جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحمل ابهام » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Anxiety disorders, including Anxiety disorders, including Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), are among the most common disorders that have affected many people. The way of analyzing and interpreting the events, tolerating or not the ambiguous situation and metacognitive beliefs can predict GAD. The purpose of this research was the role of emotional processing, tolerance of ambiguity and metacognitive beliefs in predicting GAD in nurses of Sardasht Health Network.

The statistical population included all nurses working in the Sardasht health network (including hospital, specialized clinics and health centers in the city).  A total of 155 nurses were selected as the final sample of the study using the available sampling method.  The data collection tools were emotional processing, ambiguity tolerance, metacognitive beliefs and anxiety symptoms questionnaires. The present study was a descriptive and correlational study and the data was analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression.

Statistical findings showed that emotional processing, ambiguity tolerance and metacognitive beliefs together explain 63.2% of the variance of GAD. Also, the findings show that all three predictive variables have a significant contribution in predicting GAD; so that the variable of cognitive processing (p = 0.01, β = 0.433), ambiguity tolerance (p = 0.01, β = 0.101), and metacognitive beliefs (p = 0.01, 0.503 = β) positively predicts GAD.

According to the findings, emotional processing, tolerance of ambiguity and metacognitive beliefs play a role in causing GAD; Accordingly, by changing the type of emotional processing and increasing the ability to tolerate ambiguity and changing defective metacognitive beliefs, it helped to reduce GAD.

This study investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy (MiCBT), to decrease intolerance of uncertaint and psychological distress in patients with COVID-19.

This research was conducted in the form of an experimental design with pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group. thirty patients with covid-19 in Amol city were randomly allocated to either to the experimental group (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). Outcomes were assessed at pre-, postintervention and at 2-month follow-up with the Kessler psychological distress scale-10 (K10) and the short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS.26 software and mixed covariance analysis with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test.

The MiCBT intervention significantly reduced intolerance of uncertainty and psychological distress scores at posttreatment and the gains were maintained at 2-month follow-up (p < 0.001).

The results support the effectiveness of MiCBT in creating rapid and sustainable reduction of intolerance of uncertainty and psychological distress in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, experts, researchers and therapists in this field can use this intervention as an effective treatment option to improve the psychological functions of patients with COVID-19 in Iran.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the mental disorders that has a great impact on the quality of life and reducing a person's resistance to the disorder. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of single-process cognitive-behavioral therapy on intolerance of uncertainty and tolerance of ambiguity in female patients with compulsive washing.

Methods and Materials: 

The research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up test design. The statistical population included all young women suffering from washing obsessions who had referred to the counseling and psychological research center in Neyshabur during the first quarter of 2018. Among them, 60 people were voluntarily selected and after the initial pre-test of the Yale Brown Washing Obsession Questionnaire, 30 people who had the highest level of disorder were selected and randomly divided into two groups (15 experimental and 15 control people) were replaced. Then the CBT cognitive behavioral therapy protocol, which was developed by the researcher in the form of 8 sessions of 45 minutes in a period of 2 months, one session per week, was implemented on the experimental group. Two experimental and control groups were taken. The data were analyzed through variance analysis with repeated measurements.

The results showed that the modular cognitive behavioral intervention increases the intolerance of uncertainty and tolerance of ambiguity (p<0. 05).

Therefore, it can be concluded that the modular cognitive-behavioral therapy can be suggested as an effective intervention in the treatment of increasing uncertainty tolerance and ambiguity tolerance of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Infertility is one of the most important crises in life, which leads to psychological problems and serious stressful experiences for people (1). The consequences of infertility are multiple and can bring social consequences and personal pain and suffering and expose affected people to various psychological pressures (4). In this connection, researchers have so far reported the occurrence of impulsive behaviors and scattered pressures, depression and feelings of worthlessness in the case of infertile people, and the presence of these conditions causes low happiness in the lives of these people (6). One of the factors that have a negative effect on infertile women is tolerance of uncertainty. Dugas et al. (2007) define ambiguity tolerance as beliefs about worry, negative problem orientation, and avoidant coping style (7). Tolerating ambiguity is one of the important factors in coping with difficulties. Ambiguity tolerance, which means the capacity to experience and tolerate a negative mental state, can be the result of cognitive or physical processes and can be experienced as an emotional state, which is often characterized by action tendencies to relieve the emotional experience (9).In recent years, the investigation of cognitive and thinking patterns in infertile women has shown that rumination and depression have a mutual relationship with each other (10). Rumination is defined as resistant and recurring thoughts. These thoughts involuntarily enter the consciousness and divert the attention from the subjects and goals of the person (11, 12). One of the effective methods of the third wave of psychotherapy in reducing the problems of infertile women is schema therapy (14). The goal of treatment is for patients to use more compatible coping styles instead of maladaptive coping styles so that they can satisfy their basic emotional needs (15). Also, in recent years, one of the therapeutic approaches that many researchers have investigated its effectiveness in different fields is cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (16). Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness as one of the approaches of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapies has been effective on a wide range of psychological problems and disorders (16).Less research has compared the effectiveness of schema therapy with cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the tolerance of ambiguity and rumination of infertile women, and this research is devoted to investigating this research gap. The results ofTozandehjani et al.'s research (2020) showed that schema therapy was effective on ambiguity tolerance (19). The results of the research of Zemestani et al. (2018) showed that cognitive therapy based on mindfulness had an effect on rumination (20). The research results of Shahmoradi et al. (2017) showed that therapeutic schema and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness as two effective therapeutic methods are effective in reducing incompatible schemas and improving the health of patients (21). Also, the results ofLouis et al.'s research (2018) showed that schema therapy improves psychological well-being in people (22).Due to the increasing of infertility in developing countries, including Iran, it is felt necessary to pay attention to the mental health of infertile people, especially infertile women who are more exposed than men to physical, psychological and social stressorscaused by infertility and its treatment. According to the mentioned cases, the main issue of this research is to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the tolerance of ambiguity and rumination of infertile women, and the present study tries to answer this question: Is the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on tolerance Ambiguity and rumination of infertile women are different?

The method of this research is semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population included all infertile women aged 18 to 45 from the infertility centers of Sari city, 45 of whom were selected by purposeful sampling and divided into three groups (group 1: schema therapy (15 people), group 2: cognitive therapy based on mindfulness (15 people) and group 3 were selected as the control group (15 people). Data collection was based on McLain's ambiguity tolerance scale (1993) and Nolen Hoeksema et al.'s (1991) rumination scale, and the experimental group received Yang et al.'s (2003) schema therapy and Williams et al.'s (2002) cognitive therapy based on mindfulness. Data were analyzed through mixed ANOVA with SPSS version 22 software.

The results showed that the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on the tolerance of ambiguity and rumination of infertile women is different (P=0.001), which is more in the experimental group. Also, there is no significant difference between the two experimental groups in terms of change in ambiguity tolerance and rumination (P<0.05).

The findings showed that the difference between the schema therapy group and the control group was statistically confirmed in terms of ambiguity tolerance and rumination. Also, the results showed that the difference between cognitive therapy based on mindfulness and control group was confirmed statistically. The results of this research are in agreement with the researches of Najafi et al. (2018) (26), Zemestani et al. (2018) (20), Shahmoradi et al. (2017) (21), Toozandehjani et al. (2020) (19), Goldberg et al., Mak et al. (2018) (28), Louis et al. (2018) (22) were aligned. In explanation, it can be said that schema therapy helps infertile women to comment on what is going on in their inner world as well as what they experience, including various physical feelings, thoughts, beliefs and values. When a person becomes aware of the origin of his dysfunctional patterns, life and relationship find a new meaning for him, and the person can put aside his negative interactions and inappropriate personality patterns and turn to a healthy mentality; Also, find a way to get rid of the traps of life and fulfill your main emotional needs. This strategy emphasizes a deeper level of cognition and seeks to correct the core of the problem; This practice has a high rate of success in treating disorders such as anxiety, depression, improving happiness, mental health and psychological well-being (25). On the other hand, mindfulness and mindfulness techniques are considered as a general desire to be aware of experiences, that a person has a non-judgmental and open look at these emotions and feelings and his inner psychological experiences, becomes aware of his bodily feelings and experiences and experiences them. Also, mindfulness encourages curiosity and open attention to inner experiences and communication and familiarity with thoughts and feelings related to the body (29). In general, interventions based on mindfulness through the mechanism of increasing the neural processing related to the identification of bodily states and feelings can have an effect on the tolerance of uncertainty and rumination of infertile women. In another explanation of the results, it can be said that schema therapy is effective in reducing rumination symptoms, but more sessions are needed for better efficiency. In addition to therapeutic techniques focused on attention training, schema therapy includes a wide range of specific therapeutic strategies designed to facilitate cognitive and emotional change (31). The main limitation of this research is related to external validity, because the statistical population of the research is a special group of society, that is, infertile women aged 18 to 45 in the infertility centers of Sari city, who were in the second half of 1401, so the possibility of generalizing the results to the whole society is limited. Based on the results of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness, it can play an important role in improving the tolerance of ambiguity and rumination of infertile women. Therefore, it is suggested to use these methods along with other treatment methods to improve these variables in infertile women.

The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the model of desire for addiction treatment based on addiction memory,desire to use and tolerance of ambiguity with the mediation of self-control in drug addicts seeking withdrawal.The method of the present research was a description of the type of correlation and prediction.The statistical population of this study included drug addicts who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Babol city.209 participants were selected as a sample using the purposeful and accessible sampling method and answered the questions of Chen et al.'s Addiction Memory Severity Scale (2018), Tanjeni et al.'s Self-Control Scale (2004), McLean et al.'s Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (2004).1993), Miller and Tunigan's (1997) scale of readiness to change and desire for addiction treatment, and Somoza et al.'s (1995) drug addiction scale answered.Data analysis using the structural equation modeling method showed that addiction memory has a direct role in desire for treatment (p<0.05, β=0.31);The desire to use has a direct role in the desire for treatment (p<0.05, β=0.39); Ambiguity tolerance has a direct role in desire for treatment (p<0.05, β=0.36); Self-control has a direct role in desire for treatment (p<0.05, β=0.79) and the model of desire for addiction treatment based on memory of addiction, desire to use and tolerance of ambiguity with the mediation of self-control is suitable in drug addicts seeking to quit..Further studies can be an effective step in creating motivation for treatment by eliminating and minimizing problematic factors and create a background to create enthusiasmforchangeinthelives of drug addiction patients.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In recent years, the role of psychological factors in adherence to medication in patients with lung cancer has attracted more attention. This study aimed to investigate the prediction of medication adherence based on dispositional resilience, tolerance for ambiguity and perceived social support in patients with lung cancer in Yazd.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The statistical population consisted of all patients with lung cancer visiting Shahid Ramezan Zadeh Radiation Therapy Center in Yazd in 2020-2021, and 120 male patients were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-8), Dispositional Resilience Scale (HARDY), Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-I (MSTAT-I) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Then, they were analyzed in SPSS 23 using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

Results suggested a significant positive correlation between dispositional resilience and medication adherence (R=0/47), ambiguity tolerance and medication adherence (R=0/61), as well as perceived social support and medication adherence (R=0.68) (P<0/001). According to the results, the predictor variables generally explained 46.3% of the variance of medication adherence.

Based on the results, medication adherence in patients with lung cancer is predictable using dispositional resilience, ambiguity tolerance and perceived social support.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common psychological disorder causing a severe disturbance in an individual's life. One of the areas in OCD that has drawn so much attention in recent years is the concept of ambiguity tolerance, a psychological trait characterized by a person's tendency to perceive ambiguous situations as threatening or distressing. Another concept is distress tolerance, which refers to tolerating and managing distressing feelings, thoughts, and problems without resorting to harmful or ineffective behaviors. Due to the limitations of drug therapy, much attention has been paid to the treatment of OCD in the psychological field, and various therapies have been suggested to effectively deal with the symptoms and emotions related to obsession, including schema therapy. So, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on distress tolerance and ambiguity tolerance in people with OCD.

The current research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with one control group and one experimental group. The statistical population included people with OCD referred to counseling and psychology clinics in Mashhad City, Iran, in 2022. Since the number of subjects in groups in quasi–experimental studies is considered to be at least 15 people, 30 qualified volunteers were recruited using the available sampling and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). The inclusion criteria comprised patients who obtained a higher–than–average score on the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y–BOCS), had at least a diploma level of education, and did not simultaneously participate in other therapeutic interventions. The exclusion criteria comprised the absence of more than three sessions from the intervention program and disobeying the rules of group therapy. Both groups completed the Ambiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (Mclain, 1993) and Distress Tolerance Scale (Simons & Gaher, 2005) in the pretest and posttest. The experimental group received schema therapy in 13 ninety–minute sessions, one session per week. No treatment program was provided for the control group. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used. At the level of inferential statistics, multivariate covariance analysis and univariate covariance analysis were used. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 24. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.

The schema therapy has significant effects on increasing the ambiguity tolerance variable (p<0.001) and increasing the subscales of the distress tolerance variable, including tolerance of emotional distress (p<0.001), absorption by negative emotions (p<0.001), mental estimation of distress (p<0.001) and regulation of efforts to relieve distress (p<0.001) in the experimental group with OCD.

According to the results, schema therapy improves distress tolerance and ambiguity tolerance in people with OCD by correcting dysfunctional thoughts, improves the distress tolerance and ambiguity tolerance in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases and it is very important to perform appropriate psychological interventions to improve the psychological health of breast cancer patients. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on resilience and tolerance of ambiguity in cancer patients.

The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of this research was all cancer patients in Tehran in 1400, 30 of them were randomly selected and replaced in two experimental and control groups. Mindfulness-based training was conducted for the experimental group for 8 sessions, but no intervention was conducted for the control group. The research tools in this research were Kabat-Zinn's mindfulness training protocol, Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaire (2003) and Friston's ambiguity tolerance (1994). The statistical method used was multivariate covariance analysis, which was done using Spss version 23 software.

The results of this research revealed that mindfulness training significantly reduces uncertainty tolerance and increases resilience in people with cancer, the significance level of which was 0.01 with an effect size of 37%.

The results of this research can have therapeutic implications for all hospital workers who work with patients with cancer, in the sense that interventions based on mindfulness training should be made for cancer patients.

Sense of cohesion can affect nurses' personal and professional performance and it is important to identify the factors involved in it. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of ambiguity tolerance in the relationship between emotion management and sense of cohesion in nurses in Tehran.

The present study was a descriptive-correlational modeling of structural equations. The statistical population of the present study includes nurses in Tehran, from which 189 people were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included a sense of cohesion questionnaire, an ambiguity tolerance questionnaire and an emotion regulation questionnaire.

The results showed that the correlation coefficient between emotion management and ambiguity tolerance (0.67), ambiguity tolerance and sense of cohesion (0.76) and emotion management and sense of cohesion (0.68) was significant at the level of 0.01. Also, tolerance of ambiguity in the relationship between emotion management and sense of cohesion in nurses had a mediating role (P <0.05).

Accordingly, in the relationship between emotion management and sense of cohesion in nurses, ambiguity tolerance had a mediating role. Therefore, emotion management can help strengthen their sense of cohesion by increasing the level of ambiguity tolerance in nurses.

One of the most important things in life today is "successful

The aim of this study was to predict tolerate ambiguity,learning strategies of self-regulation and social adaptation based on the successful intelligence of female students  with a quantitative and correlational method.The study population was single female students with an age range of18to 30years in the Islamic Azad University,Yadegar-e Emam ,in the academic year of1399-1400,of which102people were selected as available.The method of data collection was non-random and as available, and due to COVID-19 disease,the questionnaires were prepared through the link and were distributed among the subjects.The questionnaires of Grigorenko and Sternberg successful intelligence, ambiguity tolerance, self-regulatory learning strategies,and social adjustments were used as research tools.

Regression method was used to test the main hypothesis and Pearson torque correlation was used for the sub-hypotheses. Given the value of F,which is11,68,successful intelligence is not a good explanation for dependent variables, but given the value of its significance level of0.00,which is less than 0.05, the relationship is significant. Also,considering the values ​​of the level of successful intelligence with self-regulatory strategies and social adjustment that are less than0.05,these two sub-assumptions are significant.In general,it can be inferred that successful intelligence, has been a factor in increasing the ability and self-regulation and communication skills and adaptation in the social environment.

Successful intelligence can be considered as an effective model for better communication at the community level as well as identifying appropriate personal learning strategies in students and a factor for metacognitive beliefs of learning motivation which causes risk-takings that lead to success and exit from the historical humanitarian moment.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of metacognitive beliefs, tolerance of ambiguity and psychological flexibility in the diagnosis of high and low resilience (in wives of martyrs of Alborz province). In this research, the statistical population is the wives of the martyrs of Alborz province, the total sample required is 154, and 77 participants were necessary for each group. In this regard, first, 462 participants aged 20 to 60 were included in the study. All participants responded to scales of resilience, metacognition, ambiguity tolerance, and psychological flexibility. In order to monitor the data, 12 subjects were excluded from the analysis due to missing data and 7 subjects due to outliers. Then, the standard Z score of the resilience scale was calculated, and then the participants were divided into two groups according to the Z scores of resilience, and the diagnostic role of the components of metacognition, tolerance of ambiguity and psychological flexibility in distinguishing the two groups of low and high resilience in the test and for this purpose, diagnostic analysis test was used in SPSS-23 software. Conclusion The findings show that the variables of metacognition and ambiguity tolerance can be related to post-traumatic growth in different populations, but these relationships seems are not only direct, but also indirect as resilience.

of these important concepts in psychology today is "successful intelligence". The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of successful intelligence training on tolerating ambiguity, learning strategies of self-regulation and social adaptation of female students by semi-experimental method of pre-test-post-test with control group.

The study population was single female students with an age range of 18 to 30years in Islamic Azad University,Yadegar-e Emam Branch in the academic year of 1399-1400, 24 in the control group and24 in the experimental group(21students Follow-up)were selected as available.The method of data collection was non-random and as available, but due to COVID-19 disease, the questionnaires were prepared through as a link and was performed once before the start of the course, once at the end of the course,and once for follow-up two months after the course.The questionnaires of successful intelligence,ambiguity tolerance,self-regulatory learning strategies,and Bell social adjustments were used as research tools.

The covariance method was used for the pre-test and post-test, and T was always used for the follow-up period. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) in the experimental and control groups show that according to the Pillai effect, Landai-Wilks, Hetlink-Lovely effect and Roy's Largest Root tests, All of the dependent variables (ambiguity tolerance, self-regulation learning strategies and social compatibility) there is a significant difference (F=12.57, P<0.0001). In the follow-up period, according to the significance level of 0.0000, all of which were smaller than 0.01, the contrary hypothesis was confirmed. These findings indicate that the effect is significant with a probability of 99 percent.

successful intelligence training course affects successful intelligence, ambiguity tolerance,self-regulatory learning strategies and social adaptation, and can increase creativity, practical and analytical ability, and increase one's tolerance against ambiguities, and is an important factor in regulation of one's mood and learning, and plays an important role in the adaptation of the individual in society as much as possible.Therefore, it is recommended to start successful intelligence courses as a complementary model along with training courses from adolescence and develop them in universities.

 Depressive disorder is the second major health condition in the world. It has affected over 350 million people so far and the share of women is twice that of men. Group semantic therapy can be used as a new treatment for the depressed women with low ambiguity tolerance, concerns about body image and few metacognitive beliefs. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group semantic therapy on tolerating ambiguity and concerns about body image and metacognitive beliefs in the women with depression symptoms.

 The present research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. Among the target statistical population, 30 women with depression symptoms in Borujerd were randomly placed into two groups: Intervention (15) and control (15). Ten sessions of group Semantic therapy were held for the intervention group. The research tools consisted of Sweden et al’s Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Littleton et al’s Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) and Wells' metacognitive beliefs questionnaire. The tools were completed by the intervention group in both pretest and posttest stages. The data were analyzed using variance analysis method in SPSS 26 software.

Ethical Considerations:

 The research objectives were explained to the participants and data confidentiality was ensured. Then informed consent was obtained from the participants.

 The results showed that group semantic therapy has significant effects on tolerating ambiguity (F=14.6, P<0.05) and concerns about body image (F=11.7, P<0.05) and metacognitive beliefs (F=5.6, P<0.05) in the women with depression symptoms (p-value<0.05).

 According to the results of this study, performing group semantic therapy can give meaning to individuals’ lives, increase their tolerance and metacognitive beliefs and reduce their concerns about body image. Therefore, planning to promote such training for the depressed is essential.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder is diagnosed based on the presence of unwanted and disturbing thoughts and repetitive behaviors. A person suffering from obsessive–compulsive disorder shows disorders in executive functions, such as psychological flexibility, prevention from the occurrence of response, defects in visual and verbal memory and emotional processing. Cognitive flexibility is an important aspect of executive function, defined as the ability to adapt efficiently to changing demands. Research evidence shows that obsessive–compulsive disorder can affect the indecisiveness of patients. It indicates that obsessive people use a mechanism for ambiguity and potentially threatening stimuli, as well as for achieving a sense of control over stimuli. Harassers engage in behaviors that provoke ambiguity or uncertainty. One of the treatments whose effectiveness has been confirmed in psychological disorders is coping therapy. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive coping therapy on ambiguity tolerance and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

The current research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included people with obsessive–compulsive symptoms in the vocational training and occupational therapy camp of Semnan City, Iran, in 2021. Among the statistical population, 30 qualified volunteers were randomly entered into the study and assigned to experimental and control groups (each group included 15 people). The implementation method was such that after selecting the people of the sample group and before starting the treatment program, theAmbiguity Tolerance Questionnaire (McLain, 1993) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (Bond et al., 2011) were distributed between both groups. After that, the therapy intervention program was implemented in the experimental group (in the form of 14 90–min sessions, one session per week) and the control group was not subjected to any treatment program. In the end, the posttest was done again from both groups by the mentioned questionnaires. Also, after the research, to maintain the ethical standards, the treatment programs were implemented in the control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: being interviewed based on DSM–5 criteria and also a higher than average score on the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y–BOCS) (because the statistical population of this research comprised people with obsessive symptoms) which was carried out by a specialist in the field of clinical psychology, having at least a diploma level of education, not participating in other psychological interventions at the same time, lacking any debilitating physical and mental diseases diagnosed by the researcher using a clinical interview. The exclusion criteria were as follows: absence of more than three sessions, non–observance of group–therapy rules, and suffering from a physical or mental illness that did not exist before the treatment and was identified during the implementation. Data analysis was carried out in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. At the level of descriptive statistics, frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used, and at the level of inferential statistics, multivariate covariance analysis was performed. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 24 and the significance level of the tests was considered to be 0.05.

The findings showed the significant (p<0.001) effect of cognitive coping therapy on ambiguity tolerance and cognitive flexibility in people with obsessive–compulsive disorder.

According to the findings, coping therapy focuses on the individual's coping style rather than directly affecting the tolerance of ambiguity and cognitive flexibility of obsessive–compulsive individuals. Also in the long term, by influencing these coping methods, it can affect tolerance ambiguity and cognitive flexibility.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that has a great impact on the performance and quality of life of patients. The study was conducted to predict adjustment based on tolerance for ambiguity and perfectionism among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The research method was correlation with forecasting approach and regression design. From the statistical population of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to counseling centers in District 4 of Tehran, 150 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage random method. Research tools included adaptability (Spanier, 1976), ambiguity intolerance (Freiston et al., 1994), perfectionism (Terry Short & et al., 1995). The research data were analyzed using SPSS and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that marital adjustment with ambiguity tolerance (r = -0.35, p = 0.001) and perfectionism (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) had significant correlation. have. The results of regression also showed that perfectionism with beta coefficient of 0.31 can predict the marital adjustment of obsessive patients more than the intolerance of ambiguity with beta multiplication of 0.22 and also 17% variance related to marital adjustment, based on tolerance. Ambiguity and perfectionism are explained.

adjustment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder can be predicted using intolerance and ambiguity. Therefore, by improving the intolerance of ambiguity and perfectionism of obsessive-compulsive patients, their compatibility can be strengthened.

In the last two decades, the interest in understanding the nature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and the development of effective treatment methods for GAD has increased among psychologists. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, modular cognitive-behavioral therapy and their combination in distress tolerance, ambiguity tolerance and meta-worry in female students with generalized anxiety.

This study was a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest and follow-up control group design. The selection of 60 students among the female students of the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad was done by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned into three experimental groups (pharmacotherapy, modular therapy and combination therapy) and a control group. The participants were pretested using Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) Wells ,Anxious Thoughts Inventory (2005), Simmons and Gahr turbulence tolerance scale (2005) and McDonald Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (1970). At the end of the treatment and three months after it, participants underwent post-test and follow-up test. The data in this article was analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results of the repeated measures ANOVA showed that all three treatment approaches were effective in reducing turbulence tolerance, ambiguity tolerance and meta-worry compared to the control group (Eta-squared 0.37, 0.22, 0.45, respectively), but combination therapy had a significant advantage over the other two therapeutic approaches alone (p <0.05).

Based on the biological and psychological underpinnings of generalized anxiety disorder, it seems that the combination of psychological therapies and pharmacotherapy is a more effective approach in improving anxiety conditions.

OCD can seriously endanger the patients’ mental health through disturbing their cognitive, psychological and emotional process. Hence, applying efficient therapeutic methods can decrease the degree of this disorder and its related psychological problems. The present study was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment on tolerance of uncertainty and thought-action fusion in the patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group design and two-month follow-up stage. The statistical population of the study included the people with OCD who referred to centers of psychology and consultation services in the city of Isfahan from March to July 2020. 30 people with OCD were selected through convenient sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (each group of 15). 3 individuals from the experimental group and 1 person were excluded from the study. The experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of unified transdiagnostic treatment (Barlo et.al, 2011) during two-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaires in this study included tolerance of uncertainty scale (Mc Leen, 1993) and thought-action fusion scale (Shefran, et.al, 1996). The data from the study were analyzed through repeated measurement ANOVA.

the results showed that unified transdiagnostic treatment has significant effect (p<0.001) on tolerance of uncertainty and thought-action fusion in the patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). 

the findings of the present study showed that the unified transdiagnostic treatment can be used as an efficient therapy to increase tolerance of uncertainty and decrease thought-action fusion in the people with OCD through employing techniques such as recognizing emotions, teaching emotional awareness, cognitive reevaluation, identifying models of emotion prevention and investigating behaviors resulting from emotion.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that has a great impact on the performance and quality of life of patients. The study was conducted to predict adjustment based on tolerance for ambiguity and perfectionism among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

The research method was correlation with forecasting approach and regression design. From the statistical population of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder referring to counseling centers in District 4 of Tehran, 150 people were selected as a sample using a multi-stage random method. Research tools included adaptability (Spanier, 1976), ambiguity intolerance (Freiston et al., 1994), perfectionism (Terry Short & et al., 1995). The research data were analyzed using SPSS and Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that marital adjustment with ambiguity tolerance (r = -0.35, p = 0.001) and perfectionism (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) had significant correlation. have. The results of regression also showed that perfectionism with beta coefficient of 0.31 can predict the marital adjustment of obsessive patients more than the intolerance of ambiguity with beta multiplication of 0.22 and also 17% variance related to marital adjustment, based on tolerance. Ambiguity and perfectionism are explained.

adjustment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder can be predicted using intolerance and ambiguity. Therefore, by improving the intolerance of ambiguity and perfectionism of obsessive-compulsive patients, their compatibility can be strengthened.

It is believed that some psychological characteristics improve attitudes toward various activities, including educational activities. Ambiguity tolerance is one of those characteristics. Students experience anxiety as well as mental and intellectual conflicts in ambiguous situations. They firmly adhere to previous ideas and fail to process new evidence. Of course, a moderate level of ambiguity can positively affect human life. Another problem that adolescents face to deal with is solving social problems. One of the new programs in this field is the FRIENDS program. This program is a cognitive–behavioral program based on prevention and primary intervention that is presented to children as a group or globally to deal with emotions such as anxiety, fear, and worry through the development of self–confidence, coping skills training, and flexibility enhancement designed with a simple structural method. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the FRIENDS program to tolerate ambiguity and solve social problems of female high school students.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population comprised all female high school students in the first ninth grade, region 9 of Tehran City, Iran, in the academic year 2018–19. The sample was recruited by the convenience sampling method. The study sample consisted of 48 students that were randomly assigned to two groups (24 in the control group and 24 in the experimental group). The control group received no intervention, and the experimental group received 10 sessions of the training program. The Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale–II (MSTAT–II) (McLain, 2009) and the Social Problem–Solving Inventory–Revised (D'Zurilla et al., 2002) were administered to both groups in the pretest and posttest. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation as well as inferential statistics using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software version 22. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that FRIENDS program training was effective in reducing negative problem orientation (p=0.011), increasing positive problem orientation (p=0.004), reducing avoidance style (p=0.004), decreasing impulsivity/carelessness style (p<0.001) and increasing ambiguity tolerance (p<0.001). The obtained effect sizes were 0.11 for negative problem orientation, 0.18 for positive problem orientation, 0.19 for avoidance style, 0.24 for impulsivity/carelessness style, and 0.40 for ambiguity tolerance.

Based on the research findings, the FRIENDS program reduces negative problem orientation, avoidance style, and impulsivity/carelessness in problem–solving in female students. Also, this program increases positive problem orientation and tolerance of ambiguity in these students. Therefore, the FRIENDS program can improve students' behavioral and cognitive disorders and be effective for academic progress.

The aim of this study was to present a structural model of school attachment based on metacognitive beliefs, ambiguity tolerance, family emotional atmosphere and attitudes toward using virtual networks in coronavirus pandemics.

The research method is descriptive and structural equations. In terms of purpose, the research method is developmental and in terms of data collection method, the research method is descriptive-correlation. In terms of data type, the research method is quantitative research. The statistical population of this study includes female students of the second year of high schools in Tehran in the academic year 1398-99, whose total number is about 106119 people and a sample of 400 students was considered. Data collection methods in this study were library and field and questionnaire tools were used. Data were analyzed at descriptive and inferential levels and SPSS software version 21 and LISREL version 8.7 were used to analyze the data.

According to the findings, the mean components of attachment to school were 3.71, the mean of metacognitive beliefs was 13.71, the mean of ambiguity tolerance was 3.47, the mean attitude towards using virtual networks was 2.85, the mean of family emotional atmosphere was 2.864. And its average is higher than average.

The results showed that tolerance of ambiguity, emotional atmosphere of family and attitude to using virtual networks through studentschr('39') metacognitive beliefs had an indirect effect on their attachment to school