جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تکلیف شناختی" در نشریات گروه "پزشکی"

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body. It has been shown that changes in attention and sensory taping can affect the balance. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate attention changes along with sensory taping on the balance of athletes with ankle sprains.

Twenty-two subjects (11 males, 11 females) with chronic ankle sprains were included and 22 healthy individuals were matched with the control group. To measure balance, the subjects stood on one leg on the force plate (injured leg) for eight stages with 3-minute rest intervals between them. The stages included: Standing with eyes open and closed along with easy and difficult cognitive tasks with and without taping. ANOVA four-way was used in the form of 2 × 2 × 2 × 2.

The results showed that the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the X axis and the standard deviation of the displacement of the center of pressure in the X and Y axes in two conditions of easy and difficult cognitive tasks before and after the tape had a significant difference (P<0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups in the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the X axis, in the eyes open position on one leg with easy and difficult cognitive tasks (P<0.05). There is a significant difference between the two groups in the mean displacement of the center of pressure in the Y axis, in the eyes closed and open position on one leg with a hard cognitive task (P<0.05). However, in others, this difference was not significant (P>0.05)

In general, the results showed an improvement in the balance of people with chronic ankle sprains after taping and cognitive tasks; however, in some test modes, no significant improvement was observed.

Cognitive effort can affect the execution of a wide range of tasks and is primarily involved in the regulation of cognitive control when performing the task and achieving the chosen goal.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of easy and difficult goals on self-efficacy and memory performance in young and elderly people with an investigation of the cognitive effort hypothesis.

The present study is a semi-experimental study. The statistical population of this study was the young and elderly people in the sixth district of Tehran city and its statistical sample includes 80 young and elderly subjects who were selected in 2018 and were randomly assigned to eight experimental groups. To measure self-efficacy, a questionnaire of memory self-efficacy beliefs was used, and a stroop task was used to assess cognitive tasks. Data were analyzed using analysis of mixed covariance tests with repetitive measurements, two-way analysis covariance, and Bonferroni PostHoc test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20.

Results in high cognitive loads showed that young adults group with difficult goals have significantly better performance rather than other experimental groups (P<0.001). The results of tasks with low and high cognitive loads showed that younger adults group has better performance rather than older adults (P<0.05). The average self-efficacy beliefs in youth group with the easy goals were better than other groups (P <0.05).

According to the findings of this study, the use of goals for promoting performance and memory self-efficacy beliefs in training is recommended.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) disease is one of the common diseases of central nervous system. In the disease white blood cells attack to the sheath of the central nervous system, which is called myelin. The amount of MS infection in women is two or three times more men and infecting age range is between 15-50 years old that its peak is in 30 years. Multiple sclerosis can result in variable neuromuscular deficit including muscle weakness, spasticity, balance impairment and sensory disturbance. Walking difficulties and cognitive impairments are clinical hallmarks of people with multiple sclerosis. Among symptoms of the disease, growing attention has focused on cognitive functions. Cognitive deficit have been reported in 45-70% of people affected by this disease. Cognitive impairments can play a significant role in memory, attention, learning, performance, information processing ability and speed of information processing. One of the most important problems in MS patients is memory impairment. This memory involves the process of temporary storage of information and its application in the process of processing information and complex cognitive skills such as reasoning and learning; in other words, working memory is the result of controlling attention and maintaining concentration in a particular mental activity. In many daily activities, people often require performing an additional cognitive demanding task while walking. Therefore, purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive task on stance phase timing of walking in multiple sclerosis patients.

The current study design was a quasi-experimental with pre and posttest. Twenty volunteer men and women with multiple sclerosis (mean±SD age: 41.85± 12.59 years old and EDSS score 0-5) from Tehran (capital city of Iran) multiple sclerosis association were participated in this study and stance phase timing of walking measured in 3 different level by foot Medisense. Analysis of variance with repeated measurement test and Bonferroni post Hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (p<0.05).

Performance cognitive task had a significant effect on increased time of hill strike phase, foot flat phase, mid stance phase, hill off phase and toe off phase in right leg (p<0.001) and in left leg. In addition, performance of cognitive task had a significant effect on increased time of hill strike phase, foot flat phase, mid stance phase, hill off phase and toe off phase (p<0.001). Except for stage 2 versus stage 3 in left leg, there was a significant difference between the time of walking stance phase in all level in the left leg (stage 1 versus stage 2, stage 1 versus stage 3, stage 1 versus stage 4, stage 2 versus stage 3, stage 2 versus stage 4 and stage 3 versus stage 4) and right leg (stage 1 versus stage 2, stage 1 versus stage 3, stage 1 versus stage 4, stage 2 versus stage 4 and stage 3 versus stage 4).

Stance phase time in multiple sclerosis patients increased during cognitive task and multiple sclerosis patient walk slower during cognitive task.

Alzheimer's is a progressive brain disease that destroys brain cells to be causing impairment in memory and cognitive processes. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was the evaluation of cognitive function deficit in elderly patients with and without Alzheimer's disease using the dual task.
Material and This study was a quasi-experimental and between subject and within subject design was used in it. The 23 subjects (11 females and 12 males) with an age range of 62 to 81 years; 13 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 10 healthy elderly subjects (EC) with normal cognitive function participated in this study. Identifying people with Alzheimer's disease and healthy people was performed based on physician diagnoses and the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ). After obtaining the average number of correct counting of months of the year in both simple and difficult cognitive task, each person was performed 10 tasks simultaneously (under Dual-task) in both simple and difficult condition.
The results showed that the AD group compared to the matched controls (EC) in the difficult condition of cognitive task, more errors were committed. Also level of difficulty and AD disease effect on drop in the average number of months counted at dual-task condition was significant (p It seems that attentional tasks is appropriate to separate patients with AD and healthy elderly individuals. But for a more detailed explanation of this issue, there is a need for further researches.

The main goal of this study was to investigate the impact of difficulty level of postural task on dual task performance in young and older adults. Methods & Materials: 20 young (20-30 years) and 20 elderly (65-70 years) participants were selected by non-probable sampling method. Postural tasks (standing with parallel feet on the hard and foam surface) and cognitive task retrieved via auditory reaction times were applied. Cognitive and postural task assigned once individually and once simultaneously. In the older group; comparison Consequence analysis of easy balance task performance in a single and dual mode, showed no significant differences (p>0/05), but difficult balance task performance in dual-mode revealed more significant differences in compare than to single mode in elderly group. In the youth group performance of single and dual tasks were not significantly different (p>0/05). Comparing the performance of dual tasks in young and elderly groups revealed, with performing difficult balance tasks, different between aforementioned groups were significantly different (p<0/05). Increasing difficulty postural task may improve the performance of postural task in compare to single and simple postural task in dual mode, due to arousal promotions which occurs in first mentioned task.