جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حساسیت به انسولین » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Adipokine apelin is involved in energy metabolism and the pathogenesis of diabetes. Apelin can have anti-type 2 diabetes activity and be effective in reducing insulin resistance as an insulin-sensitizing agent. Also, reviewing the effects of different types of exercise on apelin can answer many questions about exercise-induced apelin, and identify the therapeutic role of exercise on apelin and diabetes. Therefore, in the present review article, the effect of chronic and acute exercise on apelin in type 2 diabetes, and the mechanisms of the effect of exercise on apelin and insulin sensitivity are presented.

Few studies have evaluated the effect of acute exercise on apelin in type 2 diabetes, and most of the studies on the effect of chronic exercise have been of the aerobic type, with contradictory results (the increase and decrease of the apelin) reported. Also, it seems that exercise, independently of body weight changes by improving insulin sensitivity can affect adipose tissue and circulating apelin, and thus reduce insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Therefore, apelin and exercise as insulin-sensitizing agents can increase energy metabolism and improve insulin sensitivity by similar mechanisms.

Exercise-induced apelin can be a promising therapeutic strategy and target for type 2 diabetes. However, further studies are needed to determine how different types of exercise affect apelin, as well as the exact association of exercise-induced apelin with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and related mechanisms.

The aim of the present study was to investigated the comparison effects of eight weeks of continuous and high intensity interval swimming on irisin tissue levels and insulin sensitivity in male rats with metabolic syndrome.

48 male Wistar rats with six weeks of age and a weight range of 150-180 gr were randomly divided into four groups of eight including: standard control, metabolic syndrome control, moderate continuous swimming+metabolic syndrome (CT+MetS) and high-intensity interval swimming+metabolic syndrome (HIIT+MetS). The training was carriedout for eight weeks and five days a week, equivalent to 65 and almost 100 percent of the maximum oxygen consumption, respectively, for the program of CT and HIIT swimming. Measurement of blood and tissue variables (visceral fat and liver) was done by ELISA method and statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance and at a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that CT and HIIT swimming after induction of metabolic syndrome increased level of irisin in the liver tissue and visceral fat of rats (p=0.002 and p=0.0001, respectively); so the changes were higher after HIIT. The glucose levels in the CT and HIIT swimming group were significantly lower than the standard and the metabolic syndrome control (p=0.0001) groups. No significant difference was observed in the insulin sensitivity (p=0.67) between the training groups and the metabolic syndrome control group.

It is possible that moderate and high intensity intermittent swimming induce protective effects on metabolic syndrome by increasing irisin and reducing blood glucose.

Gestational diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate and glucose metabolism that is first seen during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes, in addition to maternal complications, also causes adverse effects in children. Considering that increasing the level of physical activity has an important effect on reducing the complications of diabetes, this study was conducted with aim to evaluate the effect of exercise at home during the Covid-19 pandemic on serum levels of insulin markers in women with gestational diabetes.

This semi-experimental study was performed on 40 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 24-28 gestational age referred to the clinic of Shahid Heydari in Nahavand in 2020. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n=20 in each group). The intervention group performed the selected exercises at home using univariate cache for eight weeks and three days a week for 20 to 40 minutes every day; the control group had no physical activity during this period. Then, through blood sampling, the serum level of fasting blood sugar and insulin was measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 21) and Shapiro–Wilk test, Levon's test, paired t-test, and independent t-test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In this study, eight weeks of selected exercises at home could have a significant increase on fasting insulin levels (-2.482±1.036 vs. 0.116±0.626) and significant decrease on FBS levels (45.550±14.978 vs. -0.150±6.823) in pregnant women in the intervention group compared to the control group (P<0.001). While these exercises did not show a significant effect on the variables of insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance in the intervention groups compared to the control group after eight weeks of selected exercises (P>0.05).

The eight weeks of exercise at home using univariate caches based on the presented protocol regarding to the principle of overload and increasing resistance (with moderate intensity), have a significant effect on insulin levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes.

The supplements and exercise training are used to diabetes control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks high intensity interval training and caffeine intake on glycemic indices and insulin resistance in diabetic rats.

In a quasi-experimental study, 50 Wistar diabetic male rats were randomly divided into five groups including control, diabetic control, diabetic + supplement, diabetic + exercise and diabetic + exercise + supplement. Training was planned for 8 weeks and 5 sessions weekly. In the supplement groups, caffeine was administered at the dose of 70 mg/kg, five days weekly for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, fasting serum glucose, insulin levels, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA method (P <0.05).

The results showed a significant decrease in glucose and a significant increase in insulin levels in the two groups of diabetes and in the diabetic + supplement + exercise group compared to the diabetic control group (P =0.001). Diabetic + exercise group showed more effects on insulin resistance than diabetic control group (P =0.001), but this difference was not significant in comparison with other groups (P =0.85). The highest increase of insulin sensitivity was observed in the diabetic + supplement group (P =0.007).

It seems that caffeine can improve blood glucose level, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in rats with type 2 diabetes. Also, HIIT exercises can reduce insulin resistance and be used as an intervention in diabetes.

Excess fat accumulation in the liver can be seen in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition is closely associated with insulin resistance and abdominal obesity. Genistein, one of the major isoflavones, can improve glucose and fat metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of genistein supplementation on insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance and beta cell function index in NAFLD patients.
a randomized double-blind clinical trial was done by recruiting ninety-two NAFLD patients for 8 weeks. Participants were assigned to either genistein group, which received daily 250 mg of genistein, or placebo group. All participants received nutritional and physical activity consultation. Anthropometric factors, liver enzymes, fasting blood sugar and insulin were measured. Finally, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and beta cell function were calculated.
Genistein reduced fasting insulin, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity in comparison with the placebo group. In addition, waist-hip ratio was reduced in the genistein group while no significant changes were observed in BMI, fasting glucose, beta cell function and liver enzymes in genistein groups.
this study showed that 8 weeks supplementation with daily 250 mg of Genisetein in NAFLD patients, improved insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and waist-hip ratio and it can be considered as an effective supplement for these patients in terms of weight management.

Insulin resistance is one of the metabolic syndrome symptoms. This syndrome is progressive and can lead to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Several studies have indicated that chromium supplementation is effective in increasing the insulin sensitivity and control hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes. Therefore, current study aimed to review the available evidence regarding the relation between chromium and glucose homeostasis. This review study was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science by entering “diabetes mellitus”, “insulin sensitivity”, “insulin resistance”, “chromium” and “metabolic syndrome” as keywords. In this study, clinical trial, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies which were published during 1995 to 2014 were reviewed. Studies show that the consumption of high dose of chromium supplement (1000 µg) during more than 12 weeks not only improves insulin sensitivity, but also alters body fat distribution and reduce weight gain trends in patients with diabetes. In addition, chromium consumption decreases insulin requirements to the anti-diabetic drugs in patients with diabetes. However, there are contradicting results that show intake of low doses of chromium (400 µg) during 12 weeks did not show any significant change in insulin sensitivity. So, due to few studies and conflicting results in this regard, more research is suggested.

Gestational diabetes is defined as Diagnosing impaired glucose tolerance, for the first time during pregnancy ,The purpose of study was to compare the effect of aerobic and resistance training on fasting blood sugar, insulin and insulin resistance in women with gestational diabetes.
The study is Semi- experimental interventional. A total of 34 women with gestational diabetes voluntarily participated which were selected from the available sampling pool. The subjects were simple random assigned in 3 groups. 12 subject (age 28/92 ± 3/60 years) participated in an aerobic training group (3 days/week, 30-45 min/day, 50-70%maximum heart rate), 11subject (age 30/27 ± 4/14 years) participated in a resistance training group (3 days/week, 2-3 set of 15 repetition, 50-70%maximum heart rate and Rating of perceived exertion), and 11 subject(age 29/18 ± 4/23 years) were in control group who did not participate in any exercise program during the study period. Blood samples were collected in the pre-test and post-test to assess the level of blood sugar and insulin . statistical analysis of covariance was used to compare the groups. The data were analyzed by software 23SPSS significant level was considered p≤0 / 05 .
The results of this study indicated a significant difference in insulin plasma levels (p = 0/031), insulin resistance index (p = 0/008) and insulin sensitivity between groups. Paired samples T Test results showed that resistance training leads to significant decrease in fasting blood sugar (p= 0/012) and non-significant reduction in aerobic group (p = 0/31), in training groups was observed non-significant changes in insulin levels, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity.
It seems likely resistance training compared with aerobic training are more effective in reducing fasting glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes.

Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin (ucOC) may contribute to the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin is special protein secreted by bone as an endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and glucose. It plays an important role in insulin secretion and sensitivity. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of eight weeks resistance training on serum levels of ucOC, adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in obese women. This quasi-experimental study performed on twenty obese women (BMI> 30) in Amol City Sport clubs, Iran, in May 2014. Samples randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group consisted of eight weeks of resistance training, three times a week in six stations (including the movements of the leg press, bench press, triceps, biceps, abdominal motion, pull side and half scott) and with an intensity of 55% to 75% of one repetition maximum. Blood samples were collected after 12- 14 hours, fast and before it and also after eight weeks (48 hours after the last training session). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to confirm that data was normally distributed. The obtained data was analyzed using paired-sample t-test, independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA at the significance level of P< 0.05. The results showed that resistance training had no significant effect on serum ucOC (P= 0.094) levels and insulin sensitivity (P= 0.178) in obesity. However, the experimental group after resistance training showed significantly higher adiponectin level than the upper limit of normal range (P= 0.003). There was no relationship between adiponectin and ucOC. Resistance exercise can increase levels of serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and adiponectin in obese women. It can be said that this type of activity could possibly be effective in glucose hemeostasis.

A unique subset of Individuals with normal body mass index (BMI= 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and high body fat percentage (above 30% in women and 23% in men) that are termed as normal weight obese, are at increased risk for development of the metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases because the adipose mass and the excess of fat mass are an important source of proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was based on this hypothesis that women with high body fat percentage and normal body mass index are at increased risk for the metabolic syndrome in compared to healthy non obese women. This was as case-control study in which 40 obese women with normal weight (BMI= 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and body fat percentage above 30% (FM> 30%) and 30 non-normal weight obese women (BMI= 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) and fat percentage less than 25% (FM <25%) who were matched for age (mean age = 28 years) recruited for this study. The components of metabolic syndrome including Anthropometric variables, blood pressure and fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin were measured. The anthropometric measurements including waist and hip circumferences in NWO was higher than non-NWO (respectively; 74.78±4.81 vs. 70.76±2.91 and 99.12±4.32 versus 93.16±2/91, Pvalue<0.001), while the waist-to-hip ratio did not differ between the two groups (p=0.448).Also no significant differences were observed in concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, systolic and diastolic pressure between groups. Fasting serum insulin and insulin resistance was higher in NOW compared to non NWO (Pvalue<0.05) and insulin sensitivity in NWO was lower than non NWO (0.357 versus 0.374, pvalue = 0.043). Because of the higher serum insulin concentration and the lower insulin sensitivity, obese women with normal body mass index but high body fat percentage can be associated with a higher risk for metabolic dysregulation and metabolic syndrome compared to healthy women with the same body mass index and normal body fat percentage.

The aim of this study was to compare responses of Visfatin and insulin resistance index to various resistance exercise protocols.

Ten healthy male subjects performed three resistance exercise protocols including maximal strength (three sets of 5 repetition at 85% of 1-RM with 3-min rest between sets), hyperthrophy (three sets of 10 repetition at 70% of 1-RM with 2-min rest between sets) and strength-endurance (three sets of 15 repetition at 55% of 1-RM with 1-min rest between sets) in three separate sessions. Two blood samples were taken before and after resistance exercise protocol. Responses to different resistance exercise protocols were compared by using repeated measures of ANOVA (3×2).

Irrespective of resistance exercise protocol, results showed that plasma visfatin reduced significantly (P<0.05) in response to resistance exercise. Between group comparisons revealed that reductions in visfatin concentration in response to strength-endurance and hypertrophy protocols were significantly higher than maximal strength protocol (P<0.05). Analysis showed that not only glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index did not change in response to resistance exercise significantly, but also there was no significant difference among the responses to different resistance exercise protocols (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant relationship between changes in visfatin and other parameters (P>0.05).

It could be concluded that performing strength-endurance and hypertrophy protocols that cause reductions in visfatin, possibly due to changes in growth hormone during these protocols, could be beneficial in reducing the hyperinsulinemia.

Too much fat in the diet can cause insulin resistance. This study was conducted to provide a suitable experimental model of type 2 diabetes and to compare the potency of olive and rump oils in the induction of insulin resistance. The study was done in three phases، each with 15 male Sprague dawley rats. The control، olive oil، and rump oil، groups were fed the commercial diet، and diets supplemented by 31% olive or rump oils for three weeks، respectively (first stage)، and then diabetes was induced by IP injection of 35 mg/kg STZ (stages 2 and 3). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed glucose intolerance in both oil groups، compared to the control group (p<0. 05)، in stage 1، but increases in blood glucose levels were higher in the olive oil group in the second stage. TC and LDL-C levels increased by both the oils، especially olive oil. Insulin level was higher in the rump oil groups، especially after diabetes induction. Insulin sensitivity، as shown by the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and HOMA-IR، were decreased by both oils، especially rump oil. Although both oils had significant effects on metabolism، olive oil use was accompanied by more dyslipidemia، whereas rump oil increased insulin resistance more effectively. It seems that rump oil may be a more appropriate model for studies investigating disorders of carbohydrate metabolism of type 2 diabetes and olive oil، for induction of dyslipidemia and probably the metabolic syndrome.

Adiponectin plays an important role in hyperglycemia, lipolysis, and inflammatory mechanisms. However, mechanisms responsible for the relationship between adiponectin and insulin resistance in response to exercise, still remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a six-week-long high intensity interval training (HIIT) on plasma adiponectin levels, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, and β-cells function in sedentary young men. Eighteen students voluntarily participated in the study and were randomly divided into two groups: Experimental (n=9, age=24.33 ±1.41 yr, height=176.22 ±4.91 cm, weight=72.27 ±6.59 kg) and Control (n=9, age=23.27 ±2.01 yr, height=180.22 ±6.88 cm, weight=76.27 ±7.33 kg) groups. The test group performed three HIIT sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session consisted of four to six repeats of maximal sprint running within a 20-m area with 30 s recoveries. Fasting blood samples were collected immediately before and after the exercise protocol. Data were analyzed by dependent and paired t-tests. The results indicates that while plasma adiponectin levels in the experimental group increased significantly (P= 0.047), there was a significant decrease in the percentage of body fat (P= 0.019). There were also a decrease in serum concentrations of insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance values as well as an increase amounts of insulin sensitivity and beta cells function. However, these changes were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Our findings show HIIT is a time efficient method for increasing adiponectin levels and reducing body fat. Also, the intensity of exercise as an important factor in the increase in adiponectin levels could be noted.

Chemerin as a new adipokine has recently been studied for its crucial role in adipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling. In this study، chemerin levels were determined in the serum of pregnant women of the same gestational age with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and compared with those of healthy pregnant women for their impact on the metabolic process and incidence of gestational diabetics. After obtaining a written consent of each individual، totally 200 serum samples were collected from the healthy and gestationally diabetic pregnant women groups. In addition to chemerin، other effective biochemical and metabolic factors of carbohydrate and lipid were determined. Leptin content of cord blood was measured in 100 infants from healthy (50) and gestational diabetes (50) groups. Mean serum chemerin levels of pregnant women with gestational diabetes (152. 4±46. 5 µg/dl) were significantly higher (p<0. 001) in comparision with those of non-diabetic pregnant women (128. 7±43. 7 µg/dl). Serum chemerin levels were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome-related parameters، including body mass index (BMI) (P<0. 05)، Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (P<0. 001)، fasting insulin (P<0. 001) and fasting blood (p<0. 01) was conducted. Serum chemerin was not significantly correlated with cord blood leptin. Serum chemerin levels were higher in pregnant women with gestational diabetes than their non-diabetic pregnant counterparts. Serum chemerin was also independently associated with markers of insulin resistance، and body mass index. Leptin، biochemical and metabolic parameters of mother’s infants were not correlated between the two groups.

Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three dietary groups: a standard diet (containing soy bean-oil), diet containing fish oil and diet containing mixed oil which was designed based on Iranian population fatty acid intake. Dams in each group were fed one of the diets during pregnancy and lactation and the pups were also weaned onto the same diet. Fasting serum glucose (Photometry) and insulin (ELISA) in pups were assessed and insulin sensitivity calculated on puberty. Fasting serum insulin in fish oil-fed group was significantly less than two other groups (P=0.018) and insulin sensitivity in fish oil-fed rats was significantly more than two other groups (P=0.002). It seems a diet containing fish oil (rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids) causes more insulin sensitivity comparing to diet containing soy bean oil (rich in omega-6 fatty acids) and diet with Iranian population fatty acid intake pattern (rich in saturated fatty acids).

Information on the effects of different types of fat on insulin sensitivity is limited. The present study was designed to compare the effects of feeding a fish oil-containing diet, a diet containing an oil mixture based on the Iranian fat consumption pattern, and a standard diet from the fetal period till puberty on the serum glucose and insulin sensitivity in Wistar rats. Thirty female Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three dietary groups: a standard diet (containing soy bean-oil), a diet containing fish oil, and a diet containing an oil mixture based on the Iranian population fatty acid intake. Dams in each group were fed one of the diets during pregnancy and lactation, and in each case the pups born were weaned onto the same diet. Fasting serum glucose level (by photometry) and insulin (by ELISA) were measured in the pups and insulin sensitivity was calculated at puberty. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. The fasting serum insulin level and insulin sensitivity in the fish oil-fed group were significantly lower (P=0.018) and higher (P=0.002), respectively, than in the other two groups. It seems a diet containing fish oil (rich in long chain omega-3 fatty acids) causes a higher insulin sensitivity, as compared to diets containing either soy bean oil (rich in omega-6 fatty acids) or mixed oil based on the Iranian dietary fatty acid pattern (rich in saturated fatty acids).

Some cell culture and animal studies have reported that Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs) have several health related benefits. CLAs have been shown to have antiadipogenic, antiatherogenic, antidiabetogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. While increase in insulin resistance with 10-trans, 12-cis isomer of CLA was reported in some animal studies, there are controversial results about a 50:50 isomer mixture. The object of the present study was to determine the effect of CLAs supplementation (providing equal proportions of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA) on plasma glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, beta cell function and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was performed as an 8-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Participants were 39 (19 men and 20 women) type 2 diabetic subjects (35 to 50 Y, BMI >25 and <30), stratified according to sex, age and BMI into two groups. Group one were given 3.0 g CLA/d (3×1g capsules, a 50:50 isomer blend of c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA) and, group 2 took CLA placebos (soy bean oil) for 8 weeks. Blood sample collection after fasting and 2 hours after a standard breakfast, was done before and after the intervention in order to determine insulin, glucose, pre insulin, c-peptide and HbA1c levels. No significant differences were seen in fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin, proinsulin, C- peptide and HbA1c levels between groups or in insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and beta cell responsiveness. CLA supplementation has no effects on diabetes glucose level and insulin function and its prescription is not recommended.

Plasma concentration of adiponectin was found to play an important role in regulation of glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and conditions commonly associated with obesity. The aim of this study was to assess adiponectin level and its relation with percent of body fat mass and insulin sensitivity in over-weight men. This study was conducted on two groups of type 2 diabetic (n=20) and non-diabetic (n=20) overweight adult men. Serum level of adiponectin (ELIZA), FBS (GOD-PAP), fasting insulin (immunoreactive assay) and body fat mass (Bio-electric impedance) were measured. Insulin sensitivity was calculated using QUICKI. Diabetics had significantly higher mean of fat mass% than non-diabetics (26.55± 2.87% vs. 22.93±2.64; p< 0.05), despite fairly similar BMIs (27.7 kg/m2). Adiponectin concentration was lower in diabetics (7.77 ±3.53µg/ml) than non-diabetics (8.13 ± 0.03µg/ml); however, this difference was not statistically significant. The negative correlation between adiponcetin and fat mass didnt reach statistical significance. Adiponectin positively related with insulin sensitivity in non-diabetics (r= +0.5; p= 0.04). Lower level of adiponcetin in diabetics than their non-diabetic counterparts. As well as the positive association of adiponectin with insulin sensitivity confirm the suggested role of decreased level of adiponectin in conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.

The effects of sex steroid hormones on insulin secretion and sensitivity is important for related disorders treatment. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to clarify the effects of sex hormones on insulin sensitivity in rats. Due to the role of pancreatic b-cells’ ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in insulin secretion, the effects of the hormones on pancreatic KATP channels were also studied. Diazoxide (30mg/kg/day) or verapamil (100mg/kg/day) were used as pancreatic b-cells’ KATP channels opener and blocker, respectively. Testosterone (50 mg/kg/day) as replacement dose in bi-orchiectomized rats and 10 mg/kg/day in intact male animals and progesterone (20 mg/kg/day) and estradiol (200 μg/kg/day) in female rats were also used. Male rats were divided into nine groups consisting of: control, uni-and bi-orchiectomized, testosterone receiving bi-orchiectomized, testosterone receiving intact rats, diazoxide or verapamil and testosterone plus diazoxide or verapamil receiving animals. Female rats were divided into control, uni-and bi-ovariectomized, progesterone or estradiol receiving bi-ovariectomized and progesterone, estradiol, diazoxide or verapamil receiving and progesterone plus diazoxide or verapamil receiving animals. After 4 weeks, serum glucose and insulin were measured and insulin sensitivity (glucose/insulin ratio) was compared statistically between the groups. In the male rats, bi-orchiectomy, and diazoxide or diazoxide plus testosterone treatments increased insulin sensitivity; but uni-orchiectomy, testosterone, verapamil or testosterone plus verapamil treatments decreased insulin sensitivity. In the female rats, uni- and bi-ovariectomy, progesterone, diazoxide or progesterone plus diazoxide or verapamil, treatments increased insulin sensitivity; but estradiol or verapamil treatments resulted in the decrease of insulin sensitivity. Testosterone and estradiol were insulin sensitivity reducers but ovariectomy, bi-orchiectomy and progesterone were insulin sensitivity enhancer in rats. Presumably testosterone was not contributed in closing or opening of pancreatic b-cell KATP channels but progesterone influenced insulin sensitivity by its inhibitory effect on pancreatic KATP channels.