism can help improve planning in this area. However, the lack of sufficient evidence to examine the role of mental health in the tendency to terrorism has led to a lack of appropriate policy to reduce the tendency to terrorism. This issue, while creating a research vacuum in this field, has caused fundamental ambiguities to be formed. On the other hand, the lack of research on the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism has led to the lack of key solutions in this regard. With this in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the role of mental health on the tendency to terrorism, tried to answer the question whether mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism?

To conduct the present descriptive and applied research that was conducted in the field. Among the experts and professors aware of the research topic, 34 people were selected as a research sample. After obtaining the necessary permits, a researcher-made questionnaire with 14 questions and dimensions of mental health (8 questions) and the tendency to terrorism (6 questions) were distributed among them. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed. Finally, 24 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation method and SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3.

The results showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Finally, the research model had a good fit.

The results of the present study showed that mental health has a significant effect on the tendency to terrorism. It was also found that mental health will reduce the tendency to terrorism among individuals. Therefore, efforts to improve mental health can provide a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism. Borman and Savon (2018) identified that today psychological aspects can play an important and key role in the formation of war and terrorist activities. It seems that mental health can create a sense of altruism among people by influencing people's attitudes and behaviors, and this issue provides a basis for reducing the tendency to terrorism (3).Although war and terrorism cause psychological problems, but improving mental health can reduce the amount of terrorist activities and also overshadow the psychological effects left by it. According to the results of the present study, it is suggested that general courses to improve Mental health was created in the community and by creating public evaluation plans, sufficient knowledge of the mental health of individuals and different groups of the community was taken in order to create appropriate programs.Perhaps the findings of the present study can be explained on the basis of Merton's theory of social pressure. Merton sees the continuing rift between patterns of cultural goals and institutionalized norms or ways as destabilizing society, which is in fact "anomie." (18).

Sorrow is an inseparable part of chronic diseases. The gap between imagination and reality is the cause of chronic sorrow in patients and their families. In this regard, the present study aimed to define the concept of chronic sorrow, and describe its attributes, antecedents, and outcomes.

The present study used concept analysis with Rogers’ approach. All English and Persian published resources were searched without time limitation. After the resources were selected, the required data were extracted and analyzed. Finally, the attributes, antecedents, and outcomes of the concepts were summarized and coded.

Based on the concept analysis, chronic sorrow is a normal response to an abnormal event in which a person experiences cycles of sorrow. This sorrow is endless even though it can be interrupted by short periods of joy and happiness. Several factors can lead to sorrow, including disease, comparison of the patient with personal, social, and developmental norms, and the difference between imagination and reality. If the sorrow is ignored, it can cause psychological problems, like depression.

Chronic sorrow is a complicated concept and has a range of characteristics. In addition to defining the concept, the present study aimed to encourage more research about this concept, its development, and especially its outcomes.

The aim of this study was to design and test a model for promoting office health based on the components of structural health and technological-electronic health in a heuristic mixed method.

In the first (qualitative) phase, content analysis with inductive approach was used. The research environment was in the two phases of the first category resources of reputable websites and scientific databases in the period 2010 to 2019 in the field of administrative health studies. Collection of primary topics, 69 internal and external articles and books were studied by criterion-based purposive sampling method, with which the researcher reached theoretical saturation. In a small phase, the research environment, including all members of the education system in Iran, were selected by non-random sampling method. The 31-item researcher-made list of research tools was set based on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 meaning strongly disagree to 5 strongly agrees. Values ​​related to the estimation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for themes higher than 0.75 were reported, which indicates a high internal correlation in the reagents of the basic themes. Quantitative data analysis including frequency distribution tables and graphs, and in the inferential section, confirmatory factor analysis method and covariance-based structural equation modeling approach were used. According to the indicators, the research model had a good fit.

Confirmatory factor analysis of "technological-electronic health" shows that the basic themes of "hardware-software health" (with a path coefficient of 0.93), "legal protection" (with a path coefficient of 0.94) and "human-physical protection" ( The path coefficient (0.94) has a strong correlation with the factor of "technological-electronic health" and is considered a strong indicator for its measurement.

In the interpretation of the findings, it can be said that in today's world, technology by replacing new products, services and materials with old products, services and materials, saving the consumption of organizational inputs, organizational self-governance, minimizing the need for human resources, continuous innovations and Plays an important role in the life and health of offices and organizations.

Strategic purchasing of health care services is one of the major issues contributing to the enhancement of the performance and reform of healthcare systems across the globe. Traditional (passive) purchasing suffers from serious weaknesses, such as low efficiency in the health care system, lack of targeted resources, Resource inefficiency, and unfair access to services. To solve these problems, the World Health Organization has introduced strategic purchasing as the main activity to improve the performance of healthcare systems. In light of the aforementioned issues, the present study aimed to investigate the challenges and problems of strategic purchasing in the health sector.

For the purpose of the current qualitative study, the upstream laws and policies in the field of strategic shopping in Iran were initially investigated to gather the needed information. In the next step, 25 health policymakers were interviewed about the challenges of strategic purchasing and the implemented measures. The data were analyzed in MAXQDA software (version10) using content analysis 

Assessing the current situation, strategic purchasing was classified into 5 dimensions, 21 them, and 57 sub-thems. The most important issues among the findings included governance with the highest frequency of 62% and the health information system with a frequency of 47%. Analyzing the research findings, 52 challenges were identified and examined.

Despite all the benefits of strategic purchasing, its effectiveness depends on the successful implementation and effective cooperation of all stakeholders. In addition, strategic purchasing might need to be tailored to the circumstances of each country and the needs of that community. Therefore, the establishment of the needed infrastructure and tackling the presented challenges are indispensable for the optimal implementation of strategic purchasing in our country.

Although the conflict of obligations in jurisprudence and law is considered as a secondary issue and jurisprudence and law is a barrier to prevent such conflicts, at the same time today, conflicting transactions is one of the problems of jurisprudence and law, increasing the volume of cases. Conflicts of recent actions with previous obligations in criminal cases have doubled the need for analysis of the treatment of such conflicts. And the law of remediation has examined the conflict of past obligations and new practices radically, the findings of which are: 1. The term conflict in jurisprudence is not true of the conflict of obligations, but it has been said to be a conflict. Conflict in jurisprudence is mostly related to the conflict of evidence and conflict in law is considered to be related to the conflict of laws.3. Conflict of obligations arising from evidence, laws and litigation documents are placed in the form of jurisprudential and legal conflicts.4. The treatment of the conflict between recent actions and previous obligations has also been analyzed based on the conflict resulting from the mentioned cases. Most conflicts are initial and are treated according to the rules of apparent conflict resolution and antitrust preferences.

The relationship between science and technology is of evolving and changing type, and it might vary from discipline to discipline and from time to time. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and explain the relationship between the science and technology in dental implants field. This study was implemented through content analysis, using co-word analysis approach. The database on the United States Patent and Trademark Office was used to retrieve patents, while the PubMed was used to retrieve the papers in dental implants field. In total, 1479 papers as well as 433 patents were studied. The phrase "dental implants" was searched as a Mesh descriptor, and the document type was filtered by "clinical trial". Assessment of the asymmetric similarity of the phrases used in clinical trial with patents and vice versa revealed that 39.15% of the terms used in patents were also used in these papers. In other words, 39.15% of the terms of patents were similar to the ones used in papers of clinical trial. This was while only 5.31% of the terms in these papers were the same terms used in patent papers. The accessibility of a document will increase its application and its visibility. In other words, it can be inferred that technology is affected by science. In general, in dental implants field, the path to science and technology is interconnected, and there is a direct relationship between them; however this is a two-way relationship, but technology has more influence on science.

Due to the limitations of financial resources in medical centers in the country, considering the utilization of beds and hospital bed occupancy rate are considered extremely important. This study was conducted in order to determine the affecting factors of bed occupation index using Multiple Criteria Decision Making approach in a military hospital.
This research was a descriptive study, which was conducted during 2015. The statistical population consisted of the chief executive manager, top manager, training supervisor and the heads of all the inpatient wards. Eighteen subjects were selected in the study through the census method. The gathering data tool was the comparisons questionnaire for factors affecting bed occupation, which its face and content validity were confirmed using expert's opinions. Data analysis were done using the Expert Choice software V11.
Eighteen subjects participated as samples in this study which consisted of 2 managers, 10 nurses and nursing directors, and 6 healthcare management experts. Six main criteria were defined for determining the affecting factors of bed occupation index including: clinic activation, Physician staff, financial access, the type of hospital and its services, the disease in the region and an active emergency. Among the main criteria, financial access had the highest geometric mean or priority (0.214) and clinic activation had the lowest geometric mean or priority (0.129).
According to the 6 criteria mentioned as the affecting factors in the bed occupancy rate, In addition to providing high -quality services and enough insurance coverage, hospitals must pay more attention to more active clinics and emergencies as the input of patients to hospitals.

In recent years, the thought patterns in emotional disorders and its role in the continuance of these disorders has greatly drawn attention of the clinical professionals and researchers. The purpose of this study was to offer a causal model for rumination based on positive and negative psychological variables.
The statistical population in this study included all the students of the Islamic Azad University of Garmsar in the academic year of 2014-2015. Out of these students, 300 persons were selected through an accessible sampling method. First, the instrument of the research was Response Styles Scale of Nolen-Hoeksema, self-compassion scale of Neff, mindfulness scale of Brown & Ryan, and test of Self-Conscious Affect-2 of Tangney and et al. The structural components of the variables were determined using factor analysis and a conceptual model was developed based on psychological variables, then hypothetical model tested by path analysis.
Mindfulness directly had a negative effect on rumination and could predict it positively via brooding. Self-compassion directly had a negative effect on rumination and could predict it negatively via brooding. Shame directly had a positive effect on rumination and could predict it positively via brooding. Guilt directly had a positive effect on rumination and could predict it positively via reflection.
Among different variables and subfactors, brooding subfactor directly and self-compassion indirectly had the highest share in predicting rumination.

Spirituality effects are a part of the achievements of medical science during the imposed war that can be introduced as a pattern for the young generation and present or future scientists and elite. On the other hand, through mentioning memories and self-sacrificing of healthcare personnel during the Holy Defense, at least some part of sacrifices of these medical teams can be refreshed in our minds. This study aimed to determine spiritual experiments and memories of healthcare personnel during the imposed war, and was designed and implemented by using content analysis method. This study was conducted through a qualitative approach and summative content analysis method. Memories and experiences of 68 healthcare personnel were studied according to objective-based sampling. Analysis of data was done through prevalent method of content analyses. Through analyzing the memories, 6 categories and 20 sub-categories were driven as spirituality effects in memories of healthcare personnel during the Holy Defense. Groupings resulted from the studied memories show that the main categories of spirituality in this study were self - sacrifice, internal revolution, sincerity, occult reliefs, friendship and cooperation. Spiritual environments during the Holy Defense implies that many problems can be resolved by character of self-sacrifice and devotion. Thus the reflection on spiritual space prevalent during the Holy Defense is the only way for improving medical and professional morality at the present time. According to the remarks of the supreme leader, services of the healthcare personnel during the Holy Defense was, in fact, an endeavor and Jihad in the way of Allah.

Studies published sources، reflecting the pattern of resource use by researchers that could be the basis for most libraries in order to used collection library material. This study is athe comparative study of citation behavior and Iranian and New Zealand journals of public health authors group participation in DOAJ database between the years 2010 – 2012.

The method in this study is abibliometrics research with of using citation analysis and cross–sectional. In addition to that the co-authority method was used too. The research society was 10 journal regarding public health chosen from Iran and NewZealand. the date of the journals was like each other. The date was gathered through referring to database DOAJ and searching public health journals of Iran and NewZealand. 23239 cites were chosen from those journals and it was done with the use of Excel and description statistics.

The results indicates Iran that with 9 of 4. 10% in the fifth and New Zealand with magazine number 8 equals 3. 65 percentage ranks sixth in the journals indexed in DOAJ database. Iran and New Zealand whit total of 850 citations of journal articles 78. 7 present of Iran and 21. 3% of New Zealanders have published articles withby 23،239 citations from articles 77. 5% of the country and a 5/22% of the New Zealand Journal of Iranian paper average 93/26 has been cited text. A total of 669 articles published from Iran، 4. 9% of the articles without peerand 95. 1 of the co-author of articles in the field of public health hasbeen And a total of 181 articles published in New Zealand، 11. 5% of the paperswithout peer and a 88. 95% co-author ofarticles. The findings showed that collaboration index of Iran and New Zealand، respectively، for each degree، 4. 40، 3. 93.

Overall، the findings indicate that there is a cooperative involvement of a group of researchers in thefield of public health and the country is NewZealand that in contrast to other studies conducted in different areas of the course thegroup contributions.

Rapid growth of information and communication technology (ICT) has taken the attention of technology into human needs. One of the basic needs of mankind is critical thinking which has an effective role in the growth and evolution of individual and mankind’s civilization. The influence of many variables on critical thinking has been studied without considering the effect of using blended learning on critical thinking skills among nursing students. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the effects of using blended learning on nursing students’ critical thinking. This was a Quasi-experimental study. The study population was nursing students from Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardebil, Iran. We have chosen two classes using convenience sampling. The tools that have been used in this research were California Critical Thinking Skills Test; Form B (CCTST). At the beginning of the study, the questionnaire of critical thinking was accomplished for both control and experimental groups. The experimental group was taught by blended learning method and control group which was taught by face to face method. At the end of the semester, post test of critical thinking skills was accomplished for both groups. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA. There was no significant difference in the mean score in the critical thinking skills between the control and experimental groups before the intervention (control group: 10.93, experimental group 11.25). Results after intervention shown that the score of critical thinking experimental group has significantly increased in comparison with control group’s score (P<0.001). The results of this study have shown that blended learning has significant impact on critical thinking skills and sub-components of analysis, evaluation, and inferential, but it has not significant impact on component of inductive and deductive thinking. So, using of blended learning is one of the important factors of development and prosperity of nursing students’ critical thinking skills. Thus, it is recommended to use this method in educational systems.

Due to the large volume of the data generated in hospitals، it is essential to use hospital information system (HIS) in efficiently handling them. One of the major factors in the HIS is user participation that leads to correctly predicted factors and this fact also increase their commitment to the development of HIS. This study aimed to survey participation rate of users in different stages of HIS development and identified factors affecting it. This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on 140 users (including physicians، nurses، medical laboratorists، radiologists، HIM and IT staffs) from Urmia University Hospitals in 2013. The data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire whose reliability had been confirmed by specialists as well as its validity by internal consistency method (r =0. 86). The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and analytic al statistics (t-test and chi-square). Correlation analysis showed that a meaningful correlation existed between job and organizational change barriers (p =0. 003)، and also between the history and attitudinal-behavioral barriers (p =0. 006). The highest participation rate of users in the four-stage development of the HIS was related to implementation phase (2. 88) and the lowest participation rate was related to analysis (1. 23). The test results showed that none of the stages of development (analysis، design، implementation، and evaluation) had satisfactory user participation (P < 0. 05). The most important factors in increasing user participation included established teamwork from end-users and the support of top managers from HIS development. According to the survey results، it seems necessary that health care administrators have a detailed plan for user participation that identify the real needs prior to the development and purchase of HIS، and predict ways to increase users’ commitment and motivations to develop maintain and upgrade the system.

Based on the fact that knowledge is not limited and scientific Exchanges help researchers to pursuit of new findings, this study aimed to determine citation rates of medical articles and books by faculty members of schools of Pharmacy in type 1 Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran, in text books at Amazon website, during 2000 to 2011.

This study was done using Citation analysis, a method performed by Scientometrics techniques. The study Population included 372 Text books indexed on Amazon website that have been published between 2000 to 2011. These books reference have been studied due to the citation to the scientific production of faculty members of school of pharmacy of Iranian universities type 1. Google Book search, a part of the Google search engine, was used as the data collection tool. Data analysis was done using (SPSS), version 18

Citations to medical articles by schools of Pharmacy in type 1 Universities of Medical Sciences during the study period had an ascending trend, in which Tehran school of pharmacy (37.19) percent and Ahvaz school of pharmacy (1.03) percent had the highest and lowest growth, respectively. Most cited articles were original papers (89.6) percent and case reports ranked last with zero percent. Most cited articles were written by three authors (89.96) percent.

The findings suggest that cooperation is the factor influencing to level of quality scientific papers and citations at the international level.

Evaluation of educational processes is an important step to determine the success rate of educational system in performing its responsibilities and to detect that educational programs are desirable and matched to educational goals or not. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of 10 years national comprehensive exams of medical clerkship، pre-internship and dental continuing exams in Babol University of Medical Sciences. The results of 10 years national comprehensive exams of medical clerkship، pre-internship and dental continuing exams related to Babol University of Medical Sciences which had been published by Ministry of Health and Medical Education Department up to year 2010، were entered to excel software sheets and for each lesson، the mean rank of the university among the participant medical universities was notified، aligned rate was calculated and compared. In the lessons related to medical clerkship، pre-internship and dental continuing exams، the lessons of genetics، radiology and genetics had the highest aligned rate، respectively. Parasitology، orthopedics and physiology had the lowest aligned rate in these 10 years. It seems that the results of these national comprehensive exams، can be a proper baseline for implementation of suitable educational policies in the universities for reinforcement of strength points and intervention in weak points of each university.

One of the most important goals of library and information sciences is the user-oriented organization of information. Thus، the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) presents the functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR) model. This study examined the bibliographic relationships between Persian medical books based on the FRBR model، during 2006 to 2011 and reviewed the compliance rate of this model with the Persian medical books.

This was a descriptive survey. The study population consisted of all the medical bibliographic records in the National Library of Iran’s online public access catalog (OPAC) during 2006 to 2010. The data were collected using National Library of Iran OPAC. Method of data collecting was direct observation of bibliographic records in National Library of Iran OPAC. After collecting data and creating tables and figures in Microsoft Excel Software، the data were analyzed to fulfill the research objectives and also to draw conclusions.

The results showed that out of total 105،926 books published in Persian، 3،781 books، i. e. equivalent to 3. 56% were in the field of medical sciences. In total number of medical Persian books، only 390 books، i. e. equivalent to 10. 31%، had the work-to-work bibliographic relationships. The most common types of bibliographic relationships in Persian medical books in the studied years consequently were «summarization»، «adaptation» and «supplement”.

Although the FRBR model is much emphasized، because of substantial differences of medical sciences with other sciences، especially the humanities (e. g. literature and arts)، its experimental nature is very low based on scientific methodology [experiment، observation، hypothesis and conclusion by (proof theory)]، the rate of»work-to-work bibliographic relationships«، as the basic concept of FRBR. At present، according to this survey، implementation of FRBR in cataloging and organizing books in the field of medical sciences would not be cost effective.

External root resorption is not detectable clinically and radiography plays a key role in its diagnosis.The present study aimed at comparing the diagnostic efficacy of conventional anddigital radiography in detection of simulated root resorption cavities (In-vitro). This experimental observational study evaluated 39 extracted teeth. All roots, except for the palatal root of upper molars,were hypotheticallydividedinto apical and coronal sections.Half these sites were considered as the control group. Buccal cavities were randomly made in the remaining sectionsusing # 1/2,2 and 4 round burrs.Each tooth was imaged using a CCD-based digital system and E-speed film. Radiographs were taken at 0 and 20˚ mesial angulation. Six image groups were interpreted by two experienced oral and maxillofacial radiologists and one endodontist.Conventional and enhanced digital radiographs were also takenat 0 and 20˚ mesial angulation. Conventional radiographs were viewedat 2X magnification by a magnifying glass. Sensitivity, specificity,false positive and false negative percentages and accuracyof each method were compared with the gold standard. The degree of agreement among these techniques was measuredbykappa coefficient. Conventional radiography at 2X magnification had the highest sensitivity and specificity. No significant difference was found in sensitivity of digital radiography and enhanced digital radiography. Enhanced digital radiography ranked second in terms of specificity. Conventional radiography at 2X magnification followed by enhanced digital radiography had the highest diagnostic accuracy. Mesial angulation of the cone increasedsensitivity and decreased specificity in all three techniques and thus, it only improved the diagnostic accuracy of digital radiography with no significant effect on the other two techniques.The degree of agreement between the two digital techniques was higher (k=0.68). Diagnostic efficacy of conventional radiography at 2X magnification is more than digital radiographs for detection of external root resorption.

Nowadays, the Internet has created a virtual world and become an incentive for universities to invest in e-learning. And in order to accomplish this, they attempt to both use and evaluate e-learning systems. We aimed to identify and rank the components for measuring the success of universities using the fuzzy network analysis approach. This applicable descriptive survey was done on the users of e-learning systems in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan as well as experts in the field of e-learning. Data were collected using related questionnaires. The reliability of questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha for each factor separately as well as for the whole questionnaire. The total reliability coefficient of questions was 0.959. The single sample t test and fuzzy network analysis techniques were used to analyze data. Components of information quality, service quality, system quality, supporting factors, teacher characteristics, student characteristics, and environmental factors are effective in the success of e-learning systems. Moreover, information quality with the relative weight of 0.23 and environmental factors with the relative weight of 0.05 have the maximum and minimum effect, respectively. Focus on data quality and educational content, providing suitable and faster services and infrastructure facilities for e-learning systems can improve e-learning systems in universities.

In strategic planning, there are several procedures to perform internal assessment or strength and weakness of organizations. Among other methods created for this purpose, Wiseboard model is the one in which the following six internal dimensions are considered: Organizational Structure, Leadership, Coordination, Reward System and Communication. This study measures three of these variables in hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). This survey is a descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study conducted during 2010 and 2011. The research population comprised all those working at TUMS hospitals from which a random sample of about 580 people was selected. The questionnaire's reliability was estimated to be 91% and the data were analyzed by the SPSS software. Of the subjects, 75.4% were below diploma level, 13% above diploma, 7.8% higher diploma, 66.4 bachelor holders, 2.6% master holders, and 5.4% had a doctoral degree or higher. Some 72.6% of the subjects were in Clinical and 19.8% in Nonclinical fields. The mean values of Goal Setting, Organizational Structure, and Leadership came out to be 24.47, 20.37, and 22.06, respectively. Based on the findings of this research study, TUMS hospitals have weaknesses in some aspects and they need improvement in some areas in the following order: Organizational Structure, Leadership, and Goal Setting.

• Since health is one of God's great bounties bestowed on human, he should attempt to keep it especially in today's machine life. Therefore, people have to be educated before any kind of disease occurs. This study aimed to analyze the contents of secondary school textbooks regarding health education indices such as skin health, oral hygiene, nutrition, sports and physical activity, diseases (including HIV/AIDS), and smoking and drug abuse.• This descriptive study used Shannon entropy for content analysis. The analysis unit included pages of secondary school books (including texts, questions, exercises, and pictures) during the educational year of 2008-2009. Totally, 15 books containing 1915 pages were included. In order to confirm the reliability, available resources were used to select health information- and education-related components and indexes. The extracted indices and components were then studied by a number of physicians, health experts and managers and their viewpoints were considered to improve the research.• The highest and lowest frequency and importance coefficient were related to sports and physical activity (14 cases) and smoking and drug abuse (no cases were found), respectively.• Curriculum is the basic approach and strategy in health promotion among students. Hence, the school books should emphasize essential health-related education. However, unfortunately, some aspects of health information have been overlooked in secondary school textbooks.